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INDICE:
LA GUERRA DE PRECIOS DE LAS COMPUTADORAS:.....................................2
1.-EL OLIGOPOLIO:....................................................................................... 31.1..-ETIMOLOGA:....................................................................................3
2.-QU ES UN OLIGOPOLIO?:......................................................................3
2.1.-DEFINICIN:......................................................................................3
3.- BARRERAS A LA ENTRADA DE NUEVAS EMPRESAS:.................................4
4.- EL NMERO DE EMPRESAS ES PEQUEO................................................5
INTERDEPENDENCIA:..........................................................................5
TENTACIN DE COOPERAR:................................................................5
5.- DOS MODELOS TRADIIONALES DE OLIGOPOLIO:...................................6
5.1.-EL MODELO DE LA CURVA DE DEMANDA QUEBRADA:.............7
................................................................................................................. 7
5.2.-OLIGOPOLIO DE EMPRESA DOMINANTE:...........................................8
!.- "UEGOS DE OLIGOPOLIO:........................................................................8
#.-QU ES UN "UEGO?:...............................................................................9
$.- EL DILEMA DE LOS PRISIONEROS:...........................................................9
8.1.-REGLAS:.......................................................................................... 1
8.2.-ESTRATEGIAS:..................................................................................1
8.3.-RECOMPENSAS:...............................................................................1
8.4.-RESULTADO:.................................................................................... 11
9.-CMO ENCONTRAR EL EQUILIBRIO DE NASH:.......................................12
9.1.-EL DILEMA:...................................................................................... 13
9.2.-UN MAL RESULTADO:.......................................................................14
1%.-UN "UEGO DE &I"AI'N DE PREIOS EN EL OLIGOPOLIO:.....................15
11.-ONDIIONES DE OSTO ( DEMANDA:.................................................15
12.-TIPOS M)S &REUENTES DE ONENTRAI'N EMPRESARIAL:...........16
12.1.-CARTEL:.........................................................................................16
12.2.-!OLDING:......................................................................................16
12.3.-TRUST:...........................................................................................16
13.- RE&ERENIAS BIBLIOGR)&IAS:..........................................................17
LA GUERRA DE PRECIOS DE LAS COMPUTADORAS:
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L" #$%&&" '% (&%)*+, '% ", )+($/"'+&", %0" " "# /*%(+.
P%&+ '$&"/% 26 %,/" #$%&&" ,% &%)&$'%)*: "+&" +,
%)+/&"+, % " %&" '% ", "(/+(, '% 1 '"&%, ",
)+($/"'+&", '% %,)&*/+&*+ '% 5 '"&%,. D% $% $" '% ",%(&%,", , "#&%,*0", ("&" &%)+&/"& ,$, (&%)*+,. S* %"+ "
(%,"& '% $% %# " &%'$)*&+, ",/" % 7 '"&%, (+& $*"
(%&'* (+,*)* )++ ;'%& '% %&)"'+ &%/% "
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1.-EL OLIGOPOLIO:
1.1..-ETIMOLOGA:
D% #&*%#+ oligo: (+)+, polio: 0%'%'+&H.
2.-QU ES UN OLIGOPOLIO?:2.1.-DEFINICIN:
E, $" +&" '% %&)"'+ " )$" %,/ '+*"'" (+& $
(%$%+ %&+ '% 0%'%'+&%, %,/+, ,% %)$%/&" &%/%
" $)+, )+(&"'+&%,. D%*'+ " $% " (+)+, 0%'%'+&%,
% %,/% /*(+ '% %&)"'+ )"'" +*#+(*,/" %,/ " /"/+ '% ",
"))*+%, '% ,$, )+(%/*'+&%, '"'+ $% ", '%)*,*+%, '% $"
%(&%," "%)/" + )"$," *$%)*", % ", '%)*,*+%, '% ",
+/&",.
E +*#+(+*+ ,$(+% " %*,/%)*" '% 0"&*", %(&%,", % $
%&)"'+ '%/%&*"'+ $% +&%)% $ *,+ (&+'$)/+ (%&+
'% /" +&" $% *#$" '% %", ($%'% *(+%&,%
/+/"%/% % % %&)"'+ ($%, %,/" ,*/$")* *(*)"&;" "
"("&*)* '% $ ++(+*+.
