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• Landform is a term that describes the shape of a
natural land feature
• Landforms are created by different forces of
nature
• There are many different types of landforms
found on the earth.
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Tujuan Klasifikasi Bentuklahan
Menyederhanakan bentanglahan di permukaan bumi yang kompleks menjadi unit-unit sederhana yang mempunyaikesamaan dalam sifat dan perwatakannya.
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Proses Geomorfologi:
Semua proses baik fisik maupun khemis yang
mengakibatkan modifikasi konfigurasi/ bentuk
permukaan bumi
Tenaga Geomorfologi:
Semua medium alami yang mampu merusak
dan mengangkut material bumi
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a) Endogenic Processes or Agents: • Volcanism • Plate Tectonics• Diastrophism: Folding, Faulting, Warping
b) Exogenic Processes and Agents:• Weathering • Mass Wasting • Agents of Erosion, Transportation, and Depositional
o Alluvial/Fluvial (flowing water) o Glacial (ice) o Eolian (wind) o Coastal (waves)
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Pidwirny, M. (2006). Landform development. Retrieved from
http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154151
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(1) Structural Landforms - landforms that are created by massive earth movements due to plate tectonics. This includes landforms with some of the following geomorphic features: fold mountains, rift valleys, and volcanoes.
(2) Weathering Landforms - landforms that are created by the physical or chemical decomposition of rock through weathering. Weathering produces landforms where rocks and sediments are decomposed and disintegrated. This includes landforms with some of the following geomorphic features: karst, patterned ground, and soil profiles.
(3) Erosional Landforms - landforms formed from the removal of weathered and erodedsurface materials by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity. This includes landforms with some of the following geomorphic features: river valleys, glacial valleys, and coastal cliffs.
(4) Depositional Landforms - landforms formed from the deposition of weathered and eroded surface materials. On occasion, these deposits can be compressed, altered by pressure, heat and chemical processes to become sedimentary rocks. This includes landforms with some of the following geomorphic features: beaches, deltas, flood plains, and glacial moraines.
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Tujuan klasifikasi bentuklahan adalah untuk mempermudah dalam penelitiangeomorfologi, yaitu dengan menyederhanakan bentuklahan permukaan bumiyang kompleks menjadi satuan-satuan yang mempunyai kesamaan dalamsifat dan perwatakannya.
Sifat dan perwatakan bentuklahan dicerminkan oleh kesamaan :1. Struktur geologi : memberikan informasi morfologi, morfogenesa dan
morfokronologi2. Proses Geomorfologi : memberikan informasi bagaimana bentuklahan
terbentuk, meliputi informasi morfografi, morfogenesa, danmorfokronologi
3. Kesan topografi dan ekspresi topografi : konfigurasi permukaanbentuklahan yang memberikan informasi morfometri dan bentuk lereng.
Klasifikasi satuan bentuklahan mempunyai karakteristik tertentu yang sangattergantung pada skala peta yang digunakan. Semakin besar skalanya semakindetil karakteristik yang dapat mencirikan satuan geomorfologi atau satuan bentuklahannya.
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Masing-masing bentuk lahan dicirikan oleh adanya perbedaan
dalam hal
1. relief/topografi dan
2. material penyusun/litologi.
3. struktur dan proses geomorfologi.
Nama bentuklahan yang banyak digunakan sekarang
kebanyakan didasarkan pada paduan dari :
• Genesis
• Surface form (topografi)
• Struktur dan tingkat erosi/pengikisan
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Relief atau kesan topografi memberikan informasi tentang konfigurasi permukaan bentuklahan yang ditentukan oleh keadaan morfometriknya.
Litologi memberikan informasi jenis dan karakteristik batuan serta mineral penyusunnya yang akan mempengaruhi pembentukan bentuklahan.
Struktur geomorfologi memberikan informasi tentang asal usul dari bentuklahan tersebut, yang dapat dilihat dari bentuklahan utamanya.
