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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/
BAL]/ H LJB^OH BFOBNWWH GH KLRN //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 0
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;
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7/23/2019 Lingue e Dialetti D'Italia
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 2
7/0 Bfd~ohw jlghon //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1
7/3 Bfd~ohw rjlpn ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1
7/1 Bfd~ohw ljklonrh ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1
7/8 bfd~ohw c{nban //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 7
HOW[FG^UHFON
Jl {hbbanuul jhoc~hrwhbl hwljhlol
JHwljhl hj }lnrn n~{f}nf ban plowl jl }{nrnoul gnj dlcchf{ o~dn{f gh ghljnwwh* dl fjw{n ljjl |~lowhw gnjjn
dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban }l{jlwn rh }~ {hrbfow{l{n loban ~ol hd}f{wlown ghrwloul rw{~ww~{ljn `{l |~nrwn5 h
ghljnwwh ofo rfjf rfof wlowh dl ljb~oh rfof loban dfjwf ghpn{rh `{l jf{f* loban rn }l{jlwh ho jfbljhw
cnfc{l`hbldnown phbhon/ Ho ljb~oh blrh |~nrwh rfof lggh{hww~{l }h rhdhjh lg ljw{n jhoc~n ban ljjhwljhlof rwnrrf/
Hj ghljnwwf |~hogh ~of gnh wlowh }lw{hdfoh b~jw~{ljh hwljhloh* ofo rfjf !bfdn rfrwhnon |~ljb~of( ~o {njhwwf gnj
}lrrlwf ho phl gh nrwhouhfon* n bfdn wljn pl }{nrn{plwf n rw~ghlwf ho |~lowf ~o horhndn gh bfofrbnoun*
nr}n{hnoun n bfd}nwnoun ban gh rfjhwf pl rfwwf hj ofdn gh w{lghuhfon* f w{lghuhfon }f}fjl{n f w{lghuhfon
b~jw~{ljn/ Hj ghljnwwf* f jl jhoc~l }h ho cnon{ljn* hj }{hdf rncof gh ghpn{rhw* n |~hogh hgnowhw* `fown gh
hgnowh`hbluhfon rfbhljn n gh l~wfhgnowh`hbluhfon r~j }hlof }rhbfjfchbf n `f{ohrbn g~o|~n ~o }{hdf ghrb{hdhon
`{l ofh n cjh ljw{h/
Pn{f ban bh rfof ljb~on ufon gnjjHwljhl ban aloof r~khwf ~ol `f{wn bfowldholuhfon gl }l{wn gnjjHwljhlof n
gfpn |~hogh jl }{fdhonoul gnjjn `f{dn ghljnwwljh pl }hlo }hlof rplonogf5 ~o nrnd}hf }fw{nkkn nrrn{n hj
{fdlonrbf }~{f gnj Knjjh fcch |~lrh honrhrwnown l [fdl* gnj w~wwf hopfjcl{hwf* wlowf gl nrrn{n bahldlwf
{fdlolbbhf/ F}}~{n Dhjlof* ban nrrnogf ghpnowlwf }{fklkhjdnown hj bnow{f }h b~jw~{ljdnown pl{hnclwf
gHwljhl* ofo }~ nr}{hdn{rh rn ofo ~whjhuulogf ~o jhoc~lcchf |~lowf }h phbhof ljjHwljhlof rwlogl{g/ Ho ljw{h
blrh* hopnbn* hj ghljnwwf {hdlon phpf n }{nrnown* wlowf ban loban h chfploh on `loof ~o ~rf }{nrrfba
|~fwhghlof ofo rfjf gl ~o }~owf gh phrwl pn{kljn dl loban r~ hown{onw !kjfc* rfbhlj onwsf{ir(/ H ghljnwwh
rfof g~o|~n pl{h dl ofo hddfkhjh* onj rnorf ban |~nrwh }frrf bldkhl{n f lggh{hww~{l nrwhoc~n{rh bfj
}lrrl{n gnj wnd}f l bl~rl gh ho`j~noun gh wh}f rfbhljn n b~jw~{ljn ban }n{dnlof ~ol gnwn{dholwl ufol
}h~wwfrwf ban ~oljw{l/ Rfof g~o|~n knoh hddlwn{hljh* f }n{ dncjhf gh{n hofccnww~ljh f pfjlwhjh }n{ba
l}}~owf aloof rfjf ~ol k{npn g~{lwl n g~o|~n ofo rh }frrfof gfb~dnowl{n rn ofo {h}{fg~bnogfjh n{nchrw{logfjh/
Hwljhlof n hwljf${fdlouf
JHwljhl `l }l{wn gnjjl [fdohl n bhf gnjjhorhndn gnh wn{{hwf{h ho b~h rh }l{jlof jn jhoc~n onfjlwhon f {fdloun