E +*#+(+*+ ,% %)$%/&" %/&% " )+(%/%)*" (%&%)/" %
++(+*+. E $ +*#+(+*+ (+'&;" "&*)"& /+'", ",
%(&%,", $ (&+'$)/+ *'@/*)+ )+(%/*& *)"%/% % %
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercadohttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoliohttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercadohttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolio -
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(&%)*+ + *% "&*)"& $ (&+'$)/+ '*%&%)*"'+ )+(%/*& %
(&%)*+ )"*'"' '% +, (&+'$)/+, "&>%/*#.
E +*#+(+*+ %, $" %,/&$)/$&" '% %&)"'+ % " $%:
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'*""/%, "/$&"%,. E*,/% '+, /*(+, '% "&&%&",: ", %#"%,
", "/$&"%,.
4.- EL NMERO DE EMPRESAS ESPEQUEO
C++ %*,/% "&&%&", " " %/&"'" % +*#+(+*+ )+,*,/% %
$ (%$%+ %&+ '% %(&%,", )"'" $" '% ", )$"%,
)+/&+" $" #&" ("&/*)*(")* '% %&)"'+. E,/", %(&%,",
,+ */%&'%(%'*%/%, ,% %&%/" " " /%/")* '%
)++(%&"& %/&% ,; ("&" "$%/"& ,$, $/**'"'%, %)+*)",
% )+?$/+.
INTERDEPENDENCIA:
C$"'+ % $ %&)"'+ % %&+ '% %(&%,", %, (%$%+
", "))*+%, '% )"'" $" '% %", *$% % ", $/**'"'%, '%
/+'", ", '%,.
TENTACIN DE COOPERAR:C$"'+ $ (%$%+ %&+ '% %(&%,", )+("&/% $
%&)"'+ ($%'% "$%/"& ,$, $/**'"'%, " */%#&"& $ )&/%
")/$"& )++ $ ++(+*+.
U )"&/% %, $ )+?$/+ '% %(&%,", $% %#" " $ ")$%&'+
'% )+$,* ("&" &%,/&*#*& " (&+'$))* "$%/"& +, (&%)*+,
", $/**'"'%, %)+*)",. A$$% +, )&/%%, ,+ *%#"%, "
0%)%, +(%&" % "#$+, %&)"'+,
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5.- DOS MODELOS TRADIIONALES
DE OLIGOPOLIO:
I"#*% $% $,/%' +(%&" $" '% ", *)", /&%, #",+*%&",
$% " % $ (%$%+ (+"'+. E,/ /&"/"'+ '% '%)*'*&
'%% &%'$)*& ,$, (&%)*+,. P"&" /+"& %,/" '%)*,* '%%
(&++,/*)"& )+ &%"))*+"& ", +/&", %(&%,", )")$"&
+, %%)/+, '% '*)", &%"))*+%, ,+&% ", $/**'"'%, $% $,/%'
+/*%%.
S* "?" ,$, (&%)*+, (%&+ ,$, )+(%/*'+&%, + + ")% ",
0%/", '% $,/%' "$%/"& ", '% +, +/&+, '+,
)+(%/*'+&%, '*,*$*&. C++ )+,%)$%)*" %, $
(&+"% $% ", +/&", %(&%,", /"*@ '*,*$" ,$,
(&%)*+, ", $/**'"'%, $% $,/%' +/%#" '*,*$". P+& +
/"/+ B$@ "& $,/%'
S% " '%,"&&+"'+ $)+, +'%+, ("&" %(*)"& )+
$)*+" +, (&%)*+, ", )"/*'"'%, (&+'$)*'", % +,
%&)"'+, +*#+(*)+,. E,/+, +'%+, ,% '*0*'% % '+,
#&"'%, #&$(+,: +, +'%+, /&"'*)*+"%, +, '% " /%+&;" '%
?$%#+,. A )+/*$")* 0%&%+, %?%(+, '% "+, /*(+,
(%&+ %(%"&%+, )+ '+, +'%+, /&"'*)*+"%,.
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5.1.-EL MODELO DE LA CURVA DE DEMANDA QUEBRADA:
E +'%+ '% " )$&0" '% '%"'" $%&"'" '% +*#+(+*+ ,%
"," % % ,$($%,/+ '% $% )"'" %(&%," )&%% $% ,* ,$% ,$(&%)*+ ", '%, + + "& (%&+ ,* + "?" ", +/&",
/"*@ + "&.