Proses geomorfologi dicerminkan oleh tingkat pentorehan atau pengikisan, sedangkan relief ditentukan oleh perbedaan titik tertinggi dengan titik terendah dan kemiringan lereng.
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Gambaran proses geomorfologi, seperti : 1. erosi, 2. transportsi, 3. sedimentasi, 4. pelapukan, dan5. gerak massa batuan
Disamping itu juga dapat memberikan gambaran tingkat pentorehan dan relief permukaan secara kualitatif.
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Pemberian nama bentuklahan sebaiknya mencakup :
• Relief
• Struktur atau materialnya
• Proses yang sedang berlangsung atau letaknya
Maksud pemberian nama tersebut : supaya karakteristik lahanya tampak dari
nama tsb.
Contoh :
• Pegunungan lipatan terkikis kuat
• Dataran aluvial pantai
• Pegunungan kapur terkikis kuat
Seringkali nama satuan bentuklahan yang panjang seperti tersebut diganti dengan istilah yag sudah dikenal secara luas
Misal :• Tanggul alam (natural levee)• Piedmont• Lerengkaki (foot slope)• Dike• Dll.
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Tingkat pengikisan dinyatakan dengan angka dibelakang garis
miring dan dibedakan menjadi 5 kelas, yaitu :
1. Untuk tanpa pengikisan atau terkikis sangat ringan
2. Untuk pengikisan ringan
3. Untuk pengikisan sedang
4. Untuk pengikisan berat
5. Untuk pengikisan sangat berat.
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Kerapatan drainage/tingkat pengikisan (sungai orde I)
Jenis kerapatan Jarak pada
skala 1 : 20.000
Karakteristik
Kerapatan Halus < 0,5 cm Aliran Air Pemukaan Sungai Tinggi
Kerapatan Sedang 0,5 – 5 cm Aliran Permukaan Sedang
Kerapatan Kasar > 5 cm Aliran Permukaan Rendah
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Ada 3 cara pendekatan yang dapat ditempuh untuk identifikasi satuan bentuklahan yaitu :
1. Pendekatan polaDaerah dipilahkan menjadi satuan bentanglahan utama kemudian diperinci berdasarkan :
a. bentukb. alur sungai/pengaliran dan drainagec. kenampakan erosi, dand. vegetasi dan bentang budaya
2. Pendekatan geomorfologis atau fisiografisPemilahan wilayah didasarkan pada genesis atau asal usul mula proses terbentuknya
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3. Pendekatan unsur atau parameter bentuklahan, yaitu :
Daerah dipilahkan menjadi satuan bentanglahan utama kemudian diperinci berdasarkan :
• bentuk atau relief• density atau rona (warna)• lokasi atau situasi ekologi bentang alam
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Beberapa dasar klasifikasi bentuklahan, a.l. :
Berdasarkan relief/topografi (Dana)• Dataran• Plateau (dataran tinggi)• Pegunungan• Dll
Berdasarkan struktur dan tingkat erosi (Davis)• Lipatan• Patahan• Dome• Volkanis• Dll
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Berdasarkan Genesis (Powell, Davis, Johnson, dll)• Constructional• Destructional
Berdasarkan ”surface form”• Plain (dataran)• Plateau (dataran tinggi)• Tebing (scarp)• Lembah (valley)• Dll
Berdasarkan ukuran (Salisbury, Barrows, Tower, dll)• Orde I• Orde II• Orde III• Dll
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Klasifikasi bentuklahan Verstappen (1975)
1. Bentuklahan asal Volkanik
2. Bentuklahan asal Struktural
3. Bentuklahan asal Fluvial
4. Bentuklahan asal Marin
5. Bentuklahan asal Angin
6. Bentuklahan asal Pelarutan/Karst
7. Bentuklahan asal Glasial
8. Bentuklahan asal Denudasional
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1. Bentuklahan asal proses vulkanik (V)
2. Bentuklahan asal proses struktural (S)
3. Bentuklahan asal fluvial (F)
4. Bentuklahan asal proses solusional (S)
5. Bentuklahan asal proses denudasional (D)
6. Bentuklahan asal proses eolin (E)
7. Bentuklahan asal proses marine (M)