jn |~ljh rfof ~ol gh{nwwl bfowho~luhfon gnj jlwhof }l{jlwf ljjn}fbl gnjjHd}n{f {fdlof n onjjn r~n
}{fphobhn/ Jn jhoc~n onfjlwhon rfof {h}l{whwn ho |~lww{f c{logh c{~}}h5
l( jhkn{f${fdlouf* }l{jlwf onjjl }nohrfjl hkn{hbl ho R}lcol !r}lcofjf n blwljlof( n ]f{wfcljjf!}f{wfcanrn(9
k( hj cljjf${fdlouf* }l{jlwf ho @{lobhl !`{lobnrn(* onj Knjchf pljjfon* r~g$nrw gnjjl @{lobhl* PljGLfrwl* ]hndfown n Rphuun{l !`{lobf$}{fpnouljn* Jhoc~l gfbl* n }{fpnouljn f fbbhwlof( n onjjl
@{lobhl r~g$fbbhgnowljn !c~lrbfon(9
b( jhwljf${fdlouf bfd}{nogn jHwljhlof n w~wwh h ghljnwwh }l{jlwh ho Hwljhl* ofoba ljb~on dhof{lounjhoc~hrwhban gnj Blowfo Whbhof ho Rphuun{l* B{fluhl n Rjfpnohl9
g( hj glbf${fdlouf ho`hon |~njjf }l{jlwf ho [fdlohl n onjjl [n}~kkjhbl nq rfphnwhbl gnjjl Dfjglphl!{~dnof(* n ho ljb~on }l{wh gnh Kljbloh* C{nbhl n Dlbngfohl/
H ghljnwwh gHwljhl ofo gn{hplof gljjHwljhlof* dl knor glj jlwhof* ng }h }{f}{hf gn`hoh{jh ghljnwwh gHwljhl f
ghljnwwh hwljf${fdlouh louhba ghljnwwh hwljhloh/ \~nrwh ploof bforhgn{lwh bfdn pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhban lj }l{h
gh jhoc~n dlcchf{h bfdn hj @{lobnrn* jf R}lcofjf f hj ]f{wfcanrn }n{ba jHwljhlof rwlogl{g `l rh }l{wn gnjc{~}}f hwljf${fdlouf* dl ofo rh hgnowh`hbl bfo nrrf/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ >
Jlofdljhl gnjjHwljhl
Rn rh lbbnwwl* g~o|~n* ban fcoh ghljnwwf lkkhl jl pljnoul gh ~ol jhoc~l l rn bfd}fonogf g~o|~n onjjl ofrw{l
}nohrfjl ~ol pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl bfd}frwl gl ~ol dlcchf{loul gh dhof{loun* {hr~jwl }h `lbhjn bl}h{n
bfdn* }l{lgfrrljdnown* |~nrwl pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl rhl rwlwl ~of gncjh njndnowh `fogldnowljh }n{ l{{hpl{n
ljj~ohw gnj ]lnrn/ @~ ho`lwwh c{luhn ljjhghfdl wfrblof lbbnwwlwf bfdn jhoc~l wnwwf ban rh r~}n{l{fof
gl}}{hdl cjh how{hblwh bfo`hoh }fjhwhbh ban ghphgnplof jl }nohrfjl }{hdl gnjj~oh`hbluhfon/ |~hogh |~njjf
gnjjHwljhl ~o blrf lofdljf gh ~oh`hbluhfon oluhfoljn ho |~lowf `~ jl jhoc~l l gnwn{dhol{n ~of gnh }{hdh
`lwwf{h gh ~ohw !rn}}~{ bfo wlowl pl{hnw hown{ol,( n l cnwwl{n jn klrh }n{ `l{n jl Oluhfon* n ofo hj bfow{l{hf
bfdn lppnoon onjjl dlcchf{ }l{wn gncjh ljw{h blrh ho b~h ~ol pfjwl fwwno~wl jhgnowhw }fjhwhbl rh }{fbngnpl
ljj~oh`hbluhfon gh wh}f jhoc~hrwhbf/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 0
BAL]/ H LJB^OH BFOBNWWH GH KLRN
n pnocfof {l}}{nrnowlwh gl ;< rncoh gnwwh c{l`ndh9$ Lj jhpnjjf c{lddlwhbljn j~ohw dhohdl hj df{`ndl5 &$f& hj df{`ndl ban hoghbl jl }n{rfol* hj dfgf
n hj wnd}f gnjjn luhfoh* bhf al ~ol `~ouhfon c{lddlwhbljn
$ Lj jhpnjjf jnrrhbljn j~ohw dhohdl bfd}frwl glj jnrrndl5 png$ j~ohw dhohdl jnrrhbljn ban hoghblhj wh}f gh luhfon bfd}h~wl/
@fonwhbl* df{`fjfchl n jnrrhbf rfof w~wwh jhpnjjh gh loljhrh gh ~ol glwl jhoc~l/
Nrrnogf }fh |~nrwh rncoh hown{gh}nognowh `{l jf{f* nrrh }frrfof jncl{rh n bfd}f{{n }l{wh rw{~ww~{ljh dlcchf{h/
H `fondh* {l}}{nrnowlwh gl c{l`ndh* rh jnclof n `f{dlof jn }l{fjn !df{`ndh n jnrrndh(* }h }l{fjn `f{dlof