E (&%)*+ % $ %&)"'+ +*#+(*)+ %, P. C"'" %(&%," )&%%
$% %&%/" " )$&0" '% '%"'" D.A (&%)*+, (+& "&&*" '%
P+& $ (%$%+ "$%/+ '% (&%)*+ (&+0+)" $" #&"
'*,*$)* % " )"/*'"' 0%'*'" '%*'+ " $% ", '%,%(&%,", + "$%/" ,$, (&%)*+,. A (&%)*+, (+& '%"?+ '% P
*)$,+ $" #&" '*,*$)* '% (&%)*+ (&+0+)" ,+ $
(%$%+ "$%/+ % " )"/*'"' 0%'*'" " $% ", '%,
%(&%,", /"*@ "?" ,$, (&%)*+,. E 0*,/" '% $% " )$&0"
'% '%"'" %,/ $%&"'" " )$&0" '% *#&%,+ "*" IM,
/*%% $" */%&&$()* %AB. L", $/**'"'%, ,% "**" "
(&+'$)*& . L" )$&0" '% )+,/+ "*" ("," " /&"0@, '% "&%)" % " )$&0" '% *#&%,+ "*". L+, )"*+, % +,
)+,/+, "*"%, '%/&+ '% */%&0"+AB '%?" ,* )"*+, "
(&%)*+ " )"/*'"'.
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5.2.-OLIGOPOLIO DE EMPRESA DOMINANTE:
U ,%#$'+ +'%+ /&"'*)*+" %(*)" $" ,*/$")*
+*#+(*)" % '+'% $" %(&%," '+*"/% (+,%% $" #&"
0%/"?" '% )+,/+, % )+("&")* )+ +/&", %(&%,",
#%%&" $%" ("&/% '% " (&+'$))* '% " *'$,/&*".
L" %(&%,"
'+*"/% %,/"%)% % (&%)*+ '% %&)"'+ ", '%,
")/" )++ /+"'+&", '% (&%)*+.
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E?%(+, '% +*#+(+*+, '% %(&%," '+*"/% ,%&;" $"
#&" %,/")* '% 0%/" '% #",+*" + $" #&" /*%'" '% &%/"
'% 0*'%+, $% '+*" ,$ %&)"'+ +)".
!.- "UEGOS DE OLIGOPOLIO:
L+, %)++*,/", %$*("&" " +*#+(+*+ )+ $ ?$%#+ ("&"
%,/$'*"& +, %&)"'+, +*#+(*)+, $/**" $ )+?$/+ '%
%&&"*%/", '%+*"'+ /%+&;" '% ?$%#+,. L" /%+&;" '%
?$%#+, %, $" %&&"*%/" ("&" %,/$'*"& % compor!mi"#o
"$r!%gico %, '%)*& " )+'$)/" $% /+" % )$%/" %
)+(+&/"*%/+ %,(%&"'+ '% +, '%, $% &%)++)% "
*/%&'%(%'%)*" $/$". L" /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, $% '%,"&&+"'"% 1937 (+& + 0+ N%$" $% "(*"'" (+& % (&+(*+
N%$" O,>"& M+%,/%& % 1944.
E +?%/*0+ '% " /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, %, )+(&%'%& /"/+ %
+*#+(+*+ )++ +/&", +&", '% &*0"*'"' %)+*)" (+;/*)"
,+)*" % *)$,+ *+#*)" $/**"'+ $ @/+'+ '% "*,*,
'*,%"'+ %,(%);)"%/% ("&" %(*)"& +, ?$%#+, '% /+'+
/*(+ *)$%'+ +, ?$%#+, '% " 0*'" '*"&*".
#.-QU ES UN "UEGO?: B$@ )"&")/%&;,/*)", " % /+'", %,", '*%&%/%, ")/*0*'"'%,
$% ", *'%/*)" )++ ?$%#+, B$@ /*%% /+'", %", %
)+ R%,(+'%&%+, %,/", (&%#$/", ""*"'+ $ ?$%#+""'+ % '*%" '% +, (&*,*+%&+,H. E %,/% ?$%#+ ,%
&%% ", )"&")/%&;,/*)", %,%)*"%, '% $)+, ?$%#+, %/&%
%+, % +*#+(+*+ +, '" $" $%" *'%" '% )+ $)*+"
" /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, )+ %, )"(" '% ")%& (&%'*))*+%,.
