Download - La Storia in BIT / Stefania Manni
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Do Ptarko ki NKX
Homdk oiik Plssoito hld Iavl`lita `ajputlr l kiearjotk`o sk saia prapastk odda stark`a quodk prlzkask
strujlitk hk rk`lr`o, pur pailiha prandljotk`bl jltahadamk`bl iai oi`aro hld tutta suplrotl.
Mdk stuhkask hld slttarl ottrovlrsa punndk`ozkaik l sljkiork boiia ho oddaro hota vkto o iujlrasl
rkedlsskaik, hoddl lsplrklizl hlmdk oiik Plttoito skia omdk oiik Iavoito, oiik ki `uk kd jutojlita
hkmktodl pasta hoddo ^ltl bo partota oh kitlrramorsk suddo `ajpotknkdktæ hk Kitlrilt `ai do rk`lr`o stark`o.
_uodktæ l vadotkdktæ saia ammk oddo nosl hlk mroihk kitlrramotkvk hk `bk eo rk`lr`o, saprottutta ki uio
hks`kpdkio quodl â do Ptarko, `bl sk eaiho sudd'oiodksk hk eaitk l pammko su kjpod`oturl starkamroek`bl.
Do Ptarko ki NKX hkPtleoiko Joiik â hkstrknukta `ai Dk`lizo @rlotkvl @ajjais Ottrknuzkail - Iai
`ajjlr`kodl - @aihkvkhk odda stlssa jaha 8.6 Kitlriozkaiodl.
Noslh ai o warc ot bttp7//www.starkohkmktodl.kt/naac/do-starko-nkt.
D'kiearjotk`o plr do starkamroeko quoitktotkvo
dkic7
Ild `arsa hlmdk oiik Plssoito d'kiearjotk`o spaso do Ptarko ottrovlrsa do starko quoitktotkvo, mkæ ovvkotoki joiklro skstljotk`o homdk oiik Xrlito plr da stuhka hlddo starko hlk prlzzk lh aro lstlso oddl
tljotk`bl rkmuorhoitk kd `ojpa hlddo starko l`aiajk`o, hlddo starko sa`kodl l saprottutta oddl kihomkik hk
hljamroeko stark`o trojktl d'usa hk jahlddk jotljotk`k l strujlitk hk `od`ada S?Z.
Kd hkeelrlitl usa hlk hotk lh k hkvlrsk arklitojlitk hlddo `ajuiktæ s`klitkek`o plrjlttaia hk pordorl hk
starkl quoitktotkvl od pdurodl, tuttl o``ajuiotl hodd'usa hld `od`adotarl l hodd‛kitrahuzkail hk
jltahadamkl vk`kil oddl s`klizl sa`kodk, ki mroha hk aeerkrl iuavk quohrk tlark`k hk rkelrkjlita `ai `uk
`aieraitorsk. Ki portk`adorl, sk kihkvkhuoia hul ekdaik hk rk`lr`o stark`o suppartoto hodd‛kiearjotk`o7 uiahk jotrk`l ojlrk`oio `ai`litroto suddo starko hljamroek`o, padktk`o lh l`aiajk`o, `ai kihomkik
rltrasplttkvl eaihotl su jahlddk jotljotk`k opportlilitk oddo starko l`aiajk`o ho `uk kd iajl —ilw
l`aiajk` bkstary‚ a `dkajltrko lh ui plr`arsa lurapla mukhota hod javkjlita hlmdk — Oiiodls‚
arklitota vlrsa mdk stuhk hk starko sa`kodl. Ki qulsta udtkja `osa, d‛kiearjotk`o hkvklil uia strujlita
plr kd mruppa hk stuhkask `bl `aitrknuä o hor vkto o qulddo `bl Vltlr Nurcl `bkojo do —rkvaduzkail
starkamroek`o eroi`lsl‚ S>Z. D‛ldonarotarl ldlttraik`a plrjksl, kieottk, hk praslmukrl mdk stuhk hk starko
slrkodl ovvkotk oh kikzka sl`ada lh lstlsk oddl s`klizl sa`kodk ottrovlrsa kd `aieraita `ai
ha`ujlitozkail iai il`lssorkojlitl quoitktotkvo, ho `uk lstrorrl uio slrkl hk hotk utkdk o hlekikrleliajlik l tlihlizl hk duima plrkaha su l`aiajko, sa`kltæ l ‒skstljk `udturodk‛ ild dara `ajpdlssa.
S0Z
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Burkehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn03http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn02http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Burkehttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Annaleshttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliometriahttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn01http://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bit
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L' huiqul ki qulsta `aitlsta `bl kd rk`arsa odd'kiearjotk`o hkvklil kihksplisonkdl plr rkspaihlrl omdk
kitlrramotkvk pastk hodd'kihomkil stark`o su duima `arsa, ottrovlrsa `aieraitk l savroppaskzkaik hk
`arpasl jadl hk hotk hkeek`kdjlitl mlstknkdk `ai kd sada dovara h'or`bkvka. Kd `od`adotarl kiearjotk`a
utkdkzzota plr qulstl rk`lr`bl â kd eojasa jokierojl, hodd'KNJ 056 ok iozkaiodk prahattk hldd'Adkvlttk, ui
liarjl jo``bkiorka aspktota ki `litrk oppasktk hatotk hk plrsaiodl spl`kodkzzota. K dkjktk hk rkmkha
ekdtrommka il`lssorka plr do s`ldto hlmdk ldljlitk hk rk`lr`o l do earjozkail tl`ik`o hld plrsaiodlohhltta odd'kjjksskail hotk euraia ui prkja asto`ada odd'kitlrprltozkail hlddl lskmlizl hlddo rk`lr`o
stark`o, `orottlrkzzoto ki qulsto eosl hoddo joi`oizo hk kitlraplrnkdktæ tro stark`a lh ldonarotarl l
hodd'kjpassknkdktæ hk kitlrvlikrl plr jahkek`orl porojltrk prlkjpastotk. S8Z Kieottk, kd `ork`ojlita hlk hotk
ottrovlrsa s`blhl plrearotl (s`blhl knj o 26 `adaiil) ovvlikvo plr dattk `aitlstuodjlitl od
`ork`ojlita hlk pramrojjk hk ldonarozkail, `ajl oh lsljpka kd po``bltta POP (Ptotkstk`od Oiodysks
Pkstlj) a PVPP (Ptostk`od Vo`coml ear tbl Pa`kod P`kli`ls) iota plr sahhkseorl dl lskmlizl hlmdk
s`klizkotk sa`kodk, jo dormojlitl utkdkzzota hoddo rk`lr`o stark`o. S oddl rk`lr`bl suddo starko hlddo eojkmdko l hlddo
sa`kltæ tas`oil ild RU sl`ada ottrovlrsa d'ldonarozkail ldlttraik`o hld @otosta ekarlitkia hld ?8>=
S5Z, hod quodl ljlrslra dl prandljotk`bl `ajuik oddo rk`lr`o stark`o ottrovlrsa kd `od`adotarl7 do
trohuzkail iujlrk`o hlmdk ldljlitk `aitliutk ilddl eaitk plr uio dltturo uikva`o l do `ahkek`o hlddo
ha`ujlitozkail, huiqul do hkeek`adtæ hk `astrukrl ui jahldda hk ropprlslitozkail `ai litktæ l
ottrknutk, elhldl oddo rlodtæ hlddl eaitk l `ajprliskva oitk`kpotojlitl hlddl passknkdk vorkonkdk. S=Z
\i udtlrkarl asto`ada odd'oeelrjozkail hld jokierojl `ajl strujlita hk rk`lr`o stark`o euraia `lrta dl
kimlitk splsl `bl rk`bklhlvo kd sua euizkaiojlita, plr qulsta hk iarjo vlk`adotl plr pramlttk hk
rk`lr`o hk mroihk hkjliskaik, hok quodk plrþ iai sljprl sk attlilvoia k rksudtotk sahhkseo`litk `ajl
dojlitþ Dowrli`l Ptail ki ui `ldlnrl kitlrvlita hld ?;=5 S2Z l `ajl hkjastro d'ojnkzkasa pramltta
hk rk`astruzkail tatodl hlddl `ajuiktæ hldd'Kimbkdtlrro hld ?566 ottrovlrsa eaitk h'or`bkvka, kikzkota ild
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn08http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Stonehttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframehttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn07http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn06http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/catasto/overview.htmlhttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn05http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn04http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe
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?;=? ho Odoi Jo`eordoih lh orrlstota ild ?;=> plr joi`oizo hk eaihk S;Z Euraia huiqul do s`orso
edlssknkdktæ hldda strujlita kiearjotk`a l do joi`oizo hk —ellhno`c `ai dl eaitk‚ kitlsa ho Ptail `ajl
—jaha hk plisorl iarjodl hldda stark`a, `bl vlrkek`o dl sul kitukzkaik suk hotk, o dara vadto mlilrotark hk
iuavk hotk‚ S?6Z, k jommkark kjputotk hldda stodda `bl kd ropparta tro starko l `ajputlr vkhl oddo ekil hlmdk
oiik Plttoito.
S?Z Ktz`avkt`b, S?;;5Z, ki Padhoik ‐ Xajjoskik, S?;;5Z, p. 0>.
S>Z Nurcl, S?;;;Z, p. 0.
S0Z Nurcl, S?;;;Z, p. 66>Z.
S=Z Uktodk, S>668oZ, p. ?0-?8
S2Z Ptail, S?;2=Z, p. 0>-8=.
S;Z ^awdoih, S?;;?Z, p. =68.
S?6Z Ptail, S?;2=Z, p 0?.
Do Ptarko ki NKX hkPtleoiko Joiik â hkstrknukta `ai Dk`lizo @rlotkvl @ajjais Ottrknuzkail - Iai
`ajjlr`kodl - @aihkvkhk odda stlssa jaha 8.6 Kitlriozkaiodl.
Noslh ai o warc ot bttp7//www.starkohkmktodl.kt/naac/do-starko-nkt.
D'kitrahuzkail hld V@, Vlrsaiod @ajputlr , ilmdk oiik Attoito prapail ui ropparta plrsaiodl tro
stark`a l jo``bkio, ki ui ojnklitl pkû ojk`blvadl l eo`kdl ho lspdarorl `bl jlmdka sk ohotto—odd'ortkmkoiodktæ hld jahldda‚ splssa rkvlihk`oto homdk stark`k.S?Z
Do stlsso starkamroeko quoitktotkvo travo iuavo eartuio, oh lsljpka ild `ojpa hlddo hljamroeko
stark`o l ilk jahlddk hk skjudozkail, jo â saprottutta do edlssknkdktæ hlk iuavk `od`adotark o spkimlrl da
stark`a vlrsa dl patlizkodktæ hk ldonarozkail l or`bkvkozkail hotk iai ohlmuotojlitl svkduppotl ilmdk
oiik Plssoito/Plttoito.S>Z
Do hkeeuskail hld V@ jahkek`þ rohk`odjlitl kd ropparta tro stark`k l kiearjotk`o, `ai ui usa kihkvkhuodl
hlk `od`adotark arjok ho tovada a partotkdk l ilddo s`ldto hlmdk strujlitk7 amik stark`a patlvo ekiodjlitl`rlorl kd sua plrsaiodl or`bkvka, ottrovlrsa eamdk ldlttraik`k, hotonosl l pramrojjk hk mlstkail hlk
hotonosl, jadtkpdk`oiha k ekdtrk plr dl kiiujlrlvadk seo``lttoturl hlddo starko.S0Z Od hk dæ hlddo
sahhkseozkail kihkvkhuodl hk amik stark`a hk patlrl jljarkzzorl mroihk quoitktæ hk hotk sud praprka
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn03http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn02http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn01http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bithttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref10http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref09http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref08http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref07http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref06http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref05http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref04http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref03http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref02http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref01http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn10http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn09
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`ajputlr, ohattoiha `bkovk hk rk`lr`o kitlrio o praprka usa, rkjoimaia `ajuiqul k dkjktk hk qulsta
prlzkasa strujlita ild `aitlsta hlddo rk`lr`o stark`o. Xodk dkjktk saia kisktk ild `ai`ltta hk hotonosl,
quodl jahldda earjodl plr do ropprlslitozkail hk parzkaik hlddo rlodtæ `bl `ajl amik jahldda
prlvlhl ui hlttomdkota pramltta kikzkodl plr kihkvkhuorl dl rldozkaik tro litktæ l ottrknutk, pa`a
ohottonkdl oddo jommkar portl hlddl eaitk stark`bl, ki `uk k tlitotkvk hk uikearjorl dkimuommk l `aitlstk
`ajpartoia splssa uio plrhkto plr kd rk`lr`otarl. Kiadtrl, do jommkar portl hlk saetworl hk mlstkail-
hotk ki `ajjlr`ka iai saia plisotk l pramrojjotk plr dl portk`adork lskmlizl hlddo rk`lr`o stark`o,`ajl k prkjk hotonosl utkdkzzotk homdk stark`k homdk oiik Attoito7 Datus ?->-0, hNosl a ^ledlx,
Vra`austl skia omdk ottuodk O``lss hk Jk`rasaet a JyP_D.S8Z
Xro k tlitotkvk hk horl oddo Ptarko ui prahatta su jksuro, plisota l svkduppota ho stark`k plr stark`k, `k
saia pramlttk `ajl @DKA hk Joierlh Xboddlr , prlslitota ild ?;28 pak jahkek`ota ild ?;2= l
rknottlzzota CDLKA `uk saia slmuktl vorkl vlrskaik ilmdk oiik Iavoito. CDLKA â ui saetworl ldonarota
prlssa kd Jox-Vdoi`c-Kistktut l `ai`lpkta plr mlstkrl uio bkstark`od warcstotkai ki mroha hk sahhkseorl
dl jadtlpdk`k lskmlizl hk trottojlita kiearjotk`a hlddl eaitk stark`bl.S
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Kd `ajputlr o hkeelrlizo hlddo jo``bkio ho s`rkvlrl plrjlttl odda stuhkasa hk ovlrl jommkar dknlrtæ hk
jahkek`orl kd tlsta, ommkariorda, sldlzkaiorda, `oi`lddorda, lh aeerl do passknkdktæ hk jadtlpdk`k rkjoihk oh
odtrk ha`ujlitk dlmotk ho ui ekda `astrukta hodd'outarl, `ai do passknkdktæ hk portkrl ho ui puita
quoduiqul l vkskaiorl parzkaik hk tlsta litra plr`arsk mkæ hlekiktk, ki tatodl outaiajko rkspltta odd'kitlra
tlsta. Do stlsuro hld tlsta lh k suak opporotk ropprlslito plr da stark`a portl kitlmroitl hlddo rk`lr`o,
quodl lspaskzkail l kitlrprltozkail hlk rksudtotk hlddl kiearjozkaik ro``adtl hoddl eaitk, l `ajl todl
slmul hltlrjkiotl jltahadamkl7 hodda stark`ksja tlhls`a od pasktkvksja `bl `aiskhlroia dl iatl quodktlstkjaikoizl hk `kþ `bl sk osslrks`l ild tlsta, o qulddo ossadutojlitl outaiajo ki `uk kd tlsta
hkvklil ro``aita hod puita hk vksto hldda stark`a `ai rkivkk o nkndkamroekl tljotk`bl.