~o rhowlcdl* }h rhowlcdh ~ol `{lrn* }h `{lrh ~o }n{hfgf n }h }n{hfgh ~o wnrwf !bfo {l{n dl rhcoh`hblwhpn
nbbnuhfoh gh wnrwh `f{dlwh loban gl ~ol rfjl `{lrn f lggh{hww~{l gl ~ol rfjl }l{fjl(/ Ho |~nrwf dfgf ~ol
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 3
gnwn{dholwl jhoc~l rwf{hbf$olw~{ljn }~ plowl{n rw{~ww~{n n bfrw{~uhfoh }{nrrfba ho`hohwn* ghdfrw{logf
bahl{ldnown jl}}jhblkhjhw gnjjl r~l bl{lwwn{hrwhbl }fwnoul/
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f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 1
bhf jl }{f}{hnw gnjjn jhoc~n gh }{nrnowl{n frbhjjluhfoh n `j~ww~luhfoh* }{f}{hnw dnrrl ho {hrljwf gljjl jf{f
olw~{ljn pl{hlkhjhw* dnow{n }n{ pl{hnw rh hownogn hj }{fgfwwf gh |~nrwl w{lr`f{dluhfon* bhf jlr}nwwf
rwlwhbf gnjjl pl{hluhfon rwnrrl/ Gnwwf bh rh }~ l``n{dl{n ban h ghljnwwh rhlof rfwwf}frwh l pl{hluhfoh }h f
dnof rhrwndlwhban }{nrnowlogf |~hogh lr}nwwh gh pl{hlkhjhw bfr gn`hohwh5
$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlb{fohbl5 |~njjl pl{hluhfon ban ~o ghljnwwf f ~ol jhoc~l r~khrbn bfjolw~{ljn w{lrbf{{n{n gnj wnd}f }n{ bl~rn rfbhljh* }fjhwhban n b~jw~{ljh !nr/ hj jlwhof ban ghpnowl
hwljhlof(/ L |~nrwf wn{dhon Rl~rr~{n lrrfbh |~njjf gnjjl rhob{fohl* lg hoghbl{n ~ol }{nbhrl `lrn
gnjjl phwl gnjjn jhoc~n/
$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlwf}hbl5 hoghbl |~njjn pl{hluhfoh ban rh aloof ho klrn lj bfownrwfcnfc{l`hbf ho b~h ~ol jhoc~l f ~o ghljnwwf pnocfof }l{jlwh/ jnclwl |~hogh ljjf r}luhf* f }n{ dncjhf
gh{n ljjl ghdnorhfon wn{{hwf{hljn/
$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlrw{lwhbl5 gnwwl loban pn{whbljn* |~njjl jnclwl ljjn gh``n{noun gh rw{lwfrfbhljn/
$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghl`lrhbl5 |~njjl frrn{plkhjn onjjn bfopn{rluhfoh bfob{nwn ho b~h rh w{fpl hj}l{jlown* gh}nogn bhf glcjh hown{jfb~wf{h n gljjn {njluhfoh ban hown{bf{{fof `{l jf{f/ N ho |~nrwf
blrf ban }h r}nrrf rh {hrbfow{lof bldkhldnowh gh {nchrw{f !fcoh }l{whbfjl{n jhpnjjf l b~h jl jhoc~l
phnon nr}{nrrl(/
$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghldnrhbl5 {hc~l{gl ho`hon hj dnuuf ban phnon ~whjhuulwf }n{ bfd~ohbl{n/ Rn`hof l |~ljban gnbnoohf `l bh rh jhdhwlpl lg nr}{hdn{rh |~lrh nrbj~rhpldnown ho dlohn{l f{ljn f
rb{hwwl* fcch bfo jlppnowf gh hown{onw n gnh wnjn`foh bnjj~jl{h rfof bfd}l{rh o~fph dnwfgh gh
bfd~ohbl{n bfo loonrrh {nchrw{h* jhdhwluhfoh n hoofpluhfoh/ Klrwh }norl{n lj jhoc~lcchf* l dnw `{l jf
rb{hwwf n hj }l{jlwf* ~whjhuulwf onh rfbhlj onwsf{i f phl RDR/
\~nrwh rfof g~o|~n cjh lrrh lwwf{of lh |~ljh {~fwl ~ol jhoc~l n }h onjjf r}nbh`hbf fcoh ghljnwwf* rw{~dnowh
hoghr}norlkhjh }n{ {h~rbh{n l gh``n{nouhl{on h wh}h n rbf{cn{n ljjf rwnrrf wnd}f jn {njluhfoh ban jh ~ohrbfof/
Jl Ghljnwwfjfchl n jn ghrbh}jhon l``hoh
Jl glwl bfopnouhfoljn gnjjl olrbhwl gnjjl ghljnwwfjfchl }~ nrrn{n }frwl onj
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f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ 8
}{hdl ban hj wn{dhon pnohrrn bfohlwf !^RL* ;(/ Ljjf rwnrrf dfgf jl ghljnwwfjfchl bfjjlkf{l rw{nwwldnown