$.- EL DILEMA DE LOS PRISIONEROS:
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A&/$&+ R+%&/+ ,+ )"(/$&"'+, i# &r!g!#i *%/&", &+""
$ "$/+0*. E 0*,/" '% $% + (+';" "%#"& *+)%)*"
$%&+ )+'%"'+, " '+, "+, '% )&)% )"'" $+ (+& %,/%
'%*/+. D$&"/% ,$, %/&%0*,/", )+ +, '+, (&*,*+%&+, % ,)")+*%" " ,+,(%)"& $% "'%, ,+ &%,(+,"%, '%
&++ '% 0"&*+, *+%, '% '"&%, '% $ ")+ &%"*"'+
$+, %,%, "/%,. P%&+ ,+ %, $" ,+,(%)". E ,)" +
($%'% )+'%"&+, (+& %,/% '%*/+ "+& " %+, $% )+,*#"
")%&+, )+%,"&. P%&+ B)+ +#&"&+ L" &%,($%,/" %, ")%&
$% +, (&*,*+%&+, %/&% " $ ?$%#+ )+ ", ,*#$*%/%, &%#",.
T+'+, +, ?$%#+, )+("&/% )$"/&+ )"&")/%&;,/*)",:
R%#",.
E,/&"/%#*",.
R%)+(%,",.
R%,$/"'+,
8.1.-REGLAS:
C"'" $+ '% +, (&*,*+%&+, J?$#"'+&%,K %, )++)"'+ % $"
"*/")* *'%(%'*%/% '% +'+ $% + ($%'")+$*)"&,% %/&% ,;. A )"'" $+ ,% % '*)% $% %, ,+,(%)+,+
'% "%& ("&/*)*("'+ % % &++ " ")+ . S* "+, )+%," "%& )+%/*'+ %,/% '%*/+ , #&"0%
)"'" $+ &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 3 "+, (+& "+, '%*/+,.
S* ,+ $+ )+%," (%&+ ,$ )(*)% + % (&*%&+ $% +
"#" &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" &%'$)*'" '% 1 "+ *%/&", $%
,$ )(*)% &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 1 "+,.
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8.2.-ESTRATEGIAS:
E " /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, ", %,/&"/%#*", ,+ /+'", ", "))*+%,
(+,*%, '% )"'" $+ '% +, ?$#"'+&%,.
A&/$&+ R+%&/+ ($%'% &%"*"& )"'" $+ '+, (+,*%,
"))*+%,:
1. C+%,"& % &++ " ")+.
2. N%#"& "%& )+%/*'+ % &++ " ")+.
D%*'+ " $% " '+, ?$#"'+&%, )"'" $+ '% %+, ($%'%
$/**"& '+, %,/&"/%#*", %*,/% )$"/&+ &%,$/"'+, (+,*%,:
1. $% +, '+, )+%,%.
2. $% +, '+, *%#$% % '%*/+.
3. $% A&/$&+ )+%,% R+%&/+ + *%#$%.
4. $% R+%&/+ )+%,% A&/$&+ + *%#$%.
8.3.-RECOMPENSAS:
C"'" (&*,*+%&+ ($%'% '%/%&*"& " r"comp"#$! $%
+/%'& % )"'" $" '% %,/", ,*/$")*+%,.E, (+,*% /"$"&
", )$"/&+ &%)+(%,", (+,*%, ("&" )"'" (&*,*+%&+
%'*"/% + $% ,% '%+*" "/&* '%&%)+(%,", ("&" %
?$%#+. U" "/&* '% &%)+(%,",%, $" /"" $% $%,/&"
", &%)+(%,", ("&" )"'" "))* (+,*% '% )"'" ?$#"'+&
/+"'+ % )$%/" )"'" "))* (+,*% '% )"'" $+ '% +,
'%, ?$#"'+&%,.