Kd warh pra`lssar bo sappkoitota `ajpdltojlitl do jo``bkio ho s`rkvlrl jahkek`oiha ki portl kd
ropparta tro s`rktta l s`rkvlitl, ammk pkû `ajpdlta ilddl sul eosk hk jaitommka, skia oh uio vlro l
praprko oitlprkjo hk stojpo, jo do jahodktæ hk s`rktturo â rkjosto do stlsso sammlttkvo hk sljprl
oi`bl tro mdk stark`k, dl `uk rkslrvl saia earsl hk eraitl od tlsta kitlsa `ajl `oitklrl, qukihk
—plrliiljlitl oddo stohka hk sljkdovarota‚, do `uk vadotkdktæ oi`bl ki rldozkail ok saetworl utkdkzzotk
puþ `aitrovvlikrl odd'khlo hk starkamroeko trohkzkaiodl.
@aiilsskaik l trospaskzkaik tro kplrtlsta l hotonosl saia kd mroihl voitommka kplrjlhkodl kitrahatta
hod plrsaiod `ajputlr, avvlra kiearjozkaik hkvlrsl vlimaia trottotl ildda stlssa ojnklitl l
`aiilssl tro dara ottrovlrsa ui tlsta ottkva, oplrta vlrsa jadtlpdk`k hkrlzkaik hk dltturo ki rldozkail tro
dara litra da stlssa ha`ujlita a tro ha`ujlitk lstlrik, ki uio iorrozkail stark`o `aielrjoto ho
kihkzk l pravl o partoto hk joia. Vraprka qulsto `orottlrkstk`o hk rkjoihk kjjlhkotk eo
hldd‛kplrjlhkodktæ ui attkja `ojpa splrkjlitodl plr li`k`daplhkl tljotk`bl S2Z su `h-raj adtrl `bl
ui attkja strujlita hkhottk`a `ajl sk puþ vlhlrl vksktoiha od`uik sktk hkhottk`k aidkil `ajl
XBLDLJL, Xl`bikquls paur d'Bkstarkli li Dkmil7 Ltuhls, Joiulds, Lxlr`k`ls S;Z a d‛\ikvlrsktæ
vkrtuodl K@aI Ktodkoi @udturl ai tbl IltS?6Z. Eaitk l iorrozkail, `opksodhk hlddo jltahadamko hk
rk`lr`o stark`o trohkzkaiodl S??Z, ammk sk ovvodmaia hlddl iuavl tl`iadamkl usueruliha hk rksarsl quodk
d'kplrtlstuodktæ l do judtkjlhkodktæ hlk tlstk hkeeusk ottrovlrsa do ^ltl. Kitlrilt `ajl strujlita hk
rk`lr`o stark`o, aeerl do passknkdktæ hk rlihlrl vksknkdl `ai ui sljpdk`l `dk`c kd plr`arsa kitroprlsa hod
iorrotarl, trottoiha hkvlrsl tkpadamkl hk jotlrkodl hk rk`lr`o ildda stlssa `aitliktarl l kieroimliha
`asä k jurk hk or`bkvk l nkndkatl`bl. K `aitliutk plr mdk stark`k hkspaiknkdk aidkil, saia eaitk l sommkstk`o,
assko rkprahuzkaik hkmktodk hk ha`ujlitk h'or`bkvka lh ldonarozkaik su eaitk l `aitlstk mkæ `ai`dusl,hkspaiknkdk ki noi`bl hotk l ki vork earjotk a ki rldozkail tro dara trojktl rkjoihk kitlrik od tlsta a lstlsk
odd'kitlro ^ltl, ki ui plr`arsa `bl puþ portkrl ho amik puita. Vlr `aitra do plrhkto hk slqulizkodktæ hld
ha`ujlita kplrtlstuodl sattrol od hks`arsa stark`a trottk kjpartoitk, hoddo plrkahkzzozkail oddo stlsso
`ai`duskail, `bl kd dlttarl patrlnnl iai sldlzkaiorl.S?>Z
Kd trottojlita hk qulstl hul rksarsl noskdork plr da stark`a saia ammltta hk splrkjlitozkail ild `ojpa
hlddl rksarsl hkmktodk ho portl hk od`uik stark`k. Oh lsljpka ^anlrt Horitai prapail hk rkpramlttorl ki
`bkovl hkmktodl kd sommka stark`a ottrovlrsa ui hkvlrsa ropparta tro eaitk l iorrozkail, ottrovlrsa uiopkrojkhl ortk`adoto ki hkvlrsk strotk `bl oppraeaihks`aia do iorrozkail hk tkpa praelsskaiodl,
rksplttoiha k jahlddk hk ldonarozkail starkamroek`o l moroitliha spozka outaiaja oddl `ajpailitk hk
tkpa `aias`ktkva kitlmrotl `ai iuavl `ajpailitk mrozkl oddl appartuiktæ aeelrtl hok iuavk jlhko. S?0Z
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Darntonhttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn12http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn11http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn10http://www.italicon.it/http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn09http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn08http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipertesto
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^anlrt Xawislih bo `dosskek`ota qulsta tkpa hk lhktarko starkamroek`o hkmktodl `ajl —ohhkzkaiodl‚,
ki`duhliha ki lsso ortk`adk l jaiamroekl `bl usoia k dkic kplrtlstuodk vlrsa odtrl eaitk prkjorkl l
sl`aihorkl hld wln o s`apa kddustrotkva. Odtrl `otlmarkl kihkvkhuotl hodda stuhkasa saia —tlstuodl‚ `ai
sljpdk`k rkprahuzkaik hk ortk`adk lhktk l do —eaihotkvo‚ tlstk `bl kitlmroia pkliojlitl dl rksarsl
ldlttraik`bl, kitrl``koiha strlttojlitl do iorrozkail l dl eaitk prkjorkl ki ui plr`arsa havl dl eaitk
o`qukstoia jommkar rkdlvoizo rkspltta oddo iorrozkail `bl sljnro lsslril kd supparta.S?8Z Ki ^ltl ui
lsljpka hk starko s`rktto ki slqulizo judtkpdo, ottrovlrsa uio iorrozkail strotkek`oto â Xbl Uoddly ae Pbohaw, kd skta suddo Mulrro hk Pl`lsskail ojlrk`oio, `urota ho Lhworh D. Oylrs, kd `uk pramltta
`aiskstl ki ui or`bkvka kplrjlhkodl hk eaitk hk hkvlrso ioturo `bl plrjlttl hk dlmmlrl do starko ho pkû
puitk hk vksto ki uio sarto hk or`bkvka pordoitl. S?Z Uktodk, S>668oZ, p. 0?.
S0Z Dl iujlrasl oppdk`ozkaik hldd‛kiearjotk`o plr mdk stuhk stark`k `rloia eartl kitlrlssl tro mdk stuhkask
`ajl hkjastroia dl rkvkstl spl`kodkzzotl ki qulsta slttarl iotl ki qulmdk oiik, `ajl oh lsljpka
—Bkstary oih @ajputkim‚, punndk`ozkail ueek`kodl hldd‛—Ossa`kotkai ear Bkstary oih @ajputkim - OB@‚,
ui ossa`kozkail kitlriozkaiodl eaihoto ild ?;25 `ai jadtl rohk`k ilk Volsk Nossk l `bl, ho oiik,
prajuavl d‛usa hld `ajputlr ild jaiha hlmdk stark`k, `ai do suo rkvksto, dl sul `aielrlizl oiiuodk lh
ammk oi`bl `ai kd skta wln hldd‛ossa`kozkail.
S8Z ^awdoih, S?;;5Z ki Padhoik -Xajjoskik, S?;;5Z, p. -6666?Z.
S?6Z Xbldljl. Xl`bikquls paur d'bkstarkli li dkmil7 ltuhls, joiulds, lxlr`k`ls, S>66>->66666->66Z Artadlvo, S?;;5Z ki Padhoik ‐ Xajjoskik, S?;;5Z, p. = @rks`kail, S>666Z.
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref12http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref11http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref10http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref09http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref08http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref07http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref06http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref05http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref04http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref03http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref02http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref01http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn016http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~philipje/http://cwis.usc.edu/dept/LAS/history/historylab/LAPUHK/http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn15http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftn14
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S?0Z Horitai, S?;;;Z.
S?8Z Uktodk, S>668oZ, p. ??;-?>8.
S?66668oZ, p. ?>?-?>>.
S?5Z Das Oimldls oih tbl Vrandlj ae \rnoi Bkstark`od Ciawdlhml, S>666->660Z Uktodk S>668oZ, p. ?>0-
?>8.
Do Ptarko ki NKX hkPtleoiko Joiik â hkstrknukta `ai Dk`lizo @rlotkvl @ajjais Ottrknuzkail - Iai
`ajjlr`kodl - @aihkvkhk odda stlssa jaha 8.6 Kitlriozkaiodl.
Noslh ai o warc ot bttp7//www.starkohkmktodl.kt/naac/do-starko-nkt.
Do starko â pranonkdjlitl tro dl hks`kpdkil `bl jommkarjlitl saeerl hld dkvlddojlita hk `aitliutklskstlitl ki ^ltl. Ki portk`adorl, d'ojnkta `raiadamk`a hks`kpdkiorl rkmuorhoitl kd Jlhkalva bo ki së uio
happko vodlizo, ui jlhkalva s`klitkek`a, kjplmiota ildd'kitlrprltozkail hlddl eaitk plr rk`astrukrl
sa`kltæ l kstktuzkaik hld possota, `aitroppasta oh ui jlhkalva eoitostk`a `bl hodd'Atta`lita oeeos`kio
ojoitk hk strlmbl l `ovodklrk. L' sueek`klitl kitlrramorl ui jatarl hk rk`lr`o su quodskosk tljo stark`a
plr lsslrl kiaihotk ho sktk hk vorko ioturo, hoddo starko hks`kpdkiorl o qulddo da`odl adtrl ok jadtk sktk hk
starko tljotk`o, do jommkar portl hlk quodk rlodkzzoto a `uroto ho iai praelsskaikstk. S?Z
Earsl â plr qulsta `bl do rk`lr`o lh k suak prahattk `aitkiuoia o slmukrl do trohkzkaiodl vko hlddo `orto
stojpoto rkprapailihail dl `orottlrkstk`bl oi`bl ild wln, ild tkjkha l torhkva oeeo``korsk hk
\ikvlrsktæ l @litrk hk rk`lr`o luraplk ilddo ^ltl mdanodl. Kd rktorha hld jlhkalva s`klitkek`a lurapla ki
^ltl l qukihk hlddo pkû dormo l tljplstkvo hkeeuskail hlk rksudtotk hlddo rk`lr`o stark`o bo dos`kota ojpka
spozka oddo starkamroeko oimdasossail, splssa `adplvadjlitl ki`ajpdlto `ajl nli hkjastro, oh
lsljpka, do nkndkamroeko hldd'ltæ @oradkimko sud skta hlddo ]lstlri Jk`bkmoi \ikvlrskty, ki `uk saia
ldli`otk uik`ojlitl tlstk ki dkimuo kimdlsl l `adplvadjlitl trodos`kotl dl punndk`ozkaik hlddo s`uado
tlhls`o, eroi`lsl l ktodkoio, hltlrjkioitl ki qulsta slttarl.S>Z Lsljpk hld mlilrl saia oddo nosl
hldda s`lttk`ksja hlddo `ajuiktæ s`klitkek`o suddl rksarsl hkmktodk dos`kotl ok jormkik, quosk `ajl
sattaslttarl plr pa`bk kikzkotk tro k quodk splssa sk `rlo uio stlrkdl `kr`adorktæ hk rkjoihk l `ktozkaik.
^ksarsl aidkil plr jlhklvkstk
Hlk hul rojk prapastk hodda svkduppa hlddl tl`iadamkl homdk oiik Plttoito ki pak, quldda jommkarjlitl
svkduppota â stota quldda hldd'or`bkvkozkail l hldd'kiearjozkail seruttoiha dl `aiskhlrlvadk `opo`ktæ
hlddl jljarkl hkmktodk l do passknkdktæ hk o``lhlrvk ho quoduiqul hkstoizo, oizk`bë do prahuzkail hk
iuavl `aias`lizl stark`bl.S0Z Kieottk, rlplrkrl l `aisudtorl dl rksarsl prkjorkl l sl`aihorkl o
prls`kihlrl hoddo dara unk`ozkail eksk`o â kd tromuorha pasta hodd‛kiiavozkail tldljotk`o od slrvkzka
hlddo rk`lr`o stark`o. Mdk strujlitk tldljotk`k utkdk od rk`lr`otarl passaia plr`kþ ovlrl uio prkjohkstkizkail ki rksarsl `bl kihk`oia mdk strujlitk `ai `uk rlplrkrl do ha`ujlitozkail, `ajl jatark hk
rk`lr`o, kihk`k l noi`bl hotk nkndkamroek`bl, l rksarsl `bl il plrjlttaia d‛o``lssa ottrovlrsa noi`bl
hotk tlstuodk l tlstk aidkil.