bfo jl `hjfjfchl }n{ }fwn{ {hbf{{n{n bfo rhb~{nuul lh glwh bfowno~wh onh wnrwh n gfb~dnowh gnj }lrrlwf n }n{
gl{n l |~nrwh ~ol }h }{nbhrl }frhuhfon rwf{hbl/ Ho `fonwhbl jl ghljnwwfjfchl ~whjn }n{ rw~ghl{n jhowfoluhfon
!f}{frfghl( lg nrnd}hf* ho |~lowf jl bfowldholuhfon f jhown{`n{noul gh ~o ghljnwwf r~ ~o ljw{f ho j~hrbfof
f }frrfof ho`j~h{n onj dfgf ho b~h jn }l{fjn pnocfof }{fo~obhlwn/
\~logf* f{hchol{hldnown bfdn ljjnclwf ljjLHR }fh bfdn }~kkjhbluhfon l~wfofdl* ]l~j Ran~n{dnhn{
}{nrnow hj r~f Hj jlpf{f gnh bfowlghoh jl ghljnwwfjfchl now{ l bfowlwwf bfo lobf{ }h bld}h gh rw~ghf/ Rh
w{lwwlpl gh g~n }fgn{frh pfj~dh ban gnrb{hpnplof lww{nuuh* fccnwwh* j~fcah n wnbohban gnj jlpf{f lc{hbfjf ho
Hwljhl l blpljjf `{l jn g~n c~n{{n n `nbn{f lpphbhol{n gh dfjwf jl ghljnwwfjfchl ljjnwofc{l`hl* ljjl cnfc{l`hl
~dlol* ljjl rwf{hl gnjjlc{hbfjw~{l* rwf{hl gnjjl rbhnouln gnjjl wnbohbl n ljjl rfbhfjfchl {~{ljn n gnj jlpf{f/ Ho
dlohn{l ofo ljw{nwwlowf nphgnown* dl rhb~{ldnown pljhgl* jl ghljnwwfjfchl rh jncl n bfjjlkf{l bfo jl
}l{ndhfjfchl !rw~ghf gnh }{fpn{kh(* jnwofrbhnoul n }h }{nbhrldnown nwofjhoc~hrwhbl !rw~ghf gnh {l}}f{wh `{l
jhoc~lcchf ng nr}n{hnoul(* rndlowhbl !rw~ghf gnj rhcoh`hblwf gnjjn }l{fjn(* fofdlrwhbl bfo jn r~n k{loban
wf}fofdlrwhbl !rw~ghf rbhnowh`hbf gnh ofdh gnh j~fcah( n low{f}fohdl !rw~ghf rbhnowh`hbf gnh ofdh* bfcofdh
n rf}{loofdh(/
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f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/
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f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/
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7/23/2019 Lingue e Dialetti D'Italia
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[h}{fg~uhfon* }n{ hrb{hwwf* gh }{fo~obn {nchfoljh !hwlcjhlof* nbbnuuhfon( H}n{bl{lwwn{huuluhfon gnj cnon{n !lj R~g }frrhldf lpn{n}fowf }n{ }fown n dfcjhl }n{ dfcjhn( @f{dn pn{kljh n{{lwn !af loglwf* rn bn jlp{nh( [l``f{uldnowf loljhwhbf gnh r~}n{jlwhph !}h dhcjhf{n* dfjwf knjjhrrhdf( ^rf hd}{f}{hf gnj bjhwhbf bn* bhbfdn glwhpf !bn jf gf( H bfrhggnwwh dljl}{f}hrdh* bhf }l{fjn lrrhdhjlwn lg ljw{n }h w{lr}l{nowh n `ldhjhl{h !bnjnk{n }n{
bnjhkn(
Wh}h jnrrhbljh }f}fjl{h !knbbl{n }n{ }{nogn{n* kfwwl }n{ bfj}f( Pfblkfjh f rhowlcdh gh }l{whbfjl{n `f{ul nr}{nrrhpl !dljlwf f rbndf onj bn{pnjjf }n{ }luuf(/
2/7 Khjhoc~hrdf* ghcjfrrhl* ghjljhl
2/7/< Khjhoc~hrdf n ghcjfrrhl
Ho Hwljhl |~lrh fp~o|~n }{nrnown ~ol `f{dl gh khjhoc~hrdf !ghljnwwf n hwljhlof rwlogl{g( f w{hjhoc~hrdf
!ghljnwwf* rnbfogl jhoc~l ~``hbhljn n hwljhlof(/ Cnon{ljdnown hj khjhoc~hrdf }~ nrrn{n gh wh}f olw~{ljn f
}{hdl{hf |~logf jn g~n jhoc~n pnocfof l}}{nrn gl }hbbfjh n ho `ldhcjhl* f}}~{n rnbfogl{hf |~logf jl
rnbfogl jhoc~l phnon l}}{nrl l rnc~hwf gh ~o l}}frhwf }n{bf{rf `f{dlwhpf* f lobf{l f{huufowljn |~logf
hogh}nognowndnown gljjl pfjfow n gljjn bl}lbhw gnj rhocfjf gh pfjn{ l}}{nogn{n n gh rl}n{rh nr}{hdn{n
onjjl rnbfogl jhoc~l* |~nrwl `l }l{wn gnj rhrwndl }fjhwhbf n rfbhljn gnjjl ufol ho b~h phpn* |~hogh }n{ `f{ul gh
