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GunakanPETUNJUKAuntukmenjawabsoalnomor31sampaidengannomor45!Text1ThefirstancientDNAsequencestobegathered 3400basepairsfroma2400yearoldEgyptianmummy
wereaproofofprinciple.Afullgenomesequencewouldbefarmoreinformative perhapsexplainingwhat
killedKingTut,forinstance.Atpresent,Inuk'sistheonlypublishedancienthumangenome.However,
a team led by Svante Paabo and EdGreen at theMax Planck Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology in
Leipzig, Germany, will soon publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several
Neanderthals,frombetween38,000and70,000yearsago.
5Neanderthalsarenot theonlyhominidswhosegenomes couldbe sequenced, saysWillerslev.Homo
erectus, a species that emerged inAfrica about 2million years ago, survived in eastAsiauntil less than100,000 years ago. If wellpreserved bones can be found, a genome might be possible, Willerslev says.Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, thepredecessor toNeanderthals. "Wearebasically startingon it rightnow,"he says. If thesegenomesevermaterialize andthat'sabigif theycouldleadtoabetterunderstandingofhowdifferenthominidspecies
arerelated,andwhenandwheretheybranchedoff.Ifthegeneticinformationisgoodenough,itmaytellus
10
somethingaboutthenatureofpastpeoplespossiblyevenwhattheylookedlike.Ancienthumangenomes
couldgiveus insightsintotheevolutionofourownspecies,explainingwhengenesinvolvedindiseaseand
highercognitiveskillsemerged.
15But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually they
becometoosmalltoreassemble,andall informationis lost."Thereseemstobeatimehorizonof100,000
yearsor
so
under
most
preservation
conditions
during
which
intact
DNA
survives,"
Green
says.
Stephan
Schuster at Pennsylvania StateUniversity,who led thewoollymammoth genomeproject, thinks ancient
genomics isalreadyplateauing. Large chunksof Inuk'sgenome couldn'tbe filled inbecausehisDNAhad
crumbledintosmallpieces."Wewillfaceanuphillbattleintryingtoapplythistoalargenumberofhuman
remains,"hesays.
20
31.With reference to thewhole text, thewritermainlydealswiththetopicon
(A) theuseofancientDNAinanthropology.(B) thepastlifeoftheNeanderthals.(C) theroleofDNAinfossilstudies.(D) DNAresearchontheNeanderthals.(E) DNA engineering in the Max Planck
Institute.
32.The writer is mainly of the opinion thattracingancienthumanslifeusingtheirDNA
(A) istechnologicallypossiblethroughithasnaturalchallenges.
(B) promises a new horizon ofunderstandingpastillnesses.
(C) is a new breakthrough in modernanthropological
studies.
(D) providesabetterpictureofoldpeoplesDNAstructures.
(E) requiring a longer chain of completeDNAsequences.
33.Thephysicallookofhominidspeciescanevenbe reconstructed using the DNA technology
underthe
condition
that
(A) the DNA forms a solid fossil in a goodshape.
(B) the genetic information in the DNA ishighquality.
(C) theDNAhadnotbeensmallerinchunks.(D) the sequence of the DNA pieces is
systematic.
(E) the DNA sequences can be easilyreassembled.
34.Basedonthetext,thefollowingwouldbethekind of information that could be revealed
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www.onlinelesson.org 734about ancient people through modern
genomeanalyses,EXCEPT
(A) typicalillnesses.(B) thinkingpotentials.(C) evolutionaryphases.(D) migratorydirections.(E)
nutritional
patterns.
35.Based on the text, soon Darwins humanevolution theory will be most likely
empirically validated, if contemporary DNA
analyses are supported by the following
factors,EXCEPT
(A) morediscoveryofearlyhumanremains.(B) moderngenomiclaboratories.(C) expertiseassociatedwithancientDNA.(D)
better
management
in
fossil
excavation.
(E) availability of complete ancient humangenomes.
Text2Furtherresearch,conductedbyDeanMobbs,thenatStanfordUniversity inCalifornia,uncoveredasecond
pointofactivity in thebrain's limbic system associatedwithdopamine releaseand rewardprocessing
whichmayexplain thepleasure feltonceyou "get" thejoke.Examiningoneparticularpartof the limbic
system
the
ventral
striatum
was
especially
revealing,
as
its
level
of
activity
corresponded
with
the
perceived
funninessofajoke."It'sthesameregionthatisinvolvedinmanydifferenttypesofreward,fromdrugs,to
sexandourfavouritemusic,"saysMobbs,nowattheMRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitinCambridge,
UK."Humourthustapsintobasicrewardssystemsthatareimportanttooursurvival."
Yethumourisafarmoremultifacetedprocessthanprimevalpleasureslikefood.Inadditiontothetwo
coreprocessesofgettingthejokeand feelinggoodabout it,jokesalsoactivateregionsofthe frontaland
cingulatecortex,whichare linkedwithassociationformation, learninganddecisionmaking.Theteamalso
foundheightenedactivityintheanteriorcingulatecortexandthefrontoinsularcortex regionsthatareonly
presentinhumansand,inalessdevelopedform,greatapes.Indeed,thefactthattheseregionsareinvolved
suggests thathumour isanadvancedabilitywhichmayhaveonlyevolved inearlyhumans, saysWatson,
whoconductedtheresearch.
Notwobrainsarethesame,however,andhowthesedifferencesarereflectedinoursenseofhumour
isthesubjectofmuch research.Menandwomen, forexample,seem toprocessjokesslightlydifferently.