8. Bentuklahan asal glasial (G)
9. Bentuklahan asal organik (O)
10. Bentuklahan asal antropogenik (A)
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Bentukan Asal Denudasional (D)
D1 Perbukitan terkikis
D2 Pegunungan terkikis
D3 Bukit sisa
D4 Bukit terisolasi
D5 Dataran nyaris
D6 Dataran nyaris yang terangkat
D7 Lereng kaki
D8 Pedimen (permukaan transportasi)
D9 Piedmont
D10 Gawir (lereng terjal)
D11 Kipas rombakan lereng
D12 Daerah dengan gerak masa batuan kuat
D13 Lahan rusak
coklat Bentukan Asal Struktural (S)
S1 Blok sesar
S2 Gawir sesar
S3 Gawir garis sesar
S4 Pegunungan antiklinal
S5 Perbukitan antiklinal
S6 Pegunungan sinklinal
S7 Perbukitan sinklinal
S8 Pegunungan monoklinal
S9 Perbukitan monoklinal
S10 Pegunungan dome (kubah)
S11 Perbukitan dome
S12 Dataran tinggi (plateau)
S13 Cuesta
S14 Hogback
S15 Bentuk seterika (flat iron)
S16 Lembah antiklinal
S17 Lembah sinklinal
S18 Lembah subsekuen
S19 Sembul (horst)
S20 Tanah terban (graben)
S21 Perbukitan lipatan kompleks
purple
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Bentukan Asal volkanik/Gunung api (V)
V1 Kepundan
V2 Kerucut gunungapi
V3 Lereng gunungapi atas
V4 Lereng gunungapi tengah
V5 Lereng gunungapi bawah
V6 Kaki gunungapi
V7 Dataran kaki gunungapi
V8 Dataran fluvial gunungapi
V9 Padang lava
V10 Padang lahar
V11 Lelehan lava
V12 Aliran lahar
V13 Dataran antar gunungapi
V14 Dataran tinggi lava (lava plateau)
V15 Planezes
V16 Padang abu, tuff atau lapili
V17 Solfatar
V18 Fumarol
V19 Bukit gunungapi terdenudasi
V20 Leher gunungapi
V21 Sumbat gunungapi
V22 Kerucut parasiter
V23 Boka
V24 Dike
V25 Baranko
merah Bentukan asal fluvial (F)
F1 Dataran aluvial
F2 Dasar sungai
F3 Danau
F4 Rawa
F5 Rawa belakang
F6 Saluran/sungai mati
F7 Dataran banjir
F8 Tanggul alam
F9 Ledok Fluvial
F10 Bekas dasar danau
F11 Hamparan celah/tonjolan
fluvial/crevasse splays
F12 Gosong lengkung dalam
F13 Gosong sungai
F14 Teras fluvial
F15 Kipas aluvial aktif
F16 Kipas aluvial tidak aktif
F17 Delta
F18 igir delta
F19 Ledok delta
F20 Pantai delta
F21 Rataan delta
biru
gelap
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Bentukan asal marin (M)
M1 Pelataran pengikisan gelombang laut
M2 Tebing terjal dan takik pantai
M3 Gisik
M4 Beting gisik/bura
M5 tombolo
M6 Depresi antar beting gisik
M7 Gumuk pantai aktif
M8 Gumuk pantai tidak aktif
M9 Rataan pasang surut bervegetasi
M10 Rataan pasang surut tidak bervegetasi
M11 Dataran aluvial pantai (payau)
M12 Dataran aluvial pantai (tawar)
M13 Dataran aluvial pantai tergenang
M14 Teras pantai
M15 Atol dan cicncin terumbu
M16 Terumbu koral
M17 Rataan terumbu
M18 Tudung terumbu
M19 Perisai dan akumulasi pasir koral
M20 Lagun
M21 Gosong laut
hijau Bentukan asal pelarutan (karst) (K)
K1 Dataran tinggi karst
K2 Lereng dan perbukitan karstik
terkikis
K3 Kubah karst
K4 Bukit sisa batugamping terisolasi
K5 Dataran aluvial karts
K6 Uval, dolin
K7 Poltje
K8 Lembah kering
K9 Ngarai karst
orange
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Bentukan asal glasial (G)
G1 Cirque
G2 Lembah bergantung glasial
G3 Pegunungan tertutup salju, gletser, es
abadi
G4 Padang berangkal, puing batuan
G5 Dataran endapan material glasial
biru
cerah
Bentukan asal aeolin (A)
A1 Gumuk pasir memanjang
longitudinal
A2 Gumuk pasir barkan (sabit)
A3 Gumuk pasir parabola
kuning
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Bentuklahan asal proses vulkanik (V)
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The structure of a typical strato-volcano.Source: Adapted from MacDonald (1972, 23)
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Idealized diagram illustrating the classification of lava surfaces (Jones 1943)