bfrn bfrw{nwwf l bfo`{fowl{bhrh |~lrh |~fwhghloldnown !bfdn onj blrf gnjjLjwf Lghcn n gnjjl Pljjn
gLfrwl(/ \~logf ljjhown{of gh ~ol bfd~ohw g~n jhoc~n pnocfof bforhgn{lwn lpnowh jf rwnrrf }{nrwhchf n
|~hogh ~whjhuulwn now{ldkn rhl }n{ fbblrhfoh ~``hbhljh&hrwhw~uhfoljh ban }n{ fbblrhfoh ho`f{dljh rh }~ }l{jl{n
g~o|~n gh khjhoc~hrdf9 hj {l}}f{wf ban jncl hopnbn hwljhlof n ghljnwwh }h ~o {l}}f{wf gh bfrhggnwwl
ghcjfrrhl ho b~h ~ol gnjjn g~n pl{hnw phnon bforhgn{lwl }h ljwl* |~hogh gh dlcchf{ }{nrwhchf* |~hogh
~whjhuulwl ho ldkhwf rbfjlrwhbf* }fjhwhbf nbb l ghrbl}hwf gnjjljw{l bforhgn{lwl dnof }{nrwhchfrl |~hogh
dnrrl r~ ~o jhpnjjf }h klrrf/
2/7/; Ghjljhl
Bforhgn{logf ban ho Hwljhl |~nrwl gh``n{nouhluhfon `~ouhfoljn `{l jhoc~l n ghljnwwf nrhrwn* dl ofo rnd}{n
phnon l}}jhblwl* oncjh looh ofplowl Kn{{~wf bfoh hj wn{dhon ghjljhl }n{ hoghbl{n |~nj {l}}f{wf `{l g~n
bfghbh h |~ljh* }~{ gfpnogf rfwwfrwl{n lg ~o }{fbnrrf gh ghcjfrrhl* ho ljb~on rhw~luhfoh pnocfof bforhgn{lwh
now{ldkh of{dljh n gh }l{h jhpnjjf* |~hogh rh how{nbbhlof n rh rbldkhlof bfowho~ldnown n loban ho lrrnoul gh
fcoh {hjnplown d~wldnowf ghl`lrhbf f ghlrw{lwhbf !bhf onjjn rwnrrn rhw~luhfoh* bfo cjh rwnrrh hown{jfb~wf{h(/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;2
2/7/2 Bfgn$rshwbahoc n bfgn$dhqhoc
\~nrwf bldkhf ban lpphnon `{l h bfghbh }~ nrrn{n gh wh}f bfgn$rshwbahoc !bldkhf gh bfghbn( f bfgn$dhqhoc
!no~obhlwf dhrwhjhoc~n(/ Onj }{hdf blrf rh }lrrl gl ~ol pl{hnw ljjljw{l onjjldkhwf gnj ghrbf{rf* ho cnon{n
|~logf rh hohuhl ~ol o~fpl `{lrn n dlcl{h bfo o~fph hown{jfb~wf{h9 onj rnbfogf hj }lrrlcchf rh bfd}hn
ljjhown{of gnjjl rwnrrl `{lrn n jl dnrbfjloul fwwno~wl ho |~nrwf blrf }fw{nkkn nrrn{n pfj~wl !bfdn r}nrrf
lbblgn }n{ hj bfgn$rshwbahoc( f hopfjfowl{hl no`lwhuulogf jl }fbl bfo`hgnoul gnjjhown{jfb~wf{n bfo ~of gnh
g~n bfghbh/ Cnon{ljdnown hj bfghbn {hjnplown ljjhown{of gh ~ol `{lrn ho b~h lpphnon bfgn$dhqhoc |~njjf ban
}{nrnowl cjh njndnowh df{`fjfchbh }{hobh}ljh bfdn lg nrnd}hf h pn{kh/
2/7/7 Hj bfowho~~d
Lobf{l Kn{{~wf gn`ho jhown{nrrlown bfobnwwf gh bfowho~~d hj |~ljn jl }l{whbfjl{n bl}lbhw gh ghpn{rn
pl{hnw gnj {n}n{wf{hf gh r`~dl{n j~ol onjjljw{l ho dlohn{l loban hd}n{bnwwhkhjn/ On phnon `~f{h ban jl
pl{hnw !bfr bfdn }n{ h ghljnwwh bfowhc~h( L rl{ `lbhjdnown bfd}{norhkhjn }n{ bah }l{jl jl pl{hnw K* hj |~ljn
bfoghphgn{ jl bfofrbnoul gh K bfo bah bfd}{nogn B n bfr phl/ Bh ofo rhcoh`hbl ban jl }n{rfol }hnoldnown
}lg{fol gnjjl pl{hnw L rhl ho c{lgf gh hownogn{n jl pl{hnw D/ ^ol rwnrrl `{lrn }fw{nkkn nrrn{n }frwl ho
ljdnof ~ol gfuuhol gh dfgh ghpn{rh* }l{wnogf gljjhwljhlof `f{dljn l~jhbf `hof l |~njjf }h }f}fjl{n*
}lrrlogf }n{ jhwljhlof rwlogl{g jnwwn{l{hf* jhwljhlof onf$rwlogl{g* hwljhlof }l{jlwf bfjjf|~hljn n hwljhlof
ho`f{dljn w{lrb~{lwf n loglogf lg lch{n gh pfjwl ho pfjwl* rn}}~{ hd}n{bnwwhkhjdnown* r~ }hbbfjh gnwwlcjh ban
dfgh`hblof jl `{lrn }{nbngnown n ban jl {nogfof }n{`nwwldnown bfd}{norhkhjn onjjnrnd}hf r~bbnrrhpf* dl