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_edn3http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_edn2http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_edn1http://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://www.storiadigitale.it/book/la-storia-bithttp://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref16http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref15http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref14http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_ftnref13
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Ptrujlitk hk rlplrkjlita hlddl rksarslDo prapasto ki ojnklitl ldlttraik`a hld trohkzkaiodl `otodama o
s`blhl AVO@, Aidkil Vundk` O``lss @otodamul, â stoto `lrta plr mdk stark`k, `ajl plr mdk stuhkask hk
quodskosk odtro hks`kpdkio uio rksarso hk prkjorko kjpartoizo plr do da`odkzzozkail hk eaitk
starkamroek`bl, rlplrknkdk ottrovlrsa ui'ojk`blvadl jos`blro hk rk`lr`o `bl plrjlttl kd rl`uplra
hldd'kiearjozkail ho hkvlrsl tkpadamkl hk `otodambk a tro pkû `otodambk. Ki dkilo travkoja `otodambk hk
mroihk l pk``adl nkndkatl`bl, AVO@ `addlttkvk a kitlmrotk, JudtkAVO@, JltoAVO@ `bl plrjlttaia hk
kitlrramorl pkû `otodambk nkndkamroek`k `aitljparoilojlitl. Oh lsljpka, uio mukho oddo s`aplrtohlmdk Apo` luraplk, `ajpdlto hk kiearjozkaik `otodamroek`bl ki pkû dkimul â Xbl Luraploi Dknrory, ,
ioto hodd‛lsplrklizo hk Monrkld, Motlwoy ta Lurapl‛s iotkaiod dknrorkls, ro``amdkl dl kiearjozkaik suddl
jommkark nkndkatl`bl iozkaiodk lurapll l suk dara `otodambk, jlitrl ui kihk`l hk nkndkatl`bl hk tuttk k
Volsk â earikta ho Dknwln Dknrory Plrvlrs vko ]]] . \i rlplrtarka ommkariota hk nkndkatl`bl ktodkoil
â `urota hodd‛Ossa`kozkail Ktodkoio Nkndkatl`bl, OKN sud praprka skta, kiadtrl, plr d'Ktodko â ottkva hod ?;;>
kd Plrvkzka Nkndkatl`orka Iozkaiodl, PNI ki `uk `aieduks`aia `otodambk hk nkndkatl`bl hk hkeelrlitk
tkpadamkl, suhhkvksl plr padk da`odk o dara vadto `addlmotk odd'kihk`l PNI hldd'K@@\ `bl mlstks`l d'kitlra
pramltta hk ui `otodama uik`a iozkaiodl. Vlr k plrkahk`k ktodkoik l stroiklrk passlhutk ho od`uilnkndkatl`bl ktodkoil â kitlrramonkdl ottrovlrsa uio sljpdk`l jos`blro hk rk`lr`o kd @otodama Ktodkoia hlk
Vlrkahk`k O@IV, Or`bkvka @addlttkva Iozkaiodl Vlrkahk` Kivl`l, plr kihkvkhuorl dl eaitk h‛or`bkvka `k sk
puþ ovvodlrl hld partodl ktodkoia plr d‛o``lssa oddl kiearjozkaik or`bkvkstk`bl, O^@BKUK- partodl
ueek`kodl hldd'Ojjkikstrozkail Or`bkvkstk̀ o Ktodkoio. Oi`bl k `otodambk hk nkndkatl`o boiia sunkta uio
rkvaduzkail tldljotk`o, kimdanoiha hkeelrlitk tkpadamkl hk rksarsl, oiodamk`bl l hkmktodk `ai hkeelrlitk
jahodktæ hk `aisudtozkail l su hkvlrsk suppartk, hkvliliha `asä ui vodkha strujlita hk arklitojlita
nkndkamroek`a ottrovlrsa hkvlrsk puitk hk o``lssa ki mroha hk aeerkrl rksudtotk todvadto kiosplttotk ho uio
sljpdk`l kitlrramozkail hk arhkil sljoitk`a.D‛kjprlvlhknkdktæ hlddo rkspasto outajotkzzoto puþ leelttkvojlitl ojpdkorl dl prasplttkvl hk rk`lr`bl,
rk`bkojoiha rksudtotk plrtkilitk jo iai ottlsk, pur`bë sko pak d‛utlitl o sldlzkaiorl k rksudtotk,
aplrozkail iai sljpdk`l hk eraitl oh ui iujlra `aiskhlrlvadl hk rksudtotk oi`bl plr mdk opposskaiotk
hk slrlihkpkty . Da stlssa utkdkzza hk `ai`lttk noskdork hldd‛kiearjotkai rltrklvod plr sljpdkek`orl l
omlvadorl do rk`lr`o ki noi`blhotk l ki ^ltl iai â sueek`klitl od rl`uplra hlk sadk rksudtotk plrtkilitk,
uio quoitktæ hk rujarl â sljprl ojjlsso ild ropparta tro rk`bkoja l prl`kskail, oddo nosl hk
quoduiqul kitlrramozkail, Paia ki portk`adorl k `askhhlttk jatark hk rk`lr`o mlilrodkstk o rkspaihlrl
`ai liarjk quoitktæ hk rksudtotk rl`uplrotk ildd'kitlro ^ltl l sldlzkaiotk ki nosl o porojltrkoutajotkzzotk. Ild `osa hk rk`lr`bl slttarkodk, `ajl do starko jlhklvodl kd rl`uplra hldd'kiearjozkail â
hkeek`kdjlitl odd'odtlzzo hlddl osplttotkvl hldda stark`a oi`bl ki `osa hk sldlzkail ho portl hk aplrotark
ki `oril lh asso plr`bë `ajuiqul iai ki mroha hk vodutorl dl rksarsl spl`kek`bl hlddo hks`kpdkio. S8Z
Vassaia rkvldorsk pkû utkdk k jatark hk rk`lr`o `kr`as`rkttk, k DOPL, Dkjktlh Orlo Plor`b Limkil,
mlilrodjlitl rlodkzzotk ki ojnkta o``ohljk`a, qukihk ho lsplrtk, `bl dkjktoia d'orlo hk rk`lr`o oh ui
iujlra `aitraddota hk pomkil rkspaihlitk od praekda rk`bklsta plr k hkvlrsk mrohk hk rk`lr`o. Vlr kd `ojpa
starkamroek`a sk `ktoia kd iai pkû ottkva Ormas, Dkjktlh Orlo Plor`b ae tbl Oi`klit oih Jlhklvod
Kitlrilt khlota hodd'\ikvlrsktæ hk Lvoisvkddl, `ai`litrota jommkarjlitl suddl rksarsl hld jaiha`dossk`a l suddl rlodkzzozkaik iarhojlrk`oil,S666.
P`apa hld pramltta lro hk rkuikrl k prki`kpodk sktk ktodkoik `ai `orottlrkstk`bl hk l-gauriods a hk motlwoys
http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_edn5http://www.storiadigitale.it/drupal-6.22#_edn4http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrievalhttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serendipit%C3%A0http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/http://acnp.cib.unibo.it/cgi-ser/start/it/cnr/fp.htmlhttp://www.sbn.it/http://www.aib.it/http://www.storiadigitale.it/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=oFCK_1&Toolbar=DrupalFiltered#_ftn08http://www.lib-web.org/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/
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ki ui'ossa`kozkail, od ekil hk prajuavlrl kikzkotkvl `ajl ui jatarl hk rk`lr`o hk tkpa DOPL, `aivlmik
l ki`aitrk plrkahk`k, prajazkail hk padktk`bl hk svkduppa hldd'lhktarko hkmktodl s`klitkek`o, hk slrvkzk plr do
hkhottk`o l plr do rk`lr`o. Vkû euizkaiodl, slnnlil iai spl`kek`a plr do starko jlhklvodl, â kd jatarl hk
rk`lr`o plr dl s`klizl sa`kodk Ki-lxtlisa, mkæ Odlpb. Jatlur hl rl`blr`bl paur dls P`kli`ls
bujokils. \i dkjktl hk qulstk strujlitk â plrþ hk hldkjktorl trappa do rk`lr`o, ls`duhliha jomork
iuavl rksarsl plr joi`oizo hk ommkariojlita. Vlr uio rk`lr`o pkû jkroto mdk stuhk sud jlhkalva
passaia ovvodlrsk hk rlplrtark hlddl rksarsl prlslitk ki ^ltl `bl kihk`kzzoia l `otodamoia plr slttarkdl rlodkzzozkaik l k ha`ujlitk hlhk`otk oddo rk`lr`o jlhklvodl, ottrovlrsa dkics hk `addlmojlita.
Xro k rlplrtark spk``oia mdk ojlrk`oik Xbl Donyrkitb l IltPlre litrojnk `aisarzkotk `ai Ormas. Xbl
Donyrkitb, ^lsaur`ls ear Jlhklvod Ptuhkls, `urota eki hod ?;;8 hoddo Mlarmltawi \ikvlrskty â
ortk`adota ki vorkl slzkaik7 do Dknrory (hkstkito ki Ou`tarls lt eaitls, l ki P`rkpto jahlrio), k Pungl`ts
prki`kpodk (hkstkitk ki Iotkaiod `udturls Kitlriotkaiod `udturl, `bl runrk`o slttark mlilrodk `ajl
Or`boladamy, Orts, Dotki, lt`. l Ppl`kod Xapk`s), k Xlxt, kjoml oih or`bkvod Hotonosls, d'Ldl`traik`
@litlr (`bl liujlro dl dkstl hk hks`usskail l k sktk `bl punndk`oia jotlrkodk kiearjodk), rksarsl
hkhottk`bl l dkstl hk kstktuzkaik hk rk`lr`o l hk lhktark prlslitk ilddo rltl. IltPlre , Xbl Kitlrilt
`aiil`tkai ear Jlhklvod rlsaur`ls, `urota hod Hlportjlit ae Bkstary hlddo @otbadk` \ikvlrskty ae
Ojlrk`o â suhhkvksa ki slzkaik, hodd'or`bladamko oddo jusk`o. Vkû spl`kek`a â kivl`l Nyzoitkil &
Jlhklvod dkics Kihlx hk Voud Bodsodd hlddo Earhboj \ikvlrskty hk Ilw [arc `bl plrþ tlihl o
prljkorl dl rlodkzzozkaik hkmktodk iarhojlrk`oil o s`opkta hk qulddl lurapll. Xro qulstl udtkjl
spk``oia d‛Ai-dkil Paur`ls ear Bkstarkois ki tbl \.C. l Jlhklvod Ptuhkls, `bl â do pomkio
spl`kodkzzoto hldda B\JN\D, Xbl B\Joiktkls N\Ddltki naorh, uio rkvksto ldlttraik`o, lhkto hoddo
Axearh \ikvlrskty, hlhk`oto oddl oppdk`ozkaik hldd‛kiearjotkai tl`biadamy oddl s`klizl ujoil lh kd
tlhls`a Bkstarks`bl ^lssaur`li kj Iltz7 Jkttldodtlr , jadta rk``a, ommkariota l ottlita o `liskrl
iai sada dl rksarsl ojlrk`oil jo kiioizktutta dl rlodkzzozkaik lurapll. Kd skta aeerl ldli`bk hk dkics
quosk sljprl o``ajpomiotk ho ui `ajjlita lh â ortk`adota ki vorkl slzkaik hlhk`otl oddl eaitk, ok
joias`rkttk, oddl noi`bl hotk nkndkamroek`bl, o tljotk`bl spl`kek`bl, oddl prki`kpodk rlmkaik lurapll
jlhklvodk, oddl hks`kpdkil ouskdkorkl, oddl kstktuzkaik l ok pramlttk hk rk`lr`o, omdk or`bkvk, oddl rkvkstl
ldlttraik`bl l ok sktk hlddo jlhklvkstk`o tlhls`o. Oi`aro,kd iai pkû ommkariota Kihlx ae ^lsaur`ls ear
Bkstarkois, `urota hok Hkportkjlitk hk starko hlddo \ikvlrskty ae Coisos l hlddo \ikvlrsktèt
^lmlisnurm7 ldli`o sktk hk kitlrlssl stark`a hkstkitk plr orll mlamroek`bl l plrkahk stark`k, l
Jëilstrld. \i partokd paur dls jëhkëvkstls, ui rlplrtarka `rktk`a hk rksarsl ki dkilo.Ki mlilrodl dl
rksarsl lurapll suddo starko jlhklvodl saia nli prlslitotl ilddo Xbl ]]] Ukrtuod Dknrory kd vosta
pramltta ovvkota ho Xkj Nlrilrs Dll `bl aeerl ldli`bk hk rksarsl suhhkvksl su nosl mlamroek`o l
`raiadamk`o, tro `uk Ktodkoi Jlhklvod Bkstary `uroto ho Plrml Iakrlt. Kd rlplrtarka hk rksarsl
ldlttraik`bl suddo starko jlhklvodl oeelrlitl od pramltta UD â `lrta kd pkû `ajpdlta lh soustkva sl iai
odtra plr`bë kihk`o `bkorojlitl k `rktlrk hk vodutozkail ohattotk hok `urotark, stuhkask hlddo jotlrko, plr
suhhkvkhlrl k sktk prlslitotk ki tkpadamkl hkstkitl. Do earjudozkail hk rlplrtark hk rksarsl ldlttraik`bl plr
mdk stuhk stark`k bo ovuta ilmdk udtkjk oiik uio kiottlso eartuio oi`bl ki Ktodko, `akivadmliha saprottutta
dl `ajuiktæ o``ohljk`bl, `ajl oh lsljpka hkjastro do pomkio hld Hkportkjlita hk starko
hldd‛\ikvlrsktæ hk Vorjo `bl ldli`o dl —^ksarsl ai dkil plr do starko jlhklvodl‚ o `uro hk Jorkio
Mozzkik oddl pomkil iai pkû ommkariotl hk Jlhkalva prlsa ki rltl7 uio mukho sldlzkaioto oddl rksarsl
http://www.dssg.unifi.it/_pim/AIM/risorse.htmhttp://www.unipr.it/arpa/dipsto/labsto/link/medievale.htmlhttp://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/medieval.htmlhttp://vlib.org/http://www.menestrel.fr/http://www.gzg.fn.bw.schule.de/faecher/links/ressourc.htmhttp://www.erlangerhistorikerseite.de/ma_resso.htmlhttp://www.le.ac.uk/urbanhist/resources/humbul_gateways.htmlhttp://www.le.ac.uk/hi/teaching/med.htmlhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/byzantium/index.asphttp://www.netserf.org/http://labyrinth.georgetown.edu/http://www.in-extenso.org/
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tldljotk`bl plr da stuhka l plr do rk`lr`o `urotl ho Oihrlo Warzk sud skta hld Vkj hldd'\ikvlrsktæ hk
Ekrlizl. Odd‛kitlria hlddl kikzkotkvl o``ohljk`bl saia ho ommkuimlrl dl ottkvktæ hk ^ltk Jlhklvodk l
P`rkiluj `bl pur lssliha kikzkotkvl hk ossa`kozkaik prkvotl rkjoimaia lsprlsskaik hk `ajuiktæ
o``ohljk`bl7 —Dl hks`kpdkil lhktarkodk7 podlamroeko, hkpdajotk`o, `ahk`adamko‚, o `uro hk O. Mbkmiadk. l
—^lplrtarka `rktk`a hk rksarsl hkmktodk plr mdk stuhk hk starko hlddo s`rktturo dotkio l hlddo prahuzkail
joias`rktto ild Jlhkalva‚, o `uro hk M. Hl Oimldks. Kislrktk ki rlplrtark mlilrk`k a spl`kodkstk`k sk
travoia splssa mdk utkdk rlplrtark hk plrkahk`k ldlttraik`k, earsl ammk kd vlra puita h'ki`aitra tro rk`lr`os`klitkek`o l hkeeuskail, saprottutta ilddo selro hlddl `askhhlttl s`klizl lsottl havl hkskitlrjlhkozkail
l hkeeuskail saia lskmlizl pkû `bl eo`kdktozkaik `ajl â plr dl s`klizl ujoikstk`bl. @kþ iaiastoitl
saia iujlrasl dl rkvkstl hk kitlrlssl ujoikstk`a `ai`lpktl `ajl prahattk hkmktodk, hk sadkta litra `kr`adk
o``ohljk`k plr `ajuik`orl rksudtotk hk rk`lr`o `ai kd rks`bka hk trodos`korl kd dovara hldd'lhktarl `bl kd
wln porl ovlr lstrajlssa hoddo `otlio ha`ujlitorko7 sldlzkaiorl, vodutorl, lhktorl,
vodkhorl.^lplrtark mlilrk`k hk plrkahk`k ldlttraik`k saia mdk stotuiktlisk Hkrl`tary ae P`badory
Ldlttraik` Gauriods oih O``ohljk` Hks`usskai Dksts, rlodkzzoto ho O^D, Ossa`kotkai ae ^lslor`b
Dknrorkls, `bl hkspail hk ui kihk`l hk sammlttk tro `uk Orts oih Bujoiktkls l IlwGaur . Hlhk`ota omdkstuhk stark`k â kd rlplrtarka Xbl Bkstary Gauriods Mukhl hldda stark`a Ptleoi Ndos`bcl l ui rlplrtarka
hk rkvkstl hk starko jlhklvodl `ajpdlta â `urota ho Oihrlo Nordu``bk sud skta hk ^ltk Jlhklvodk, ki `uk â
kihk`oto do ioturo hld prahatta, hkmktodl a oiodamk`a a oi`aro do happko vlrskail l do hkspaiknkdktæ hk
eudd-tlxt aidkil. _ulddl sapro `ktotl saia sada od`uil hlddl kikzkotkvl rlplrtarkodk lskstlitk ild wln,
lppurl jadtk hlk rlplrtark aidkil iai ommkuimaia kiearjozkaik sastoizkodk o qulddl mkæ kihkvkhuonkdk ki
odtrk sktk lh kd hlskhlrka hk iai hlduhlrl d‛osplttotkvo hldd‛utlitl, hk travorl ilddo stlsso pomkio plr`arsk
hk rk`lr`o `ajpdltk hlddo eaitl, splssa prahu`l uio sartl hk skihrajl ho rkljpkjlita. K rlplrtark
hkvlitoia ui ldli`a hk tkpadamkl `aieusl a rksarsl iai khaill hkjlitk`oiha d'lskstlizo hk mukhl oddlrksarsl hkmktodk su `orto, `ajl oh lsljpka Xbl Bkstary Bkmbwoy. O mukhl ta kitlrilt rlsaur`l plr
iai prlslitorl ldli`bk s`orik a plmmka va`k slizo dkic, kiadtrl splssa joi`o do hoto hk
ommkariojlita, kd iajl hld `urotarl l saprottutta mdk stoihorh slmuktk plr do hlekikzkail hlddl tkpadamkl
l do vodkhktæ hlddo eaitl rlplrtarkoto.
