Download - Leaders and Strategies
Leaders and Strategies
Angela BrownChapter 29 Section 1
Laying the Groundwork - NAACP
• Founded in 1909 by Niagara movement
• Interracial organization – both African Americans and Whites participated
http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/NiagaraMovement.gif
W.E.B. Dubois
• W.E.B. Dubois was the first African American to graduate from Harvard with a doctoral degree.
• He edited NAACP magazine – Crisis
http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/niagara/photos/niagara-leaders.jpg
• Focused on challenging laws that prevented African Americans from exercising full rights as citizens.
• Mainly appealed to educated, middle and upper class African Americans and liberal whites.
http://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/images/Niagara100yrs_000.jpg
http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/2ndNiagaraConference.jpg
• Emphasized achieving legal equality for all races.
• Critics charged out of touch with basic issues of economic survival that faced many African Americans.
http://www.diversitystore.net/ds/images/niagaralarge.jpg
National Urban League
• 1911 – sought to assist people moving to major cities (homes, jobs, training, labor issues)
• Russell Simmons
http://www.emailwire.com/news/graphics/f002757lg.jpg
CORE
• 1942 founded by pacifists
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Dedicated to bringing about change through peaceful confrontation
• interracialhttp://nutrias.org/photos/porter/porter1.jpg
The Philosophy of Nonviolence
• 1957 Martin Luther King Jr. and other African American clergymen organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
• Introduced concept of nonviolent protest
• They did not resist even when attacked by opponents.
• Shifted the focus of civil rights movement to the South.
http://www.medaloffreedom.com/WhitneyYoung2.jpg
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Small town Baptist preacher
• Symbol of nonviolent protest for entire world
• Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 amid southern segregation
• Morehouse College – Crozer Theological Seminary – doctorate at Boston University in 1955
• Married Coretta Scotthttp://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/media/4/46/martin_luther_king.jpg
Mohandas Gandhi
• King was influenced by beliefs of Mohandas Gandhi a leader in India’s long struggle to gain independence from Great Britain
• He succeeded in 1947 • preached nonviolence • peacefully refused to
obey unjust lawshttp://worldpeace.org.au/images/gandhi5.jpg
• Bus boycotters advised to follow 17 rules for maintaining nonviolent approach – films, songs, skits showed Gandhi’s activities
• Played a key role in almost every major civil rights event from bus boycott until death 11 years later = Nobel Peace Prize in 1964
• Often attacked physically and verbally, often put in jail, death threats were frequent
King Assassinated
• King was assassinated in Memphis, TN in April 1968 at age of 39.
• James Earl Ray was convicted in 1969 and sentenced to 99 years in prison.
http://www.hestoft.com/adm/photo/35_James_Earl_Ray.jpg
http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/MLKLastDayinMemphis.jpg
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SNCC Breaks Away “Snick”
• Philosophy of nonviolence won support of many white Americans for growing movement
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – originally part of SCLC
• 1960 Raleigh, NC – Ella Baker wanted to give youth a greater role in Civil Rights movement
• 200 students at first meeting – next month voted to maintain independence – interracial at first
• Shifted focus from church leaders – wanted immediate change
http://socialjustice.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/index.php/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee
Jesse Jackson
• Baptist minister and close aid to Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Headed Operation Breadbasket until 1971- expanded educational and job opportunities for African Americans.
http://cpl.org/images/mlk/7001.jpg
• 1984 ran for Democratic Presidential Nomination .
• His candidacy spurred African American voter registration.
http://news.boisestate.edu/newsrelease/archive/2006/102006/Jackson.jpg
Anne Moody
• Anne Moody - key civil rights worker had to overcome family discouragement from cause
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