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: Low viscosity basaltic lava flow. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
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PoRS 2006 - Dr. Norman Kerle
A
B
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SLEMAN
Langgeng Sains
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Langgeng Sains
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Penampang melintang gunung berapi aktif dan purba (tererosi tingkat dewasa dan lanjut) beserta
contohnya. Baik gunung berapi aktif maupun purba memiliki lingkungan pengendapan batuan
vulkanik yang sama. Perhatikan betapa sulitnya membedakan gunung berapi purba, baik tererosi
tingkat dewasa maupun lanjut, dengan bukit-bukit non vulkanik pada umumnya jika hanya dilihat
sekilas. Sumber: Hartono & Bronto, 2007. Bronto, 2012.
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Bentuklahan asal proses struktural (S)
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Aerial photo reveals the syncline-anticline pair at the north end of Chuckanut Mountain. Raptor Ridge is shown right-center. Click to enlarge any figure.
http://nwgeology.wordpress.com/the-fieldtrips/the-
chuckanut-formation/raptor-ridge-geology-hike-
chuckanut-mountains/
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fold mountains
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Anticline structure by the Indian subcontinent drift, Zinda Pia Anticline Structure, Pakistan
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Structural Dome
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Bentuklahan asal fluvial (F)
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Kipas Aluvial : kenampakan berbentuk kipas dari endapan alluvial, pada mulut lembah di daerah pegunungan yang penyebarannya memasuki wilayah dataran.Gambar : kipas Aluvial Kudus
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Bentuklahan asal Marin
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tombolo, endapan pasir yang menghubungkan pulau dengan daratan
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Bentuklahan asal Pelarutan/Karst
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Schematic diagram of some karst features.
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Citra Landsat TM Komposit RGB 321
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IKONOS satellite imagery of part of Cockpit
Country was draped on a triangulated
irregular network (TIN) representation of the
terrain to provide photorealistic depictions
of the study areas that were useful both
before and after fieldwork.
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An aerial view of a large sinkhole in Florida. Credit: U.S. Geological Survey
A typical progression in a limestone area
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Bentuklahan asal Angin
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Bentuklahan asal proses Denudasional
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denudational land surfaces
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Bentuklahan asal proses Glacial
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Brahmantyo, dan Bandono(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78).
http://blog.fitb.itb.ac.id/BBrahmantyo/?p=717
Aplikasinya untuk Penataan Ruang
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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Budi Brahmantyo, dan Bandono
(Jurnal Geoaplika Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, hal. 71-78)
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TUGAS:
Interpretasi bentuklahan dari citra di bawah ini
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