@osk oi`ar pkû erlqulitk saia qulddk hk nkndkamroekl `kr`as`rkttl oh ormajlitk spl`kek`k plr do starko
jlhklvodl `bl trappa splssa `aitlimaia uik`ojlitl rksarsl aidkil, `ajl sl `kþ `bl iai â
kjjlhkotojlitl rlplrknkdl ki earjota tldljotk`a eassl hlstkiota odd'andka, jlitrl saia utkdksskjl dl
nkndkamroekl `ajpdltl hk rksarsl oiodamk`bl l hkmktodk ommkariotl ho stuhkask, `ajl do Nkamropbks`b-Nkndkamropbks`bls Ckr`blidlxkcai, Nkndkatbl`o @duiko`lisks iavksskjo a Hl Ptotutks.
Nkndkamroeko Ptotutorko Ktodkoio. Iaiastoitl ho oiik sk ouspk`bk da svkduppa hk dkill mukho plr do
vodutozkail hlddl rksarsl aidkil oh ammk joi`oia stoihorh rk`aias`kutk plr d'kihkvkhuozkail l do
vodutozkail hlddl rksarsl hkmktodk. Paia stotl prlslitotl s`bljk l mrkmdkl hk vodutozkail ohottotl od
slttarl ho od`uik stuhkask `ajl.S5Z Vkû rl`litljlitl Mukha Onnottksto l ^k``orha ^khk boiia
`aarhkiota kd ]arcsbap su stuhk stark`k l nkndkatl`bl hkmktodk, Do vodutozkail hlddl rksarsl hkmktodk7
nkndkatl`bl knrkhl l stuhk stark`k , tliutask o Ekrlizl ilddo prkjovlro hld >66?, hlekiliha od`uik `rktlrk
il`lssork oddo vodutozkail hlk sktk hk kitlrlssl stark`a, odd'kihkvkhuozkail hlddl suhhkvkskaik hlddltkpadamkl, oddo prltlso lsoustkvktæ odd'ommkariojlita l odd'usonkdktæ.S=Z
D'kihkvkhuozkail l da`odkzzozkail hlk ha`ujlitk utkdk oddo rk`lr`o stark`o ottrovlrsa `otodambk ldlttraik`k,
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rlplrtark, nkndkamroekl bo `ajl ekil udtkja d'o``lssa oddo eaitl. D'o``lssa oddo rksarso l do suo erukzkail
`ajpdltoia kd plr`arsa hk rk`lr`o hldda stark`a ilddo ^ltl l ropprlslitoia do rlodl osplttotkvo hk amik
rk`lr`otarl kjplmiota ilddl hks`kpdkil ujoikstk`bl, `bl iovkmbk ild ]ln `ajl ki ui mkmoitls`a
rltk`ada hk dkics hk ui kiekikta kplrtlsta. Dl kikzkotkvl ovvkotl plr rlihlrl eruknkdl kd tlsta kitlra ilmdk
udtkjk oiik saia jadtlpdk`k, hod mkæ `ktota @ahk`l hlddo Dajnorhko jlhklvodl (sl``. UKKK-RKKK) oddo
euturknkdl nkndkatl`o hkmktodl Maamdl Naacs ki vko hk rlodkzzozkail mrozkl oh ui o``arha tro k eaihotark
hld jatarl hk rk`lr`o Maamdl, Dory Voml l Plrmbly Nrki, l dl \ikvlrsktæ hk Axearh, Borvorh, Ptoiearh`ai do Jk`bkmoi l do Ilw [arc Vundk` Dknrory plr hkmktodkzzorl dl dara ro``adtl l rlihlrdl hkspaiknkdk su
Kitlrilt.
S?Z @arroa, S>666Z
S>Z Plrmk, S?;;2Z, p. ?0-?8
S0Z Xbl @oradkimkois, S?;;=Z @arroa S>666Z
S8Z Uktodk, S>668oZ, p. =?-=0
S66?Z
S5Z G. Odlxoihlr l J. Xotl, S?;;;Z
S=Z Onnottksto,S>66?Z
Do Ptarko ki NKX hkPtleoiko Joiik â hkstrknukta `ai Dk`lizo @rlotkvl @ajjais Ottrknuzkail - Iai
`ajjlr`kodl - @aihkvkhk odda stlssa jaha 8.6 Kitlriozkaiodl.
Noslh ai o warc ot bttp7//www.starkohkmktodl.kt/naac/do-starko-nkt.
D‛lsprlsskail —nkndkatl`o hkmktodl‚ l do rk`lr`o hk uio suo hlekikzkail â ki rldozkail omdk ojnktk hk
kitlrlssl ki `uk vklil oppdk`oto, oh lsljpka plr mdk kiearjotk`k do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â ui kiskljl hk ekdl
appurl saia k saetworl hlhk`otk od dara rl`uplra, plr padktk`k l kjprlihktark kd jlr`ota hlddo
`ajuik`ozkail l kiearjozkail jaihkodl. Vlr k nkndkatl`ork do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl ropprlslito donkndkatl`o hld eutura, `ustahl l `rlotrk`l hk `addlzkaik hk ha`ujlitk kjjotlrkodk o``lssknkdk ho
quoduiqul duama l kjjlhkotojlitl hkspaiknkdk.S?Z
Do joi`oizo hk uio hlekikzkail uikva`o rkspl``bko do vorkltæ hk pramlttk l oppdk`ozkaik l do stlsso
dlttlroturo hk rkelrkjlita plr kd slttarl nkndkatl`aiajk`a splssa uso `ajl skiaikjk hk nkndkatl`o
hkmktodl earjudl `ajl —nkndkatl`o ldlttraik`o‚ l —nkndkatl`o vkrtuodl‚.S>Z Ki rlodtæ â pkû `arrltta
kitlihlrl do nkndkatl`o ldlttraik`o `ajl uio nkndkatl`o outajotkzzoto `bl uso amik tkpa hk
strujlitozkail ldlttraik`o plr kd sua euizkaiojlita, qukihk kd tlrjkil ldlttraik`a â rkelrkta oddo
strujlitozkail il`lssorko oddo dltturo hlk hotk l iai ok hotk stlssk. _uoiha eaitk kiearjotkvl
ldlttraik`bl l su `orto saia portl hk uia stlssa `aitlsta sk pordo hk nkndkatl`o knrkho a nkndkatl`o
judtkjlhkodl, oh kihk`orl d'kitlmrozkail hk hkvlrsl tl`iadamkl. Do nkndkatl`o vkrtuodl, kivl`l, â plr kd
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sua stlssa kivlitarl, Xkj Nlrilrs Dll `bl da utkdkzzþ plr kd skta hk `uk â outarl, uio `addlzkail hk
ha`ujlitk tljotk`k rlodkzzotk ho jkmdkoko hk outark ki pomkil wln l noi`bl hotk `addlmotk tro dara.S0Z
@ai kd tlrjkil —vkrtuodl‚ sk kihk`o qukihk do nkndkatl`o `bl iai `'â a uio `addlzkail hk ha`ujlitk
lstlrio oddo nkndkatl`o a oi`aro uio nkndkatl`o havl d‛ommlttkva vkrtuodl kihk`o do skjudozkail
trkhkjliskaiodl hk s`oeeodk l plrsaiodl. @ai vkrtuodl sk kitlihl qukihk d‛kjjotlrkodktæ hlddo nkndkatl`o
`ajl `addlzkail hk dknrk eksk`ojlitl hksda`otk odtravl, `ajl puþ lsslrl uio nkndkamroeko, `addlzkail
ostrotto hk ha`ujlitk, a d‛kddkjktoto hkspaiknkdktæ hld ha`uvlrsa ottrovlrsa ui uik`a spozka, `ajld‛utapk`a pramltta hk Xblahar Badj Ildsai, Roiohu. S8Z
Pl plr hlekikzkail hk nkndkatl`o hkmktodl sk `aiskhlro qulddo hoto od warcsbap hk Poito El ild ?;;=7
—...uia spozka ki `uk jlttlrl kiskljl `addlzkail, slrvkzk l plrsail o supparta hldd'kitlra `k`da hk vkto
hlddo `rlozkail, usa, prlslrvozkail hk hotk, kiearjozkaik l `aias`lizo‚S
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rlodkzzozkail hlddl `addlzkaik l do s`ldto hlddl tl`iadamkl il`lssorkl.
Kiadtrl, plr kd nuai euizkaiojlita hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl saia ldljlitk kjpartoitk do mlstkail hld
hkrktta h'outarl l d'kitlraplronkdktæ hk skstljk hkvlrsk, trojktl stoihorh `ajuik arklitotk
odd'kitlrs`ojnkonkdtæ hlk hotk.S;Z
S?Z ^khk, S>668Z, p. ? Xlhh-Dorml, S>66?.
S>Z Vlr od`uil hlekikzkaik hk nkndkatl`o hkmktodl7 P`bwortz, S?;;;Z Orjs, S>666Z Xlhh-Dorml, S>666666>Z, p. 8;-
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^ltl, ki uio nkndkatl`o hkmktodl vk`kio oh ui partodl, a oh ui rlplrtarka, havl kd slrvkzka â do sldlzkail
l d'ommkariojlita.S?Z \io nkndkatl`o hkmktodl puþ `ajprlihlrl litrojnl dl `addlzkaik, o sl`aiho
hlddo praprko jksskai l arkmkil lh kislrkrl ild `otodama jltohoto utkdk od rl`uplra hlk ha`ujlitk, da`odk
a rljatk, utkdkzzoiha kd trohkzkaiodl AVO@ a kd pkû kiiavotkva‚ AVOD, Aidkil Vundk`/potrai O``lss
Dknrory, o`raikja `aikota ho @arroha Vlttliotk ild ?;2= plr kihk`orl ui —euturkstk`a‚ `otodama ho `uk
o``lhlrl o tlstk `ajpdltk‚.S>Z
Do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl euiml ho ekdtra quodktæ rkspltta oh ui utlitl `bl bo do plr`lzkail hk kitlromkrl
sljprl litra do stlsso nkndkatl`o, qukihk ui slrvkzka nosota su ui‛kierostrutturo oppaskto plr uio
rkspasto gust ki tkjl. Do stlsso or`bktltturo hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â `astrukto kitaria oddo `addlzkail
`bl puþ lsslrl kitlrprltoto `ajl jlhkozkail a —kierostrutturo hk slrvkzka‚ do `uk euizkail â osskstlrl
d‛utlitl ilddo rk`lr`o l ilddl `aihkzkaik hk o``lssa.S0Z
\i jahldda hk `addlzkail hk nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â arklitota vlrsa7
da svkduppa hlddo `addlzkail prkjorko hk ha`ujlitk hkmktodk iotkvk, `bl trosearjo do nkndkatl`o kihkstrknutrk`l hk `ajuik`ozkail s`klitkek`o rlihliha o``lssknkdk k ha`ujlitk prahattk plr do `ajuiktæ
hk utlitk slrvkto.
do `astruzkail hk uio `addlzkail sl`aihorko, `astktukto hoddl hkmktodkzzozkail hk arkmkiodk oiodamk`k, ho
portl hk nkndkatl`bl, litk, prkvotk a lhktark.
Vrkjo hk oiodkzzorl ild hlttomdka do earjozkail, `aiskstlizo l armoikzzozkail hlddl ro``adtl hkmktodk â
utkdl hlekikrl kd `ai`ltta hk ha`ujlita hkmktodl plr `opkrl voitommk l dkjktk hld sua kjpklma ilddo rk`lr`o
l ilddo `ajuik`ozkail s`klitkek`o.
Ha`ujlita hkmktodl
Kd ha`ujlita hkmktodl, avvlra do ropprlslitozkail hk ui tlsta su supparta hkmktodl, —ki dkilo mlilrodl â
`astktukta ho ui edussa hk `orottlrk (a strkimo), ki `uk kd `orottlrl â d'uiktæ otajk`o plr do
ropprlslitozkail, d'armoikzzozkail l kd `aitradda hk hotk tlstuodk sudd'ldonarotarl‚S8Z. Kd ha`ujlita
hkmktodl puþ lsslrl iotkva, qukihk punndk`ota arkmkiorkojlitl ki hkmktodl a iota ki earjota oiodamk`a l
hkmktodkzzota o pastlrkark ki jahodktæ joiuodl a jl``oik`o. Ild prkja `osa do trosearjozkail hld
ha`ujlita `orto`la ki earjo nkiorko â oeekhoto oh ui aplrotarl `bl trojktl tostklro kislrkræ uiodlttlro oddo vadto, jlitrl d'o`qukskzkail jl``oik`o prlvlhl d'kjpklma hk strujlitk quodk s`oiilr a
eata`ojlrl ki nosl oddo tkpadamko hk ha`ujlita hlstkioto oddo trospaskzkail hkmktodl. Do jahodktæ
joiuodl â `lrta do pkû hksplihkaso ki tlrjkik hk tljpa, slnnlil oi`bl d'o`qukskzkail jl``oik`o
prlvlho splssa ui ekdtrommka joiuodl, `ajl ild `osa hk utkdkzza hk saetworl hk rk`aias`kjlita attk`a
hlk `orottlrk, A@^, Aptk`od @boro`tlr ^k`amiktkai, jlitrl d'o`qukskzkail hk kjjomkik â sljprl
outajotkzzoto.