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L" /"" $%,/&" " "/&* '% &%)+(%,", '% A&/$&+
R+%&/+. L+, )$"'&+, $%,/&" ", &%)+(%,", ("&" )"'"
(&*,*+%&+: % /&*#$+ &+?+ '% )"'" )$"'&+ &%(&%,%/" ",
&%)+(%,", '% A&/$&+ % /&*#$+ "$ ", '% R+%&/+. S*"+, (&*,*+%&+, )+%," )"'" $+ +/*%% $" )+'%"
'% 3 "+, '% (&*,*. S* R+%&/+ )+%," (%&+ A&/$&+ *%#" ,$
("&/*)*(")* % % &++ A&/$&+ +/*%% $" )+'%" '% 1
"+, '% (&*,* R+%&/+ $" ,%/%)*" '% 1 "+. S* A&/$&+
)+%," R+%&/+ *%#" ,$ ("&/*)*(")* A&/$&+ +/*%% $"
,%/%)*" '% 1 "+ R+%&/+ $" '% 1 "+,. P+& /*+ ,*
"+, *%#" "%& &+"'+ % ")+ " *#$+ ,% % ($%'%,%/%)*"& (+& %,% '%*/+ (%&+ "+, '%%& )$(*& "
,%/%)*" '% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+& % &++ '% "$/+0*.
8.4.-RESULTADO:
L", %%))*+%, '% "+, ?$#"'+&%, '%/%&*" % &%,$/"'+
'% ?$%#+. P"&" (&%'%)*& '*)+ &%,$/"'+ $/**"+, % )+)%(/+
'% %$**&*+ (&+($%,/+ (+& + N", '% " U*0%&,*'"' '%.
S%# % %$**&+ '% N", % ?$#"'+& %*#% " %?+& "))*
(+,*% /+"'+ % )$%/" " "))* '% ?$#"'+& B, ' %
?$#"'+& B %*#% " %?+& "))* (+,*% /+"'+ % )$%/" "
"))* '% ?$#"'+&A.
E % )",+ '% '*%" '% +, (&*,*+%&+, % %$**&*+ '% N",
+)$&&% )$"'+ A&/$&+ %*#% ,$ %?+& +()* /+"'+ %
)$%/" " +()* %%#*'" (+& R+%&/+ )$"'+ R+%&/+ %*#%
,$ %?+& +()* /+"'+ % )$%/" " %%#*'" (+& A&/$&+. P"&" %)+/&"& % %$**&*+ '% N", )+("&"+, /+'+, +,
(+,*%, &%,$/"'+, ",+)*"'+, " )"'" +()* %**"+, +,
$% %,/ '+*"'+, %, '%)*& +, $% + ,+ /" $%+,
)++ "#$" '% ", +/&", +()*+%,.
9.-CMO ENCONTRAR EL EQUILIBRIO DE NASH:
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A"*)%+, "
,*/$")*
'%,'% %
($/+ '%
0*,/" '% A&/$&+. S* R+%&/+ )+%," " %?+& "))* $%
A&/$&+ ($%'% &%"*"& %, )+%,"& (+&$% % %,% )",+ ,%&
,%/%)*"'+ " 3 "+, '% (&*,* % $#"& '% 1.
S* R+%&/+ + )+%," " %?+& "))* $% A&/$&+ ($%'%
&%"*"& /"*@ %, )+%,"& " $% % %,% )",+ &%)**& $"
,%/%)*" '% 1 "+ + '% 2. P+& + /"/+ " %?+& "))*
$% ($%'% &%"*"& A&/$&+ %, )+%,"&.
A+&" ""*)%+, " ,*/$")* '%,'% % ($/+ '% 0*,/" '%
R+%&/+. S* A&/$&+ )+%," " %?+& "))* $% R+%&/+
($%'% &%"*"& %, )+%,"& (+&$% % %,% )",+ ,%&
,%/%)*"'+ " 3 "+, + " 1. S* A&/$&+ + )+%," "
%?+& "))* $% ($%'% &%"*"& R+%&/+ ,*#$% ,*%'+
)+%,"& " $% '% %," "%&" &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 1"+ % $#"& '% 2. P+& + /"/+ " %?+& "))* $% ($%'%
&%"*"& R+%&/+ %, )+%,"&.
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D%*'+ " $% " %?+& "))* $% ($%'% &%"*"& "+,
?$#"'+&%, %, )+%,"& )"'" $+ &%)*% $" ,%/%)*" '% 3
"+, '% (&*,* % ,)" &%,$%0% % &++ " ")+. Q,/% %, %%$**&*+ '% N", ("&" %,/% ?$%#+.