Althoughboth sexes laughat roughly thesamenumberofjokes,women showgreateractivity in the left
prefrontal cortex thanmen. "This suggests a greaterdegreeof executiveprocessing and languagebased
decoding,"saysMobbs.Asaresult,womentakesignificantlymuchlongerthanmentodecidewhetherthey
findsomethingfunny,thoughthatdoesnotseemtospoiltheirenjoymentofthejoke.Indeed,womenshow
agreaterresponseinthelimbicsystemthanmen,suggestingtheyfeelagreatersenseofreward.
36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsinthetextabovecontainsanopinion?
(A) Basic rewards systems associated withhumor are vital to human continued
existence.
(B) The anterior cingulate cortex and thefrontoinsular cortex regions belong to
humans.
(C) Womens limbic system reacts moreresponsively than mens does to a
humorstimulus.
(D) Differenttypesofreward likedrugsandour favorite music are linked to the
ventralstriatum.
(E) Jokefuninessrelateswiththeamountofdopamine
release
and
reward
processing.
37.The part that comes before the text wouldmostlikelydescribe
(A) Mobbs same study conducted onhumans brain limbic system
sensitiveness.
(B) another activity found in the brainslimbicsystemofMobbsdifferentstudy.
(C) a researchers studyother thanMobbson another activity found in the brain
limbicsystem.
(D) theimportanceofconductingastudyonresponses by humans brain limbic
system.
(E) the timely reaction of humans brainlimbicsystemtoperceptiononhumor.
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www.onlinelesson.org 73438.The scientists see that the internal
mechanisms in ahumansbrain relatedwith
enjoymentinhavinggoodmealsare
(A) more explainable than those inperceivingajoke.
(B) lessobservablethanpleasuresingettinga
prize.
(C) asquickasthoseinseeingfunninessofajoke.
(D) morecomplexthanthoseinperceivingajoke.
(E) less clear than those of enjoyment inwinningaprize.
39.Humorisworthinthesefourfacets,EXCEPT(A) experiencing the sense of the humor
itself.
(B)
having
good
feelings
about
the
humor.
(C) activating parts of the frontal andcungulatecortex.
(D) enhancing activities in two humanscortexareas.
(E) triggeringmoredynamicresponsesinallcells.
40.Which chart below most likely indicates theresponsetimeneededbywomenandmento
laughonajoke?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Text3JohnApollosislosingweighttheoldfashionedwaybyeatingless.Awholelotless.Asavolunteerinthetwo
year Comprehensive Assessment of LongTerm Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts
Universityin
Boston,
Apollos
has
lowered
his
daily
calorie
intake
25%
over
the
past
eight
months.
The
fat,
not
surprisingly,hasmeltedaway; the52yearoldphysical trainerhas lostmorethan11kgsince thestudybegan
andisdowntohishighschoolweight.5Yet, that's not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three
quartersofwhat theyusedto.The researchers running themulticenterCALERIEstudyare tryingtodetermine
whetherrestrictingfoodintakecanslowtheagingprocessandextendourlifespan."Ifeelbetterandlighterand
healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing." The idea is
counterintuitive: Ifweeat to live,how can starvingourselvesadd years toour lives? Yet.decadesof calorie
restriction studies involvingorganisms ranging frommicroscopic yeast to ratshave shownjust that,extending
the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a longterm study led by researchers at the
UniversityofWisconsinnudgedtheimplicationsofthisabitclosertoourspecies,findingthatcalorierestriction
seemedto
extend
the
lives
of
humanlike
rhesus
monkeys
as
well.
The
hungry
primates
fell
victim
to
diabetes,
heartandbraindiseaseandcancermuchlessfrequentlythantheirwellfedcounterpartsdid.
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www.onlinelesson.org 734However, theremaybemore thanjust theabsenceofdiseaseoperatinghere.Anytimeyougoonadiet,
afterall, you standagood chanceof lowering yourbloodpressure, cholesterol leveland riskofdiabetes and
otherhealthwoes.Allthatcantranslate intoextrayears.Withcalorierestriction,usuallydefinedasadietwith
25%to30%fewercaloriesthannormalbutstillcontainingessentialnutrients,somethingelseappearstobeat
worktoextendlongevity.20
41.Which of the following ideas from the textabovecontainsanopinion?
(A) Restricting calorie consumption forlongevity.
(B) Absence of disease due to controllingcalorieintake.
(C) Apollos feeling better and lighter andhealthier.
(D) The melting of body fat by having lessfoods.
(E) Apollos restricting his daily calorieconsumption.
42.The study aims at evaluating the impact ofcalorierestrictionon
(A) minimizing the risks of getting seriousillnesses.
(B) enhancing the feelingofhappiness andhealth.
(C) reducing the amount of extreme fataccumulation.
(D) controlling blood pressure andcholesterol
levels.
(E) agingprocess slowing and life spanextension.
43. Ifthe information inthetext istrue,therisksthat someone whose calorie consumption is
controlleduptotheportionsuggested inthe
studysuffersfrombonecancerare
(A) substantial.(B) negligible.(C) unpredictable.(D) serious.(E) indefinite.
44.The following is among other things theempirical impactsof the studymentioned in
thetext,EXCEPT
(A) slenderbodyshape.(B) longlifeexpectancy.(C) goodhealthiness.(D) emotionstability.(E) goodfeelings.
45.As mentioned in the text, the study held atthe multicenter CALERIE, Tufts University in
Bostonhasemployedaresearchmethodthat
seemstobe
(A) complicated.(B) temporary.(C) ultramodern.(D) conventional.(E) methodological.
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