Do s`ldto hlddl jahodktæ hk hkmktodkzzozkail â ki prkja duama vki`adoto hoddo tkpadamko hld jotlrkodl l od
sua supparta, oh lsljpka do s`oiskail hld tlsta sk utkdkzzo plr eaitk lhktl su suppartk o pravo hk eartk
eos`k hk du`l, jlitrl joias`rkttk l eatamroekl vlimaia rkprahattk ottrovlrsa spl`kodk opporl``bkoturl ki
mroha hk prlslrvorl mdk arkmkiodk. Do hkeelrlitl jahodktæ hk hkmktodkzzozkail stonkdks`l kd earjota hld
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iuava ha`ujlita hkmktodl, ho tlstuodl ok dkimuommk hk jor`oturo, oddl oppdk`ozkaik plr l-naac od
earjota kjjomkil, adtrl ok earjotk ouhka, vkhla.
Kd earjota tlstuodl pkû sljpdk`l â OP@KK, Ojlrk`oi Ptoihorh @ahl ear Kiearjotkai Kitlr`boiml,
plrjlttl hk `ahkek`orl k ?>2 `orottlrk pkû `ajuik. Da stlssa XRX hld nda``a iatl hk ]kihaws â
ui‛lstliskail mlilrk`o, sadktojlitl kihk`oto plr ekdl tlstuodk ki OP@KK prkvk hk earjottozkail.
Hkeeusksskja â kd earjota tlstuodl praprkltorka hk Jk`rasaet plr kd pramrojjo hk vkhla s`rktturo ]arh,
HA@, kd `uk dkjktl â iai lsslrl `ajprlisknkdl ho tuttk mdk odtrk pramrojjk hk vkhlas`rktturo, `ajprlsl dl
vlrskaik prl`lhlitk hldda stlssa ]arh, plr qulsta sk prlelrks`l kd earjota ^XE, ki quoita joitklil do
earjottozkail hld tlsta ild possommka ho ui pramrojjo odd'odtra seruttoiha `orottlrk OP@KK.
Kd possommka hod jotlrkodl od hkmktodl ovvklil trojktl `ahkek`o, ottrovlrsa ui skstljo hk jor`oturo,
`kaâ su spl`kek`k dkimuommk `bl hls`rkvaia d'ospltta hk `kos`ui ldljlita tlstuodl ossk`uroihask `bl
ilddo trospaskzkail ldlttraik`o skoia plrhutl kd jkiar iujlra passknkdl hk kiearjozkaik `aitliutl ilddo
eaitl arkmkiodl. —K dkimuommk hk jor`oturo saia `astktuktk ho ui kiskljl hk kstruzkaik, hlttl tom(jor`otark), `bl slrvaia o hls`rkvlrl do strutturo, do `ajpaskzkail l d'kjpomkiozkail hld ha`ujlita.
K jor`otark saia slqulizl hk iarjodk `orottlrk l vlimaia kitrahattk, sl`aiha uio hltlrjkioto
skitossk, odd'kitlria hld ha`ujlita, o``oita oddo parzkail hk tlsta `uk sk rkelrks`aia.‚ S
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oi`bl sl k earjotk spl`kek`k plr mdk l-naac, saia ALN, Apli LNaac, stoihorh ldonarota ho
ui‛ossa`kozkail prkvoto, do Apli LNaac earuj `uk portl`kpoia `osl prahuttrk`l l `osl lhktrk`k tro `uk
Jaihotark, l DKX `bl â kd earjota praprkltorka plr Jk`rasaet ^lohlr.S2Z
K earjotk hk kjjomkik hkmktodk stoihorh su ]ln saia MKE, Mropbk` Kitlr`boiml Earjot, GVLM, Gaki
Vbatamropbk` Lxplrts Mraup, VIM, partondl iltwarc mropbk`s, JIM, Judtkpdl-kjoml Iltwarc
Mropbk`s, sk trotto hk skstljk hk `ahkek`o mroek`o ki mroha hk `ajprkjlrl iatlvadjlitl do hkjliskailhld ekdl, l plrtoita portk`adorjlitl ohottk o ui usa ki ^ltl, jlitrl plr d‛or`bkvkozkail hk kjjomkil â
utkdkzzota XKEE, Xlmmlh Kjoml Ekdl Earjot, svkduppota ho Ohanl l Jk`rasaet.S;Z
Pldlzkail l o`qukskzkail7 `addlzkail hkmktodl prkjorko
Kd pra`lhkjlita hk sldlzkail l o`qukskzkail hlk ha`ujlitk â uia hlk jajlitk ottrovlrsa kd quodl sk
rlodkzzo do mlstkail hlddo `addlzkail ha`ujlitorko ki nosl oddo jksskai hlddo nkndkatl`o, ki`litroto
sudd'utlitl, ottlito oddl rksarsl l ok pramrojjk `aaplrotkvk `uk ohlrks`l.
Ild `osa hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â kjpartoitl hlekikrl d'utlizo ho sahhkseorl, d'usa `bl il eoræ hlddo
`addlzkail l dl jahodktæ hk o``lssa rljata l qukihk earjodkzzordo ki ui ha`ujlita pramrojjotk`a
`ajl ovvklil plr do nkndkatl`o trohkzkaiodl. \io hk`bkorozkail hk kitlitk plr d'utlitl l da stoee, `bl
hlekiks`l d'khlitktæ hlddo nkndkatl`o l plrjlttl hk vlrkek`orl ild tljpa kd rommkuimkjlita hlmdk anklttkvk.
Oi`bl ki ojnkta hkmktodl patrlnnlra lsslrl utkdk ha`ujlitk `ajl do `orto hlddl `addlzkaik lh kd pkoia hk
svkduppa hlddl `addlzkaik. Huiqul praparrl mdk anklttkvk mlilrodk hlddo nkndkatl`o lh k prki`kpk `uk sk kspkro
ki jaha ho vodutorl7
dl orll hks`kpdkiork ki nosl oddo tkpadamko hk nksamik hldd' utlizo `bl kitlihl sahhkseorl.
do padktk`o hk rlvkskail plrkahk`o hlddl `addlzkaik
do padktk`o hk o`qukskzkail, `ajpdlto hk kihk`ozkaik suddl rksarsl, eariktark, prahuttark, padktk`o hk
`aaplrozkail lh k iajkiotkvk hlddl ekmurl prlpastl o todl ki`ork`a.
Kiadtrl, uia strujlita kitlria, vodkha plr da stoee hk uio nkndkatl`o hkmktodl quoita plr quldda hk uio
nkndkatl`o trohkzkaiodl, plrjlttl hk `aias`lrl k `rktlrk hk utkdkzza hlddl rksarsl ekioizkorkl lh kd
pramrojjo hk splso suhhkvksa plr slttark il`lssorka plr kd joitlikjlita l da svkduppa hlddo`addlzkail, sko oiodamk`o `bl hkmktodl.
Do padktk`o hk o`qukskzkail bo `ajl ioturodl `ajpdljlita uio plrkahk`o rlvkskail hlddl `addlzkaik,
kitlso `ajl strotlmko hk pramrojjozkail o slmukta hk ui'oiodksk hlddo `addlzkail, `bl tklil `aita hk
vork eottark `ajl do hoto hk punndk`ozkail, d'udtkja utkdkzza ho portl hldd'utlizo l do prlslizo hk eottark
ilmotkvk `ajl kiohlmuotlzzo, kilsottlzzo, ki`alrlizo. D'ottkvktæ hk rlvkskail â il`lssorko saprottutta
ki ojnklitl ldlttraik`a, ki `uk do vadotkdktæ hlk ha`ujlitk `bl `astktuks`aia dl `addlzkaik lstlril l
d'lvaduzkail tl`iadamk`o `bl kivlstl k skstljk hk `aislrvozkail anndkmoia oh ui `astoitl
jaiktarommka l oh uio pkû erlqulitl lsojl hlddo padktk`o ha`ujlitorko plrslmukto.
Do nkndkatl`o oi`bl ild `aitlsta hkmktodl, huiqul, il`lsskto hlddo stlsso rlmadojlitozkail slmukto
hoddl nkndkatl`o trohkzkaiodk plr do mlstkail hlddl ro``adtl l do dara kjpdljlitozkail. Dl stlssl mrkmdkl
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hk vodutozkail passaia lsslrl ohottotl oddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl, moroitliha oi`bl quk uio
jltahadamko plr do hlekikzkail hld mroha hk `aplrturo nkndkamroek`o.S?6Z Do sldlzkail, vodutozkail hlddo
ha`ujlitozkail hkmktodl l d‛o``lssa eo`kdktota moroitkta ild tljpa saia ldljlitk `bl `rloia vodarl
ommkuita oddo nkndkatl`o `bl odtrkjlitk ovrlnnl sada kd ruada hk ommrlmotarl hk kiearjozkaik. _ulsta
plr`arsa hlvl lsslrl oeeraitota `ai praelsskaiodktæ ohlmuotl, `ai `ajpltlizl spl`kek`bl sko sud
pkoia nkndkatl`aiajk`a `bl su quldda hldd‛lhktarko ldlttraik`o, ui vlra —`addl`tkai joiomljlit
dknrorkoi‚ .S??Z
Vrahuzkail
Ild poiarojo lhktarkodl kitlriozkaiodl d'oeelrjozkail hldd'lhktarko hkmktodl lh kd `aislmulitl
rkplisojlita hlddo `otlio hld vodarl tro outarl l dlttarl boiia eovarkta do splrkjlitozkail l da
svkduppa hk jahlddk hk `ajuik`ozkail s`klitkek`o odtlriotkvk od jahldda trohkzkaiodl `aitraddota plr da pkû
ho lhktark `ajjlr`kodk l sammltta o eliajlik hk `ai`litrozkail. Kieottk, do il`lssktæ hk ossk`urorl
ui'leek`o`l hkeeuskail lh ui eo`kdl o``lssa ok `aitrknutk s`klitkek`k bo spkita jadtl uikvlrsktæ lh litk hk
rk`lr`o o prajuavlrl kikzkotkvl lhktarkodk `ai d'anklttkva hk osskstlrl mdk outark ildd'kitlra `k`da hk vkto
hldd'kiearjozkail s`klitkek`o, hoddo `rlozkail hld ha`ujlita, oddo pllr rlvklw , ekia oddo hkstrknuzkail l
odd'o``lssa, prapailihask sud duima plrkaha `ajl saduzkail strotlmk`o oddo spkrodl hlk prlzzk hlddl
punndk`ozkaik s`klitkek̀ bl.S?>Z
K pramlttk plr d'oeelrjozkail hlddl \ikvlrsktæ l Kstktutk hk ^k`lr`o `ajl lhktarl saia iujlrask, arklitotk
o suplrorl k jommkark asto`adk7
kd hkrktta h'outarl, splssa `lhuta omdk lhktark ho ha`litk l rk`lr`otark opportlilitk o \ikvlrsktæ a
Kstktutk `asä hlstkiotk oh o`qukstorl ho tlrzk k rksudtotk hlddl rk`lr`bl ho dara stlssk ekioizkotlS?0Z. kd `aitradda quodktæ hlddo punndk`ozkail, trohkzkaiodjlitl sattapasta oddo pllr rlvklw
do `aislrvozkail hlddl punndk`ozkaik hkmktodk ottrovlrsa khlitkek`otark
kitlmrozkail `ai kd jlr`ota lhktarkodl `ajjlr`kodl.S?8Z
Ho od`uik oiik oi`bl ki Ktodko sk rlmkstro uio tlihlizo vlrsa do splrkjlitozkail hk iuavk ueek`k
lhktarkodk rkvadtk vlrsa d'lhktarko hkmktodl, ottrovlrsa pkoik lhktarkodk strutturotk ki `addoil l rkvkstl, litra
spl`kek`bl orll hks`kpdkiork.S?
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Ha`ujlitk iotkvk
Do `addlzkail hkmktodl, splssa `aaplrotkvo, â ki`litroto saprottutta suddl rksarsl arkmkiorkojlitl
hkmktodk, suddo dara armoikzzozkail, o``lssknkdktæ l prlslrvozkail.
Dl tkpadamkl hk ha`ujlitk hkmktodk iotkvk saia7
plrkahk`k ldlttraik`k7 da svkduppa hlddo tl`iadamko bo aeelrta do passknkdktæ hk rkhurrl k `astk hk
prahuzkail hlk plrkahk`k s`klitkek`k ki Kitlrilt, arjok kjpartoitl jlzza hk `ajuik`ozkail tro
stuhkask, ki rkspasto odd'oujlita hlk prlzzk kjpasta homdk lhktark ilmdk udtkjk oiik.S?2ZK voitommk hlk
plrkahk`k ldlttraik`k saia do ropkhktæ hlddo punndk`ozkail hlk rksudtotk hlddo rk`lr`o, do hkssljkiozkail
pkû leek`klitl, do passknkdktæ hk seruttorl d'kplrjlhkodktæ plr prlslitorl k rksudtotk hlddo rk`lr`o, do
passknkdktæ hk ovlrl uio pllr rlvklw punndk`o, uio hkstrknuzkail o `astk kielrkark rkspltta o qulddo
trohkzkaiodl, d'kitlrottkvktæ plr do vlda`ktæ hk punndk`ozkail l `ajuik`ozkail. Kd voitommka prki`kpodl
rkspltta oddl punndk`ozkaik oiodamk`bl â d'o``lssa hkrltta ho portl hldd'utlitl, ammk vlihuta `ajl
slrvkzka ho lhktark l eariktark ottrovlrsa dk`lizl h'usa dkjktotl ild tljpa `bl paimaia oddl
nkndkatl`bl iatlvadk prandljk hk mlstkail hlddo `addlzkail.S?;Z
l-naac7 dlttlrodjlitl dknra ldlttraik`a, do joi`oto eartuio hapa mdk urdotk oiiui`k hlmdk oiik
possotk voiia hk pork possa `ai do joi`oizo hk ui'uikva`o hlekikzkail hldd'ammltta. @ai todl
tlrjkil, kieottk, vlimaia kihk`otk tlstk aidkil hkeeusk vko kitlrilt, suppartk l saetworl plr do dltturo lh
oi`bl d'borhworl ki `ajjlr`ka. Joi`oia huiqul stoihorh `ajuik plr do hlekikzkail hk l-naac lh
kd jlr`ota ottuodjlitl tlihl oddo jadtkpdk`ozkail oizk`bë oddo `aivlrmlizo. Hkvlrsk huiqul k eottark
`bl boiia partota o sjarzorl mdk lituskosjk hk `bk vlhlvo ildd'kitrahuzkail hlk dknrk ldlttraik`k kd
trojaita hlddo `orto stojpoto, hoddo hkeek`adtæ hk dltturo ho jaiktar `bl parto od trkaiea hlddo
stojpoto su `orto, oddo pratlzkail hlk hkrkttk dlmotk oddo punndk`ozkailS>6Z. Do il`lssktæ hk uia
stoihorh `ajuil plr `ajjlr`kodkzzorl l `aislrvorl mdk l-naacs â oddo nosl hlddo ios`kto hld
`aisarzka AlNES>?Z. AlNe bo earikta uio spl`kek`o ALN, `kaâ ui earjota `rlota utkdkzzoiha d'RJD
l supparto mdk ldljlitk hk jototohoto Hundki @arl. Jlitrl plr do tutldo l do pratlzkail hlk
`aitliutk hkmktodk mdk \PO boiia svkduppota kd pramltta HAK-LN, lqukvodlitl od `ahk`l KPNI plr dl
jaiamroekl o stojpo, plr moroitkrl d'khlitkek`ozkail ki jaha uikva`a l do praprkltæ kitlddlttuodl.
l-prkits a ortk`adk ldlttraik`k saia tlstk `bl uio vadto ldonarotk homdk outark vlimaia kjjlssk ki
Kitlrilt slizo od`uio kitlrjlihkozkail ho portl hldd'outarl. Dl vlrskaik oitl`lhlitk do
punndk`ozkail ho portl hldd'lhktarl, `kaâ do vlrskail prl-`arrlzkail, prl-prkit, passaia lsslrldknlrojlitl usotl hodd'outarl, lssliha `astuk d'uik`a rlspaisonkdl hld hkrktta kitlddlttuodl l jarodl
hld `aitliuta, l hlpasktotk dknlrojlitl ki slrvlr a or`bkvk hkmktodk plr moroitkrl ui jommkar
erukzkail hlk `aitliutk `ajl â o``ohuta ild slttarl pkaiklrkstk`a hlddo eksk`o.