ban b{nlof gljjf{hcholjn l~jhbl ljjl `holjn }f}fjl{n ~o ghpl{hf }{nrrfba {lghbljn* n ld}hrrhdf/
2/> Rb{hwwf n }l{jlwf
Wlowf jhwljhlof |~lowf hj ghljnwwf rfof ~whjhuulwh rhl onjjl `f{dl rb{hwwl ban ho |~njjl }l{jlwl gnjjl
bfd~ohbluhfon/ @hof l |~ljban wnd}f `l rb{hwwf n }l{jlwf pnohplof bforhgn{lwh g~n lr}nwwh ghrwlowh n ghrwhowh
gnjjl jhoc~l dl cjh rw~gh gh Chfplooh Onobhfoh* r}nbhljdnown |~njjh gnj rlcchf Gh rb{hwwf n gh }l{jlwf gnj
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;7
Onj }l{jlwf$}l{jlwf bfd }{nr~dhkhjn jn ho`j~noun ghljnwwljh rfof dfjwf }h `f{wh ban oncjh ljw{h blrh* dl
loban pn{f ban jl rwf{hl jnwwn{l{hl gnjjHwljhl bh }{f}fon dfjwh wnrwh ghljnwwljh ban }frrfof gncoldnown
nrrn{n no~obhlwh loban onjjn ljw{n `f{dn !}fnrhn* rbnoncchlw~{n wnlw{ljh nbb//(/
2/0 H glwh rwlwhrwhbh
G~n hd}f{wlowh hrwhw~wh gh {hbn{bl rwlwhrwhbl* jl Gfql }{hplwl n jHRWLW }~kkjhbl* aloof hohuhlwf l }l{wh{n gljjldnw gncjh looh rnwwlowl l `l{n {hbn{ban }n{ bl}h{n |~lowf hj ghljnwwf `frrn }l{jlwf l ghrbl}hwf gnjjhwljhlof n
bfdn |~nrwf {l}}f{wf d~wlrrn onj wnd}f/ Rn on nphowf ban bfj }lrrl{n gncjh looh cjh hown{phrwlwh
ghbahl{lplof gh }l{jl{n rnd}{n dnof ghljnwwf ho blrl n bfo cjh ldhbh !ban bfd~o|~n {hdlonplof jn
fbblrhfoh ho b~h hj ghljnwwf pnohpl dlcchf{dnown ~rlwf( n gh ~rl{n jnccn{dnown gh }h jhwljhlof/ Jhwljhlof
bfd~o|~n ofo al phrwf ~ol b{nrbhwl }{f}f{uhfoljn ljjl ghdho~uhfon gnj ghljnwwf ho |~lowf rh pn{h`hblwl
dlcchf{dnown ~ol rhw~luhfon gh dnrbfjldnowf gnh g~n bfghbh* gh bfophpnoul* louhba gh rfrwhw~uhfon/
Rf{}{nognowndnown l }l{wh{n gljjl dnw gncjh looh ofplowl hj ghljnwwf* ho ljb~on ufon* al lggh{hww~{l
{hlb|~hrwlwf bld}f/ ^of gnh glwh }h hdd~wlwh {hdlon bfd~o|~n |~njjf ban pngn ~whjhuul{n hj ghljnwwf gljjn
bjlrrh rfbhljh dnof lkkhnowh ng hrw{~hwn dnow{n jn }n{rfon }h bfjwn f gh dhcjhf{n }frhuhfon rfbhljn rfof
{hdlrwn |~njjn ban rh lppljcfof dlcchf{dnown gnjj~rf gnjjhwljhlof/ [fbbl`f{wh gnjjl bforn{pluhfon
ghljnwwljn {hdlocfof jn {nchfoh gnj Of{g$Nrw n gnj R~g !ho }l{whbfjl{n Bljlk{hl n Klrhjhblwl(/
2/3 Jl}lq jhoc~hrwhbl onjjHwljhl gnj g~ndhjl
Gh `{fown ljjnphgnown }nrf ban al j~whjhuuf gnj ghljnwwf onjj~rf bfd~on gnjjl jhoc~l fcchchf{of* ho Hwljhl rh
{hrbfow{l ~ol }lq jhoc~hrwhbl gnjjl jhoc~l* ho {h`n{hdnowf ljjl bfd}{nrnoul n ljjl bfophpnoul gh }h bfghbh*
wh}fjfchbldnown n `~ouhfoljdnown gh``n{nouhlwh ho {l}}f{wf gh ghcjfrrhl n ghjljhl/ Wljn bfophpnoul ofo
}{fpfblpl n ofo }{fpfbl ghrlchf* ghrl``nuhfon f phrhkhjh r}hown gh {hpnoghbluhfon l `lpf{n gh ~of gnh g~n
bfghbh n bh ld}hldnown ghdfrw{lkhjn gljjl ghbahl{luhfoh gnjjl dlcchf{ }l{wn gncjh hown{phrwlwh ban
ghdfrw{lof bfdn h ghljnwwh ofo rwhlof l``lwwf rbfd}l{nogf dl rnd}jhbndnown d~wlogf hj jf{f {l}}f{wfbfo jl |~fwhghlohw/ Hj ghljnwwf ghpnowlwf `f{wn bfj }lrrl{n gnh rnbfjh loban c{luhn ljjhwljhlof* |~nrwl jhoc~l
ban* ~ol pfjwl lb|~hrhwl dnwwnpl jf{lwf{n onjjl }frhuhfon gh c~l{gl{n lj ghljnwwf bfdn |~ljbfrl gh
bl{lwwn{hrwhbf n rnowhdnowljdnown pljnown* wlowf gl {h`h~wl{rh gh njhdhol{jf bfd}jnwldnown/ |~h ban jl