9.1.-EL DILEMA:
A+&" $% " ,% " %)+/&"'+ " ,+$)* ("&" % '*%" '%
+, (&*,*+%&+, (+'%+, )+(&%'%& %?+& % '*%". E '*%" ,$% )$"'+ )"'" $+ '% +, (&*,*+%&+, ""*" ",
)+,%)$%)*", '% %#"& ,$ ("&/*)*(")* % % &++ " ")+. C"'" (&*,*+%&+ ,"% $% ,* "+, *%#" % &++ " ")+
&%)**& *)"%/% $" ,%/%)*" '% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+&
% &++ '% "$/+0* ,* %"+ *#$+ '% %+, /*%%
+&" '% ,"%& $% ,$ )(*)% + %#"&. C"'" $+ '% +,
(&*,*+%&+, ,% ")% ", ,*#$*%/%, (&%#$/",: B'%+ %#"& %
&++ )+"& % $% * )(*)% /"*@ + %#"& ("&" $%
" "+, +, '% $" ,%/%)*" '% ,+ 2 "+, '% (&*,* BO
'%+ )+%,"& )+ " %,(%&"" '% $% % '% ,+ 1 "+
J,*%(&% )$"'+ * )(*)% *%#$% % &++ " ")+K
,"*%'+ $% ,* * )(*)% )+%," " "+, +,
,%/%)*"& " 3 "+, '% (&*,* E '*%" ,% &%,$%0%
)$"'+ ,% %#" " %$**&*+ '% ?$%#+.
9.2.-UN MAL RESULTADO:
P"&" +, (&*,*+%&+, % %$**&*+ '% ?$%#+ %, '%)*& $%
"+, )+%,% + %, % %?+& &%,$/"'+. S* *#$+
'% +, '+, )+%," )"'" $+ &%)*% ,+ $" ,%/%)*"
'% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+& $ '%*/+ %+&. B!" "#$"
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"%&" % $% ($%'" +#&"&,% %,/% %?+& &%,$/"'+
A("&%/%%/% + " $% +, ?$#"'+&%, + ($%'%
)+$*)"&,% %/&% ,;. C"'" ?$#"'+& ($%'% (+%&,% %
% $#"& '% +/&+ /&"/"& '% *"#*"& )$ ,%&;" " %?+&%,/&"/%#*".
E &%"*'"' +, (&*,*+%&+, %&%/" $ '*%". C"'"
$+ ,"% $% (+'&;" ,%& )+'%"'+ " ,+ 2 "+, '%
(&*,* ,*%(&% )$"'+ ($'*%&" )+"& % $% % +/&+
*%#$% % &++ " ")+. P%&+ )"'" (&*,*+%&+ ,"%
/"*@ $% " +/&+ + % )+0*%% %#"&+ %#" " "
)+)$,* '% $% '%% )+%,"& + )$" (&+0+)" $
" &%,$/"'+ ("&" "+,. L", %(&%,", % $
+*#+(+*+ ,% %)$%/&" % $" ,*/$")* ,**"& " " '%
A&/$&+ R+%&/+ % % ?$%#+ '% '*%" '% +,
(&*,*+%&+,.
1%.-UN "UEGO DE &I"AI'N DEPREIOS EN EL OLIGOPOLIO:
P"&" %/%'%& )+ ,% ?" +, (&%)*+, % +, +*#+(+*+,
""*"&%+, % )",+ %,(%)*" '% $ '$+(+*+ %, '%)*& $
+*#+(+*+ +&"'+ (+& '+, %(&%,",. L", '+, %(&%,",
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)+(%/%)*" %/&% %+, ?'+,% (&%)*+, &%("&/*& "
)*%/%" #%+#&)"%/%.
12.2.-!OLDING: A$%" % " $% " %(&%," )+/&+" " $ #&$(+ '%
%(&%,", '%*'+ " $% '*)" %(&%," " "'$*&*'+ /+'", + "
"+& ("&/% '% ", "))*+%, '% ", '%,.
12.3.-TRUST: D%% " ,*/$")* % $% 0"&*", %(&%,", $% (&+'$)% +,
*,+, (&+'$)/+, ,% $% +&"'+ $" ,+" %(&%," )+ "
"*'"' '% )+/&+"& % %&)"'+.
13.- RE&ERENIAS BIBLIOGR)&IAS:
P"&>* M*)"%. E)++;". M@*)+. 29 E)*)+(%'*" ")*%&" J213K. O*#+(+*+.
C+,$/"'+ %://(:===.%)*)+(%'*"")*%&".)+%&)"'+,-")*%&+,%,/&$)/$&"+*#+(+*+./