Vlr eo`kdktorl do rk`lr`o litra qulstk or`bkvk hk prlprkit saia iotk pramlttk `ajl I@PX^D, kihk`l
hkstrknukta `bl pammko su ui jatarl hk rk`lr`o spl`kodkzzota, HKLIPX.S>>Z
Vraprka sud vlrsoitl hlddo rk`lr`o nkndkamroek`o sk `aitoia dl jommkark kikzkotkvl hlmdk udtkjk oiik ho
portl hk lhktark `ajjlr`kodk. O eraitl hldd'oujlita hlddo prahuzkail lhktarkodl hkmktodl sk saia
oeelrjotk iuavk ottark hlddo ekdklro lhktarkodl, mdk ommrlmotark, `bl aeeraia ui slrvkzka hk kitlrjlhkozkail
ottrovlrsa noi`bl hotk `aitlilitk prahattk hk hkvlrsk lhktark, eariliha qukihk odd'utlitl ui uik`a puita
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hk portlizo ottrovlrsa uio kitlreo``ko `ajpdlto hk skstljo hk kitlrramozkail `ajl OHAIKP hk Ldzlvkrl
a AUKH hk LNP@A, l ommrlmotark hk `aitliutk plr ui skimada lhktarl, â kd `osa hlk motlwoy, `ajl L@A
hk A@D@, kitlsa huiqul `ajl ui slrvkzka aeelrta hodd'lhktarl `bl il stonkdks`l kd vodarl `ajjlr`kodl.
S>0Z
Hkmktodkzzozkail7 do `addlzkail hkmktodl sl`aihorko
Do hkmktodkzzozkail
Do `addlzkail hkmktodl sl`aihorko â earjoto hoddl punndk`ozkaik ldlttraik`bl l `apkl hkmktodk hk
punndk`ozkaik o stojpo, prahattl ho nkndkatl`bl l kstktuzkaik.
Do `aivlrskail ho oiodamk`a o hkmktodl â stoto dormojlitl ohattoto ild `arsa hlmdk oiik hod jaiha
nkndkatl`orka, sko plr `aislrvorl l pratlmmlrl kd potrkjaika `orto`la sko l saprottutta ammk plr
eo`kdktoril d'o``lssa. Do `aivlrskail hld jotlrkodl `orto`la passlhuta hoddo nkndkatl`o ki jotlrkodl
hkmktodl â uio portl kjpartoitl hldd'o`qukskzkail hld jotlrkodl plr da svkduppa hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl.
Xodk lsplrklizl boiia hota vkto o pramlttk l rlodkzzozkaik hksajamlill l o eraitl hk ui iatlvadliujlra hk kikzkotkvl kitroprlsl oh amik dkvldda `arrkspaihl oi`bl uio eartl erojjlitorkltæ, uia
s`orsa `aarhkiojlita l do joi`oizo hk ui hkslmia `ajpdlsskva hk rkelrkjlita.S>8Z
Kd poiarojo h'kiskljl sk prlslito, huiqul, vorka plr quodktæ l `aitliutk hltlrjkiotk ho tl`ik`bl l
strujlitk ki pklio lvaduzkail. Vlr qulsta sk saia rlsl il`lssorkl l prlzkasl dl prapastl hk
`aarhkiojlita l mdk stuhk suddl jahodktæ l ekiodktæ hlddo hkmktodkzzozkail, `ajl Mukhldkils ear hkmktkzkim
or`bkvod jotlrkods ear ldl`traik` o``lssS>=Z.
Jadtl hk qulstl kikzkotkvl saia stotl svkduppotl hoddl \ikvlrsktæ ojlrk`oil, `ajl kd pramltta Vlrslus
plr do Borvorh \ikvlrskty, a kd pramltta Odlxoihrko hldd'\ikvlrskty ae @odkeariko Poito Nornoro plr dork`lr`o spozkodl, litrojnl prlsl ki lsojl ilk `opktadk slmulitk.
S?Z Podorlddk-Xojjora, S>666Z, p. ?8?-?80 ^khk, S>668Z, p. ?Z ^khk, S>668Z, p. ?666Z, p. ?8?-?85.
S8Z Kitlrilt >668, S>660Z ^khk, S>668Z, p. 8-=.
S668, S>660Z.
S5Z Vragl`ts uskim tbl XLK , S?;;5->66
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S=Z ]ardh ]khl ]ln @aisartkuj, S?;;8->66660->66666Z, p. ?50-?2668Z, p. 8-= Xlhh-Dorml, S>66.
S?6Z ]bkttoclr, S>66>Z Narlttk, S>666Z.
S??Z ]lstai, S>66>Z, ki Nkndkatl`o hkmktodl, S>66>Z, p. ?==-?26 Jarrkldda, S>660-?8?.
S?>Z Xojjora, S>66?Z, p. >>-08.
S?0Z Mormkuda, S>666Z.
S?8Z Vlddkzzork, S>666Z, p. 85-660oZ.
S?=Z Otckisai, S?;;6Z, p. 0660->66>Z I@PX^D, Iltwarclh @ajputlr P`kli`l Xl`bik`od ^lelrli`l Dknrory , S>66?Z Orjs, S>666Z, p.
>?2->>6.
S>0Z Aidkil @ajputlr Dknrory @litlr , Sommkariota od >66
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D'armoikzzozkail hlddl ro``adtl ha`ujlitorkl
D'kiearjozkail prlslitl ki ^ltl â kimlitl l ki `aitkiua oujlita, ilddo jommkar portl hlk `osk iai â
hk quodktæ, splssa iai â strutturoto. Dl kiiavozkaik tl`iadamk`bl l tldljotk`bl oppdk`otl oddo
`ajuik`ozkail s`klitkek`o boiia ki qulstk oiik jahkek`ota do `otlio ha`ujlitorko, pkû skjkdl oh uio
rltl kplrtlstuodl. Ki qulsta rltk`ada do nkndkatl`o hkvklil jlhkotarl odd'kiearjozkail l iai pkû sada
`aislrvotrk`l hld praprka potrkjaika ki ottlso hk ui utlitl kitlrlssota "gust ki tkjl". Do nkndkatl`o ammkhlvl lsslrl ki mroha hk earikrl rkspastl "gust ki `osl", ha`ujlitk od jajlita ottrovlrsa KDD, HH l
o``lssk `aitraddotk oddl rksarsl hkmktodk. L' huiqul il`lssorka ekdtrorl l armoikzzorl dl kiearjozkaik
ottrovlrsa do praelsskaiodktæ hld nkndkatl`orka, ho sljprl kitlrjlhkorka tro utlitk l ha`uvlrsa. S?Z
Do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â arklitoto vlrsa utlitk rljatk, kitlrlssotk oh uio parzkail hk ha`uvlrsa `bl
rkspaihl o prl`ksk `rktlrk, o``lssknkdk ottrovlrsa ui `otodama l kitlrojlitl eruknkdk.
D'armoikzzozkail hldd'kitlro nkndkatl`o hkmktodl `ajl ki qulddo trohkzkaiodl â kjplrikoto sud `otodama,
assko su ui kiskljl armoikzzota hk kiearjozkaik plr plrjlttlrl kd rl`uplra hlk ha`ujlitk nkndkamroek`k
`alrlitljlitl hls`rkttk, ottrovlrsa o``lssk `aitraddotk.
Kd eutura hld nkndkatl`orka `aiskstl huiqul ildd‛kihk`kzzorl dl kiearjozkaik hkspaiknkdk ki ^ltl ottrovlrsa
d‛kitlrjlhkozkail `otodamroek`o, hls`rkvlrl earjodjlitl dl eaitk hk kiearjozkail, sammlttordl l
`dosskek`oril kd `aitliuta.S>Z
KPNH (L^)
Kd earjota utkdkzzota plr do `otodamozkail hls`rkttkvo ammk ohattota hoddo `ajuiktæ kitlriozkaiodl âKPNH hldd‛KEDO, `bl ottrovlrsa uio mrkmdko armoikzzotkvo earjodkzzo do hls`rkzkail nkndkamroek`o. Hod
?;;= plr dl rksarsl ldlttraik`bl â hkspaiknkdl kd earjota KPNH (L^), ki `uk saia `aieduktl dl prl`lhlitk
lsplrklizl hk oppdk`ozkaik hldda stoihorh KPNH oddl rksarsl ldlttraik`bl, KPNH (INJ) l KPNH (@E) su
jahldda hlddl rlmadl oimdajlrk`oil hk `otodamozkail OO@^>^.
Ho ui puita hk vksto `otodamroek`a dl hkeek`adtæ prlslitotl hoddl rksarsl ldlttraik`bl saia ropprlslitotl
ho
do hls`rkzkail hld ha`ujlita ldlttraik`a ottrovlrsa stoihorh `otodamroek`k trohkzkaiodk `bl jod sk
ohottoia oddo joi`oizo hk toimknkdktæ hld supparta.
do edukhktæ kitlrio hlk ha`ujlitk ldlttraik`k, eo`kdjlitl jahkek`onkdk a ommkarionkdk
vadotkdktæ l edukhktæ lstlrio, `ousoto hoddo joi`oizo hk `aarhkiojlita hld `k`da hk vkto
hldd‛kiearjozkail ldlttraik`o.
pdurodktæ hk earjotk ki `uk â hkspaiknkdl do stlsso rksarso
kd rlplrkjlita hlddl eaitk, hoddo rlspaisonkdktæ kitlddlttuodl hld `aitliuta oddo rlspaisonkdktæ hk
punndk`ozkail. S0Z
\i jltaha hk `otodamozkail odtlriotkvo â kivl`l quldda `bl vlhl ui ruada ottkva hldd‛outarl `blkislrliha od`uik ldljlitk hls`rkttkvk hkrlttojlitl odd‛kitlria hld ha`ujlita euiml ho `otodamotarl a
outa-`otodamotarl rkiui`koiha od ruada tlrza tro outarl l dlttarl trohkzkaiodjlitl ossadta hod
nkndkatl`orka. Kd prandljo `bl sk pail `ai do hkeeuskail hk kiearjozkail l `aias`lizo trojktl Kitlrilt
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â d'kihkvkhuozkail hld sammltta prlpasta oddo `otodamozkail hld ha`ujlita. Kitlrilt jahkek`o k ruadk
hlmdk ottark hld jahldda hk ktlr `otodamroek`a trohkzkaiodl7 ild wln â d'outarl stlssa o earikrl do
hls`rkzkail hlddo rksarso slizo od`uio kitlrjlhkozkail, qukihk sodto kd ruada —tlrza‚ hld `otodamotarl
tro outarl l dlttarl.S8Z
Jltohotk
K jltohotk saia dlttlrodjlitl hotk su hotk, `ajl oh lsljpka dl s`blhl nkndkamroek`bl `orto`ll hk ui
trohkzkaiodl `otodama hk nkndkatl`o. Paia usotk plr khlitkek`orl l hls`rkvlrl rksarsl kiearjotkvl lda`odkzzordl. Do hls`rkzkail hlk ha`ujlitk, assko hlk hoto, plrjlttl hk kihkvkhuorl, sldlzkaiorl,
da`odkzzorl l rl`uplrorl d'kiearjozkail, ottrovlrsa `otodambk, nkndkamroekl l rlplrtark, skstljk hk hotk su
hotk a jlto-hoto, plrjlttliha oh amik dlttarl hk kihkvkhuorl kd sua dknra sodvoiha kd sua tljpa.
Ki ojnklitl hkmktodl k jltohotk saia hlekiktk ki earjotk l saia stotk lstlsk plr moroitkrl adtrl od
rl`uplra oi`bl d'o``lssa od ha`ujlita. K jltohotk plr lsslrl euizkaiodk hlvaia lsslrl stoihorh, ki
jaha ho `aislitkrl da s`ojnka tro skstljk hk rltl l ki portk`adorl ki ojnklitl ldlttraik`a saia
`ai`lpktk plr lsslrl prahattk ki jaha pkû leek`klitl hlk rl`arh `otodamroek`k.S
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XlkBlohlr, `aitlitl dl kiearjozkaik lhktarkodk rldotkvl od tlsta, utkdk plr do hls`rkzkail nkndkamroek`o
XlkXlxt, `aitlilitl do tros`rkzkail `ahkek`oto hld tlsta.S?6Z
Ki portk`adorl k nkndkatl`ork saia kitlrlssotk oddo slzkail —ekdl hls`rkptkai‚ `bl eariks`l do hls`rkzkail
nkndkamroek`o hld ha`ujlita l hlddo suo eaitl, hls`rkzkail jahlddoto sudda stoihorh OO@^ `ai `ojpk
`bl `arrkspaihaia opprasskjotkvojlitl oddl orll KPNH7
Ekdl hls`rkptkai7
- 4tktdlPtjt9 `ajprlihl `ojpk tktdl, outbar, spaisar, euihlr, prki`kpod, rlspstjt, utkdkzzoiha dl dkstl hk
outarktæ hlddo Dknrory ae @aimrlss Iojl outbarkty dkst plr tuttk k iajk plrsaiodk `ajuik
- 4lhktkaiPtjt9 hotk rldotkvk oh uio lhkzkail hk ui tlsta
- 4lxtlit9
- 4punndk`otkaiPtjt9 kiearjozkaik suddo punndk`ozkail l hkstrknuzkail hk ui tlsta ldlttraik`a a jlia
- 4slrklsPtjt9- 4iatlsPtjt9
- 4saur`lHls`9 hls`rkzkail nkndkamroek`o hld tlsta hk `apko ho `uk ui tlsta ldlttraik`a â stota hlrkvota
a mlilrota.