ghcjfrrhl ghpnowl ghjljhl* ng |~h ban rh pn{h`hbl jl bfoghuhfon gh}lq jhoc~hrwhbl/
2/1 Ghljnwwh* rb~fjl n }fjhwhbl
2/1/< Ghljnwwh n rb~fjl
Bfdn rh ch phrwf hj {l}}f{wf `{l ghljnwwh n ghglwwhbl ofo rnd}{n rwlwf hghjjhlbf/ Ljb~oh rbforhgn{lwh
}{fc{lddh rbfjlrwhbh }n{ rb~fjn njndnowl{h n dnghn pl{lwh onjjl }{hdl dnw gnj ofpnbnowf ofo aloof
bforhgn{lwf jhd}f{wloul gnjjn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban jfbljh {njnclogfjn lg ~o {~fjf gh dholbbhl }n{ ~ol
bf{{nwwl ng~bluhfon* n `lbnogfjn ghpnowl{n loban dlwn{hl gh rban{of n gn{hrhfon* ofoba rhdkfjf gh
hcof{loul/ Hj }n{hfgf `lrbhrwl `~ |~njjf ban }h gh w~wwh glooncch jl pljf{huuluhfon gnh ghljnwwh ho ph{w gnh
r~fh hgnljh gh }~{nuul n gh ~ohw n `~ rfjf l }l{wh{n glcjh looh 1= ban jl CHRBNJ !C{~}}f gh hown{pnowf n rw~ghf
onj bld}f gnjjng~bluhfon jhoc~hrwhbl( {h~rb l dfkhjhwl{rh }nrlowndnown }n{ dfgh`hbl{n h }hloh }n{ jn rb~fjn
ho`n{hf{h glogf lh ghljnwwh jf rwlw~r gh pl{hnw hghfdlwhbl gl lbbnwwl{n l }hnof whwfjf w{l w~wwn |~njjn ban
bfd}focfof hj |~lg{f d~jwh`f{dn gnjjl {nljw rfbhfjhoc~hrwhbl hwljhlol gh fcch/
2/1/; Ghljnwwh n }fjhwhbl
Ho }fjhwhbl j~whjhuuf gnjj l{dl ghljnwwf phnon `lwwf ho dlohn{l r}nrrf hd}{f}{hl n bfow{f}{fg~bnown/ Rh
wnogn ho`lwwh l wh{l{jf ho kljjf ho dlohn{l hd}{npnghkhjn rnoul wnon{ bfowf gnjjhown{nrrn gh wh}f ghglwwhbf ban
hopnbn log{nkkn glwf ljjn pl{hnw gnjjhwljhlof/ Jl olw~{l }{fpfblwf{hl ljjl |~ljn phnon lrrfbhlwl
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;>
jhd}f{wloul gnh ghljnwwh n jl jf{f }n{rnpn{luhfon l``hloblwl gl ~o {hd}hlowf ofrwljchbf gnj `fjijf{n ban hj
ghljnwwf rwnrrf ho }l{wn {l}}{nrnowl* ban }n{ w{f}}f `lbhjdnown rh w{lr`f{dl ho rnd}jhbn gh``hgnoul f
rbfow{frl bah~r~{l onh bfo`{fowh gh bah~o|~n ofo rh hgnowh`hbah bfo ~ol }l{whbfjl{n hddlchon gnj }lrrlwf/
Bfr `lbnogf rh b{nl r}nrrf louhba ~ol gfp~wl lwwnouhfon lj }{fkjndl n ljjl pljf{huuluhfon gnjjl jhoc~l
~ol rf{wl gh ghljnwwf`fkhl w~wwljw{f ban ~whjn ljjl bfnrhfon n lj }{fc{nrrf oluhfoljn/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;0
BAL]/ HP JN LJW[N JHOC^NFjw{n ban {hbbf gh ghljnwwh jHwljhl ~o ]lnrn }n{dnlwf gh dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban* bhf gh bfd~ohw onjjn |~ljh
jl jhoc~l gnjjl }{hdl rfbhljhuuluhfon ofo jhwljhlof dl ~o#ljw{l jhoc~l ban r}nrrf loban jhoc~l dlg{n gh
rwlwh nrwn{h/ \~nrwn bfd~ohw pnocfof gn`hohwn ljjfcjfwwn n jn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban ljjfcjfrrhn n
nwn{fcjfrrhn/ Jn pl{hnw rwf{hban gh ljjfcjfrrhn* |~njjn bhf }{nrnowh gl }h wnd}f r~j wn{{hwf{hf oluhfoljn*
rfof w~wnjlwn gljjl jnccn 71; gnj
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7/23/2019 Lingue e Dialetti D'Italia
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;3
jl jf{f k{npn rwf{hl ljjhown{of gnjjl }nohrfjl rwloof dlo dlof hornghlogfrh ho dlohn{l {lghblwl n
lrr~dnogf hd}f{wloul l jhpnjjf gh o~dn{f gh }l{jlowh/
7/; Hj {n}n{wf{hf gnjjn bfd~ohw ljjfcjfwwn
Loban rn rh w{lwwl gh hrfjn f }{f}lcchoh ofo khrfcol b{ngn{n ban ho |~nrwn ufon jl dhof{loul jhoc~hrwhbl