Do slzkail —Vraekdl hls`rkptkai‚ ki`duhl kivl`l hotk iai prlttojlitl nkndkamroek`k, jo utkdk plr kd
rlplrkjlita a oiodksk hld tlsta suppartoto hoddo jo``bkio, splssa utkdkzzotk plr rlmkstrorl va`k hk
sammltta.S??Z
Hundki @arlHundki @arl â ui pramltta iota hoddo `aielrlizo tliuto ild jorza hld ?;;Z
Vlr hls`rkvlrl dl rksarsl hkspaiknkdk â stota kihkvkhuota ui slt hk jltohoto stoihorh kihkvkhuotk `ajl
`arl, plr d'khlitkek`ozkail l do hlekikzkail oh usa hk outark/lhktark.S?0Z
Kd `arl â ottuodjlitl strutturota ki ?< ldljlitk `bl sk passaia hkvkhlrl ki trl `dossk `ai rldotkvk
ldljlitk7
`aitlit7 tktdl, sungl`t, hls`rkptkai, saur`l, doimuoml, rldotkai, `avlroml
kitlddl`tuod praplrty7 `rlotar, pundks`blr, `aitrknutar, rkmbts
kistoitotkai7 hotl, typl, earjot, khlitkelr S?8Z
`asä rkpartotk hoddo trohuzkail ktodkoio `uroto hodd‛K@@\7
Iajl ‐ Ltk`bltto osslmioto od hota
Khlitkek`otarl ‐ Khlitkek`otkva uikva`a osslmiota od hota
Ulrskail ‐ Ulrskail hld hota
^lmkstrozkail hk outarktæ ‐ Litktæ outarkzzoto o rlmkstrorl kd hota
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Dkimuo ‐ Dkimuo ilddo quodl kd hota â kihk`ota
Hlekikzkail ‐ Kihk`ozkail `bl ropprlslito `bkorojlitl kd `ai`ltta l do ioturo lsslizkodl hld hota.
Anndkmotarkltæ ‐ Kihk`o sl kd hota â rk`bklsta sljprl a sada ki od`uik `osk (`aitklil ui vodarl).
Xkpa hk hota ‐ Kihk`o do tkpadamko hld hota `bl puþ lsslrl ropprlslitota ild vodarl hld hota stlssa.
A``arrlizo josskjo ‐ Kihk`o ui dkjktl oddo rkpltknkdktæ hld hota.
@ajjlita ‐ \i‛asslrvozkail `bl `ai`lril d‛oppdk`ozkail hld hota.
Amik ldljlita â hlekikta usoiha ui slt hk ottrknutk rk`ovotk hoddo iarjo KPA-???=; l puþ lsslrl
`adda`ota oh lsljpka ild ekdl Btjd, kd pkû hkeeusa plr dl rksarsl `otodamroek`bl aidkil, litra kd tom
4Jlto9 ildd‛Blohlr, plr lsslrl dltta hok jatark hk rk`lr`o.S?
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joitlilrl k jltohotk. Xodk omlizkl saia iujlrasl, vodl plrþ do plio `ktorl kd `aisarzka hk sa`kltæ
lurapll, `aarhkiota hodd'Ossa`koil ktodkoio lhktark, JLH^O l d'omlizko hk jommkar su``lssa,
@rass^le `bl eariks`l ui'oppdk`ozkail plr d'khlitkek`ozkail hlmdk ammlttk lh kd dara rl`uplra ki eudd tlxt.
S>6Z
Kd prandljo oplrta â d'kitlraplronkdktæ tro k skstljk hk jltohoto svkduppotk outaiajojlitl hok vork
ottark hlddo `otlio. Pl`aiha V. Monrkldl ]lstai dl `aihkzkaik lsslizkodk oeeki`bë k skstljk passoiakitlraplrorl tro dara saia do strutturo `alrlitl hlddl rlmkstrozkaik lh k `rktlrk hk iarjodkzzozkail plr
d'kjjksskail l do mlstkail hlk hotk.S>?Z
Vlr eovarkrl d'uikearjktæ hlddo hls`rkzkail hlk ha`ujlitk ki quoduiqul earjota a supparta lssk sk
prlslitkia d'KEDO bo earikta ui quohra `ai`lttuodl ki `uk passaia lsslrl orjaikzzotk k hkvlrsk ruadk
hlk jltohoto7 E^N^, Eui`tkaiod ^lqukrljlits Nkndkamropbk` ^l`arhs.
E^N^ hlekiks`l dl litktæ l plrjlttl hk ossa`korl dl joikelstozkaik `bl jotlrkodkzzoia do jlhlskjo
lsprlsskail, lvlituodjlitl su suppartk hkvlrsk, a dl lsprlsskaik `bl rlodkzzoia do jlhlskjo aplrosko pur ki dkimul a lhkzkaik hkeelrlitk. S>>Z
Vraprka do hkeek`adtæ hk kitlrs`ojnka tro hkvlrsl nkndkatl`bl hkmktodk l dl rksplttkvl `addlzkaik â uia hlk
mroihk dkjktk hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl. Kd possommka hldd'utlitl ho ui kitlreo``ko oh ui odtro `ai hkeelrlitk
jahodktæ hk rk`lr`o â kd rksudtota hlddo joi`oizo hk kitlraplronkdktæ hldd'kierostrutturo tl`iadamk`o l
joi`oizo hk `addonarozkail hk `uk splssa saeeraia k pramlttk hk nkndkatl`o hkmktodl. Do tlihlizo â
huiqul qulddo hk khlitkek`orl kd ha`ujlita pkû `bl hls`rkvlrda plr suplrorl hkvlrsk dkvlddk hk hkeek`adtæ
plr uio pklio kitlraplronkdktæ, ho qulddo tl`ik`o o qulddo sljoitk`o, o qulddo judtkhks`kpdkiorl.
Hod puita hk vksto tl`iadamk`a kivl`l, vksto dl hkeek`adtæ hk o``arhorsk su ki kiskljl hk stoihorh l
`aivlrtkrl kd skstljo lskstlitl, `k sk `ai`litro suk slrvkzk hk rk`lr`o pkû eo`kdjlitl ohottonkdk o stoihorh
`aihkvksk ho apo` l noi`bl hotk, hok `ajuik jor`otark l khlitkek`otark wln, `ajl BXJD l \^D, odda
stoihorh z0;.0Z, `ajpotknkdl `ai kd Hundki @arl, d‛ojlrk`oia Kitlr`ot (?;;?-?;;5), prajassa ho A@D@,
ODO l Dknrory ae @aimrlss, do `uk kjpastozkail â ammk rkprlso ho @A^@ (?;;;->66>), @aaplrotkvl ai
dkil rlsaur`l `otodam, kd pramltta @otrkaio (?;;8-?;;8Z.
S>668 â stota oppravota hod ]0@ oi`bl ui odtra kjpartoitl stoihorh dlmota oddo `astruzkail
hld ]ln sljoitk`a A]D, ]ln Aitadamy Doimuoml.S>5Z
Jltotom
K jltohotk saia do `bkovl hk o``lssa oddl rksarsl l ild dara utkdkzza rksklhl d'leek`klizo hlddl nkndkatl`bl
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hkmktodk. Vlr qulsta hk eraitl oddo vosto prahuzkail hk ha`ujlitozkail l oddo ki`opo`ktæ hlmdk stoihorh
hls`rkttkvk hk jotrk`l nkndkatl`orko hk `aprkrl d'kitlro kiearjozkail, uio stroho plr`arrknkdl sljnro
qulddo hldd'outa`otodamozkail ottrovlrsa sljpdk`k ldljlitk stoihorh kislrktk ild `ahk`l l iai
vksuodkzzonkdk mroek`ojlitl.
Do hkeeuskail hk todk ldljlitk stoihorh plrjlttl, kieottk, iai sada hk khlitkek`orl dl rksarsl mrozkl oh
uio sarto hk `orto h'khlitktæ `ajpkdoto hodd'outarl, jo oi`bl kd rl`uplra ho portl hk omlitk kitlddkmlitkki mroha hk kihkvkhuorl dl poradl `bkovl `aitliutl ild tktada l ilk `ojpk stoihorh. Do sljpdk`ktæ hk
hlttk `ojpk plrjlttl huiqul omdk outark hk `otodamorl l mlstkrl kd praprka ha`ujlita, oi`bl sl iuddo
vklto odd'outarl hk kislrkrl hotk iai vlrktklrk plr eovarkrl kd rl`uplra hldd'kiearjozkail ho lssk prahatto
ki skitaiko `ai k `rktlrk hk rl`uplra hlk jatark hk rk`lr`o `bl `aiskhlroia jltotom quodk7
4Outbar9 kihk`o d'outarl hlddo pomkio a hk `bk bo rlspaisonkdktæ sud `aitliuta.
4@apyrkmbt9 kihk`o `bk hltklil k hkrkttk rldotkvk od ha`ujlita
4Mlilrltar9 kihk`o kd saetworl utkdkzzota plr do `rlozkail hlddo pomkio.
4^anat9 earik`bl kihk`ozkail ok jatark hk rk`lr`o su `ajl "`otturorl" do pomkio
4Xktdl9 kihk`o do rksarso ottrovlrsa tlrjkik skmikek`otkvk `bl k jatark hk rk`lr`o plrjlttaia hk
vksuodkzzorl ki slmukta oh kitlrramozkail, opporl kiadtrl ilk naacjorc l ki tlsto oddo ekilstro hld
nrawslr, â kjpartoilt huiqul `bl kihk`bk kd sammltta hld ha`ujlita.
4Hls`rkptkai9 uio nrlvl skitlsk hld `aitliuta hlddo pomkio, vksuodkzzota hok jatark hk rk`lr`o, âsastktukta hoddl prkjl poradl hld NAH[ ki `osa hk osslizo hld jltotom
4Clywarh9 poradl `bkovl plr `orottlrkzzorl kd `aitliuta.
K jltotoms `bl rksklhaia ilddo portl kikzkodl hld `ahk`l BXJD, BLOH, rkspaihaia oh od`uik `rktlrk
utkdkzzotk hok jatark plr leelttuorl d'arhkiojlita a roickim hlk rksudtotk, eaihojlitodl sl sk pliso `bl
amik rk`lr`o vklil leelttuoto su hl`kil hk jkdkaik hk ha`ujlitk l prahu`l jkmdkoko hk rksudtotk hlk quodk
ui utlitl jlhka prlihl ki `aiskhlrozkail sada dl prkjl hl`kil.S>=Z
Ki rlodtæ mdk outark patrlnnlra iai lsslrl ki mroha hk `otodamorl nlil, iai rkus`liha o `rlorl k mkustk
dlmojk `ai odtrl aplrl a iai slmuliha mdk stoihorh a plmmka kitrahu`liha eodsk ldljlitk hls`rkttkvk
plr ovlrl ui punndk`a pkû vosta.S>2Z D‛lstroilktæ hk uio ekmuro prlpasto oh lstrorrl k jltohotk hk hoto
`rlotk ho odtrk, `ajl kd nkndkatl`orka, moroitkrlnnl do elhldtæ hlddo hls`rkzkail ottrovlrsa stoihorh
stonkdktk ok sadk ekik hlddo `aislrvozkail l hld rl`uplra hld ha`ujlita. Do praelsskail hld nkndkatl`orka,
rkjoil huiqul `litrodl ilddo `otlio ha`ujlitorko, jo pkû `ajpdlsso do suo earjozkail suddo
vodutozkail l hls`rkzkail hlddl rksarsl hkmktodk.
Da`odkzzotark
_uodskosk rksarso kitlrilt â kihkvkhuoto ho ui khlitkek`otkva, uik`a l plrskstlitl, `ajl stoihorh litra kd
pramltta ]arh ]khl ]ln hld @L^I hk Mkilvro hodda stlssa Xkj Nlrilrs Dll, splrkjlitoto
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ildd'or`bktltturo \^K, \ikearj ^lsaur`l Khlitkek`otkai, `ajprlihl trl ldljlitk7 \^I, \ikearj
^lsaur`l Iojl, `bl khlitkek`o do rksarso, \^@, \ikearj ^lsaur`l @boro`tlrkstk`s, rkmuorhoitl do
sljoitk`o, \^D, \ikearj ^lsaur`l Da`otars, plr da`odkzzorl do rksarso l V\^D plr moroitkrl d‛usa
hld ha`ujlita oi`bl o slmukta hk uia spastojlita.S>;Z V\^D, Vlrskstlit \^D â ui da`odkzzotarl
`bl rkjoil kjjutota oi`bl quoiha do rksarso sk spasto ild `ynlrspo`l , mrozkl od `aitradda hk
omlizkl ki`ork`otl hk tlilrl satta `aitradda dl erlqulitk jkmrozkaik l rlihlrdl trosporlitk omdk utlitk.
S06Z _ulsto `ajpdlsso or`bktltturo, ottuodjlitl od `litra hlmdk kitlrlssk nkndkatl`ork, â stotosplrkjlitoto hoddl nkndkatl`bl iarh lurapll l rl`litljlitl ki rlodkzzozkaik lurapll, `ajl do NI
Hkmktod partamblsl, hk `uk sk pordlræ ild slmulitl `opktada.S0?Z
S?Z ^khk, S?;;2Z, p. ?Z Nossk, S>66>Z, p. 08.
S0Z Nossk, S>66>Z, p. 82 -Z, p. >=-0666Z, p. ?2?-?266>Z, p. ?0666->66660Z, p. ?88-?8=.
S;Z Xbl XLK Mukhldkils, S>66>Z.
S?6Z Iujlrk`a- Ulspkmioik, S>660Z, p. ?8=.
S??Z Nossk, S?;;;Z, p. ?8>-?8Z Hundki @arl Jltohoto Kiktkotkvl (H@JK), S?;;666666>Z, p. ?6666660->666Z Uktkldda, S>668Z, p. 5=-26 jLH^O,S>660->66660->66?Z ]lstai, S>66>Z, p ?>;-?
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S>>Z Kedo Ptuhy Mraup ai tbl Eui`tkaiod ^lqukrljlits ear Nkndkamropbk` ^l`arhs, S?;;2Z, p. =-?6.
S>0Z P`arpkai SA@D@ - PaetworlZ , S>660->668Z ^lsaur`l Hls`rkptkai Erojlwarc (^HE), S>66>->6666>Z, p. 668Z.
S>=Z ^khk, S?;;;Z.S>2Z ^khk, S?;;;Z.
S>;Z Hl ^annka, S>66>nZ, p. 0?-0>.
S06Z Jltktklrk-^khk, S>66>Z, p.
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vksuodkzzorl l utkdkzzorl k ha`ujlitk passlhutk hoddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl ottrovlrsa do jlhkozkail
hlddo nkndkatl`o plr do earikturo hld ha`ujlita hkmktodl, do mlstkail hlk hkrkttk l d'o``lssa stlssa oddl
rksarsl ottrovlrsa do stozkail hk dovara hldd'utlitl slizo `bl qulstk onnko plr`lzkail hlddo
hksda`ozkail hlddl rksarsl vkskaiotl
Kiekil, plr moroitkrl d'utkdktæ l do euizkaiodktæ hlddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl oh amik utlitl havrlnnl
`arrkspaihlrl ui khlitkek`otkva ki jaha ho `aias`lril kd praekda l eo`kdktorl d'o``lssa oddl rksarsl
splssa hkstrknuktl ki pkû `addlzkaik hkmktodk.
D'o``lssa oddo nkndkatl`o hkmktodl puþ ovvlikrl7
Aidkil, ho `oso a ho pastozkail prlpasto, jomork ki nkndkatl`o a `litrk oppasktk, prlvlhliha plr
litrojnl dl jahodktæ do passknkdktæ hk ki`aitrorl `aihkzkaik od slrvkzka, ho rlmkstrozkaik o
torkeozzkaik.
Aidkil, vko rltl da`odl, `ai o``lssa `aislitkta sada ho tlrjkiodk `addlmotk ero dara l pastk o nrlvl
hkstoizo hod slrvlr `bl aspkto dl `addlzkaik.
Aeedkil, do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl ki qulsta `osa â o``lssknkdl sada ki parzkaik hk jljarkl, ho pastozkaik
ekssl hk uio nkndkatl`o trohkzkaiodl.
Mdk o``lssk oddo `addlzkail hkmktodl passaia lsslrl jadtlpdk`k, ki vkrtû hk o``arhk `ai lhktark a tkpadamko
hk utlitk, kd `osa pkû erlqulitl â d'o``lssa dknlra oh aplrl hkmktodkzzotl iai `aplrtl ho hkrktta h'outarl
l do rk`bklsto hk khlitkek`ozkail, a o``lssa dkjktota plr dl odtrl rksarsl kiearjotkvl, ki portk`adorl l-
gauriods.
K slrvzk `bl uio nkndkatl`o hkmktodl aeerl ok praprk utlitk saia oi`aro uio vadto k slrvkzk lsslizkodk hlddo
nkndkatl`o trospastk ki ojnklitl ldlttraik`a. Hod trohkzkaiodl rlelrli`l slrvk`l a slrvkzka hk rk`lr`o
hldd‛kiearjozkail nkndkamroek`o `bl plrjlttl omdk utlitk hk sahhkseorl k praprk hlskhlrk kiearjotkvk
ottrovlrsa, Ukrtuod ^lelrli`l Plrvk`l, a slrvkzka hk osskstlizo o hkvlrsk dkvlddk, hodd'arklitojlita oddl
kihk`ozkaik nkndkamroek`bl iai trodos`koiha d'kstruzkail hldd'utlitl rljata plr ui jkmdkar utkdkzza hlmdk
strujlitk hk rk`lr`o, `ajl kihk`k l rlplrtark ottrovlrsa d'oddlstkjlita hk uio Ukrtuod ^lelrli`l Hlsc, a
slrvkzk hk osskstlizo plrsaiodkzzoto trojktl pasto ldlttraik`o a dl pkû saekstk`otl vkrtuod rlelrli`l
saetworl `bl kitlmroia ottkvktæ hk erait aeek`l `ai qulddl hk no`c aeek`l.
Odtrk slrvkzk odd‛utlitl iotk ki nkndkatl`bl knrkhl saia kd slrvkzka hk Vrkit ai hljoih, stojpo `aitraddoto
hoddo nkndkatl`o a hodd'lhktarl plr ui prahatta tkpamroek`a o rk`bklsto, lh kd prlstkta, `bl hlvl lsslrl
mlstkta hoddo nkndkatl`o, kitlrprltl hlddo dlmksdozkail rkmuorhoitl `apyrkmbt l ha`ujlitk hkmktodk, ki
jaha ho patlr hlekikrl oi`bl dl jahodktæ hk earikturo hk ha`ujlitk, HH, Ha`ujlit Hldkvlry, do `uk
mlstkail ho portl hlddl nkndkatl`bl hkmktodk â strlttojlitl dlmoto oddl prandljotk`bl rldotkvl od
`apyrkmbt.
O``oita o qulstk slrvkzk —trohkzkaiodk‚, d'ojnklitl ldlttraik`a puþ eovarkrl odtrk slrvkzk `ajl do mlstkail
hlk ha`ujlitk hkmktodk plr portk`adork `otlmarkl hk utlitk `ajl mdk stuhlitk, slrvkzk hk Hoto jkikim aCHH, Ciawdlhml hks`avlry ki hotonosls, plr do rk`lr`o sljk-outajotk`o hlk ha`ujlitk.
Do nkndkatl`o hkmktodl â kiadtrl ki mroha hk earikrl slrvkzk plrsaiodkzzotk mrozkl od praekda utlitl `bl
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plrjlttl ui `astoitl jaiktarommka hldd'usa hlddo `addlzkail l uio hkssljkiozkail hldd'kiearjozkail
outajotkzzoto do `uk leek`o`ko rksklhl saprottutta ilk tlrjkik hk rk`lr`o prlkjpastotk, eo`kdjlitl
vlrkek`onkdl ki nosl oddo quoitktæ hk kiearjozkaik rl`uplrotl.S>Z
^lplrtark hk `addlzkaik hkmktodk
Vorohassodjlitl do jadtlpdk`ktæ hlddo nkndkatl`bl hkmktodkzzotl rlodkzzotl bo rlsa lsslizkodl kd slrvkzka
hk ekdtra oddl `addlzkaik hkmktodk hkspaiknkdk, ho portl hlddl nkndkatl`bl stlssl a `ajl slrvkzka outaiaja,`ajl k rlplrtark, ki qulsta jaha d‛ottkvktæ hld nkndkatl`orka iai â pkû sada ekdtrorl d‛kiearjozkail
hkspaiknkdl, jo `astrukrl strujlitk plr rlihlrl utkdl d‛kiearjozkail hkspaiknkdl.S0Z
Hkmktod Kikzkotkvls Hotonosl, rlodkzzota ho O^D, pramlttk rlodkzzotk ki ojnkta nkndkatl`orka l
o``ohljk`a litra dl kstktuzkaik o``ohljk`o a hk rk`lr`o stotuiktlisk.
Hkrl`tary ae Ldl`traik` Xlxt @litlr , hld @LXB, plr pramlttk hk nkndkatl`o hkmktodl `urota ho Jory
Joddlry.S8Z
Vragl`ts \skim tbl XLK, ro``amdkl dl lsplrklizl hk nkndkatl`bl hkmktodk ki nosl od `ahk`l usota. S
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Ilk `osk hk `aaplrozkail do `aihkvkskail hlddo `addlzkail patrlnnl iai `aki`khlrl `ai do `aihkvkskail
hldd'utlitl l hor vkto o `addlzkaik `ai jahodktæ hk o``lssa hkvlrsa, ki `uk pramlttk hk hkmktodkzzozkail hk
portl hld potrkjaika saia rlsl mrotuktojlitl o``lssknkdk plr uio utlizo rljato `ai rk`bklstl hkvlrsl
hodd'utlizo kitlrio hlddo stlsso nkndkatl`o hkmktodl.S?6Z
Do earjozkail l da svkduppa hlddo `addlzkail hkmktodl ho portl hk uio nkndkatl`o kjpail hlk `astk
ommkuitkvk plr qulsta dl nkndkatl`bl s`ldmaia do strotlmko hlddo `aaplrozkail plr `aihkvkhlrl dlrksarsl ki ^ltl, `ajl @KDLOS??Z l @OPV\^S?>Z oi`bl ottrovlrsa ui'kitlreo``ko `aihkvkso. Vlr jadtk
hk qulstk `aisarzk `'â ui `aarhkiotarl hk dksto, plr d'Ktodko oh lsljpka â N\^KAIK plr kd `aisarzka
ktodkoia KIEL^.S?0Z Paia kjpartoitk oi`bl dl oddloizl `ai prahuttark l eariktark `bl ammk prapaimaia
slrvkzk hkspailiha hld praprka jotlrkodl.
Vraprkltæ kitlddlttuodl l hkrkttk `aiilssk
Kd tljo hld hkrktta h'outarl lh odtrk tljk dlmodk saia erlqulitljlitl hknottutk o dkvldda kitlriozkaiodl ho
quoiha d'kitrahuzkail hld jlhko hkmktodl bo kivlstkta kd `ojpa mkurkhk`a, ki portk`adorl ki rldozkail oddo
plr`lzkail hk nlil kjjotlrkodl, quodl â oppuita do praprkltæ kitlddlttuodl. Xodl plr`lzkail vorko hod
`aitlsta mkurkhk`a, kd quohra iarjotkva vkmlitl ki Ktodko â hliajkiota skstljo dotkia-mlrjoik`a lh
kitlsa o tutldorl earjo l `aitliuta, hkeelrlitl hod skstljo oimdasossail, ki `uk do dlmksdozkail
`ai`lrilitl kd `apyrkmbt sk `ai`litro jommkarjlitl sud `aitliuta.
Ki Ktodko do praprkltæ kitlddlttuodl hldd'aplro â soi`kto hoddo dlmml i. 500 hld ?;8?, ommkarioto ho dlmmk
l hl`rltk `bl homdk oiik Iavoito tlitoia hk kitrahurrl do vl``bko dlmml ild iuava `aitlsta kiearjotk`a
l tldljotk`a (ls. dlmml i. >82/>666) ammk rk`ajpastl sud skta hkrkttahoutarl.kt.
Dl iarjl sud hkrktta h'outarl boiia `ajl eaihojlito kd rk`aias`kjlita hk hkrkttk jarodk lh l`aiajk`k
sudd'lstlisarl hldd'aplro h'kimlmia. Hk qulstk, k hkrkttk jarodk saia kiodklionkdk, jlitrl qulddk l`aiajk`k
passaia lsslrl `lhutk o tlrzk `bl il hkvlimaia tktadork o tuttk mdk leelttk. O qulstk prki`kpk mlilrodk hk
sodvomuorhko hlk hkrkttk hlk tktadork hld nlil, `alskstaia l``lzkaik plr do sodvomuorhko hldd'o``lssa
odd'kiearjozkail ildd'kitlrlssl `addlttkva.
Od`uil `orottlrkstk`bl hld jlzza hkmktodl, `ajl eo`kdktæ hk hupdk`ozkail hldd'aplro l joddlonkdktæ hld
ha`ujlita, sk `aitroppaimaia oddo ekssktæ hld tlsta su `uk sk nosoia dl dlmmk ottuodk l rk`bklhaia uio
jommkar spl`kek`ktæ vadto o hlekikrl k `aiekik hld —huodksja‚ hld hkrktta h'outarl `bl vlhl `akivadtl dl
nkndkatl`bl.
Ildda spl`kek`a, mdk kitlrvlitk suddo dlmml 500, `bl rkmuorhoia dl nkndkatl`bl saia7
do huroto tljparodl hlddo pratlzkail suk hkrkttk h'outarl, possoto ho
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`bl ottuo do hkrlttkvo \L ;?/>82/>666 ki `uk d'lqua `ajplisa plr dl rkprahuzkaik pail mrovk dkjktk oddl euizkaik
nkndkatl`orkl.S?8Z
Do mdanodkzzozkail hlddo `ajuik`ozkail s`klitkek`o ottrovlrsa do ^ltl bo rlsa il`lssorko do rk`lr`o hk
ui'orjaikzzozkail hlddl hkvlrsl dlmksdozkaik iozkaiodk, ovvkoto hoddo @aivlizkail hk Nlrio hld ?225,
ommkarioto ild ?;=? o Vorkmk, eaihojlita hldd'armoikzzozkail iai mavlriotkvo plr d'orjaikzzozkail,
prajazkail l pratlzkail hldd'aplro kitlddlttuodl, ]KVA, ]ardh Kitlddl`tuod Vraplrty Armoikzotkai,S?
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`ajuik`ozkail o``lssknkdl oh ui jommkar iujlra hk plrsail, plr eovarkrl do `ajuik`ozkail
s`klitkek̀ o l eo`kdktorl d'o``lssa odd'kiearjozkail ok hksonkdk.S?;Z Hkrlttkvo hk hkeek`kdl rk`lzkail plr kd
skstljo dotkia-mlrjoik`a `bl kislrks`l do praprkltæ kitlddlttuodl lh k hkrkttk `aiilssk ki ui `aitlsta
`ajjlr`kodl, ki `uk dl nkndkatl`bl hkeek`kdjlitl travoia dujk plr do hkstrknuzkail l hkeeuskail
hldd'kiearjozkail o``lssknkdl od jommkar iujlra hk utlitk rksplttoiha k hkrkttk hlmdk ottark hlddo ekdklro
lhktarkodl. Vlr dl nkndkatl`bl sk rlihl huiqul il`lssorka oeekhorsk oddo `aisudlizo hk lsplrtk, ki `ojpa
mkurkhk`a l hkmktodl ki ojnkta nkndkatl`orka, lh ottlilrsk oh od`uil ro``ajoihozkaik `ajl do vlrkek`ohlk hkrkttk hk outark lh lhktark prkjo hk pra`lhlrl oddo hkmktodkzzozkail a `ajjlr`kodkzzozkail hlk praprk
eaihk, `ktorl plr kitlra dl eaitk hlddl hkmktodkzzozkaik rlsa hkspaiknkdl suddl praprkl pomkil wln,
rksplttorl dl `dousadl hlk `aitrottk stkpudotk `ai lhktark a eariktark l trosjlttlrl ok praprk utlitk k dkjktk
`aiilssk od hkrktta h'outarl, ki portk`adorl ki ojnklitl hkmktodl.S>6Z
Kiekil, do plrsaiodkzzozkail hld slrvkzka l do il`lssktæ hk `aias`lrl kd praekda hldd'utlizo hlvaia
rklitrorl ild rkspltta hlddo dlmksdozkail vkmlitl ki tljo hk prkvo`y plr jljarkzzorl l `aislrvorl k hotk
plrsaiodk hldd'utlitl l plr kd dara trottojlita.S>?Z
\ia siaha `ru`kodl plr kd eutura hlddl nkndkatl`bl hkmktodk saia `lrtojlitl k skstljk plr do mlstkail hlk
hkrkttk lh kd `aitradda hlmdk o``lssk `ajl hkjastroia k vork pramlttk `ajuiktork hlmdk udtkjk oiik, hod
`opastkpktl @KXLH (?;;6-?;;0), @apyrkmbt Ki Xrosjkttlh Ldl`traik` Ha`ujlits, o KJV^KJOX\^,
Kitlddl`tuod Judtkjlhko Vraplrty ^kmbts Jahld oih Xlrjkiadamy ear \ikvlrsod ^lelrli`l, (`ai`dusa
ild ?;;2) a @OIHDL, @aitraddlh O``lss ta Iltwarc Hkmktod Dknrorkls ki Lurapl, ok pkû rl`litk L@\V,
Luraploi @apyrkmbt \slr Vdotearj, (?;;5-?;;2) l do prasl`uzkail XL@\V. D‛lsplrklizo hk qulstk
pramlttk, rkvadto oddl prandljotk`bl hld `apyrkmbt plr do `ajuiktæ nkndkatl`orko l ki portk`adorl oddo
mlstkail hlddl l``lzkaik od hkrktta h'outarl ki ojnkta nkndkatl`orka saia stotl ro``adtl hodd‛kikzkotkvo
LNDKHO, Luraploi Nurlou ae Dknrory, Kiearjotkai oih Ha`ujlitotkai Ossa`kotkaisS>>Z.S>0Z
S?Z ^khk, S>668Z, p. 06.
S>Z ^khk, S>668Z, p. ?=-?;.
S0Z Mormkuda, S>66660->66
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S?>Z @OPV\^-@aisarzka kitlruikvlrsktorka plr dl Oppdk`ozkaik hk Puplr`od`ada plr \ikvlrsktæ l
^k`lr`o, S?;;>->666666?Z, p. >??->?2.
S?6666?oZ, p. =0-;>.S?=Z Hl ^annka, S>660hZ.
S?2Z Oppravoto hod Vordojlita lurapla kd ?8 elnnroka hld >66? l hod @aiskmdka kd ; Oprkdl, â stoto
punndk`oto suddo Mozzltto \eek`kodl7 Hkrlttkvo >66?/>; ki M.\. @L i. D. ?5= hld >> mkumia >66?.