rhl jl }h ~whjhuulwl f j~ohbl lg nrrn{n ~whjhuulwl/ Jl rhw~luhfon }h bfd~on louh |~njjl gnj w{hjhoc~hrdf ban}n{dnwwn jl bfophpnoul gnjjl dhof{loul jhoc~hrwhbl bfj ghljnwwf hwljf${fdlouf jfbljn n bfo jl jhoc~l wnwwf
ban* ho blrf gh bfd~ohw khjhoc~n* }~ }f{wl{n loban l |~lg{hjhoc~hrdf/
7/2 Bfd~ohw }{fpnouljh !fbbhwlon(
Rh w{fplof ho ]hndfown* }{hobh}ljdnown `{l jn }{fphobn gh Wf{hof n B~onf/ Rfof dhof{loun ban ho Hwljhl l
gh``n{noul gnjjl bfow{f}l{wn `{lobnrn {nccfof lkklrwloul knon loban rn hj b{nrbnown rphj~}}f gnjjhwljhlof n
gnh ghljnwwh hwljf${fdlouh on aloof rhb~{ldnown ghdho~hwf j~whjhuuf* rf}{lww~wwf onjjn ufon gh dlcchf{
r}nrrf{n hog~rw{hljn n w~{hrwhbf/ L``lrbholown hj blrf gh C~l{ghl ]hndfownrn !BR( ho Bljlk{hl gfpn onj
g~nbnowf ljb~on bfd~ohw }{fpnouljh rh rwlkhjh{fof }n{ r`~cch{n gljjl dhrn{hl n gljjl }n{rnb~uhfon pnonogf
}fh bfd~o|~n gnbhdlwn* |~ljban rnbfjf }h wl{gh* rnd}{n }n{ dfwhph {njhchfrh/
7/7 Bfd~ohw {lobf$}{fpnouljh
Bfdn }n{ |~njjn }{fpnouljh* |~nrwn rndk{lof {nrhrwn{n ljjn ho`j~noun gnjjn ljw{n }l{jlwn }h ho Hwljhl ban ho
Rphuun{l n @{lobhl/ Lowhbldnown bfd~o|~n hj `{lobf$}{fpnouljn n{l dfjwf }h gh``~rf ban fcch* n pnohpl
}l{jlwf `hof l Jhfon/ Ho Hwljhl fcch |~nrwn bfd~ohw rh w{fplof }{hobh}ljdnown ho }{fphobhl gh Wf{hof n ho Pljjn
GLfrwl bfo jl gh``n{noul ban |~nrw~jwhdl {hbfofrbn glj hj `{lobnrn bfdn jhoc~l ~``hbhljn }n{dnwwnogf
|~hogh ljjn dhof{loun `{lobf$}{fpnouljh gh {nrhrwn{n }h `lbhjdnown/ Ofofrwlown jl `f{wn hwljhlohuuluhfon gnj
bl}fj~fcf gh }{fphobhl gfp~wl ljjhddhc{luhfon hohuhlwl l }l{wh{n glj rnbfogf gf}fc~n{{l* jl Pljjn GLfrwl
al rnd}{n bfd~o|~n bn{blwf gh w~wnjl{n jn }{f}{hn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban hrwhw~nogf bnow{h gh {hbn{bl n
bforn{pluhfon gnj }lw{hdfohf jhoc~hrwhbf/ Lj R~g* g~n bhwwlghon }~cjhnrh ho }{fphobhl gh @fcchl !@lnwf n Bnjjn
gh Rlo Phwf( }l{jlof ~o ghljnwwf `{lobf$}{fpnouljn* hd}hlowlwf |~h rhb~{ldnown l rnc~hwf gh hddhc{luhfoh
dnghnpljh* dl |~lrh bfd}jnwldnown }n{rf fcch l rnc~hwf gnjjn honphwlkhjh ho`j~noun gnjjn }l{jlwn gnj }frwf/
7/> Bfd~ohw cn{dlohban
Jn bfd~ohw cn{dlohban rfof `{l jn }h hd}f{wlowh gHwljhl }n{ nrwnorhfon cnfc{l`hbl* f{clohuuluhfon n
o~dn{f gh }l{jlowh n rfof ghrw{hk~hwn j~ocf w~wwf jl{bf lj}hof gl nrw l fpnrw/ Jl }h o~dn{frl bfdn rh
gnwwf |~njjl gnj Rgwh{fj ho Ljwf Lghcn onjjl |~ljn h }l{jlowh n jn hrwhw~uhfoh ~``hbhljh }{nghjhcfof ho bn{wn
fbblrhfoh hj wngnrbf ljjhwljhlof bfdn }{hdl jhoc~l/ }{nrnown ~ol `f{whrrhdl rw{~ww~{l gh f{clohuuluhfoh ban
dh{l l w~wnjl{n jn ljjfcjfrrhn/
Jn ljw{n bfd~ohw wngnrban rfof5
H sljrn{* rwlouhlwh ho ]hndfown n Plj GLfrwl n f{hchol{h gnjjl Klphn{l* ch~owh ho ufol onj QHHH rnbfjfbfdn kfrblhfjh* bfrw{~wwf{h n ljjnplwf{h gljwl |~fwl/ hown{nrrlown jl rhw~luhfon jhoc~hrwhbl gh Hrrhdn
!LF( gfpn bfd~ohw `{lobf$}{fpnouljh n cn{dlohban bfoghphgfof jl |~fwhghlohw bhwwlghol n rh
dnrbfjlof loban b{nlogf c{~}}h `ldhjhl{h dhrwh* {h~rbnogf w~wwlphl l w~wnjl{n now{ldkn jn
dhof{loun/
H dbanoh gnj W{nowhof* jhdhw{f`h lj R~g Wh{fjf dl dlh gh{nwwldnown l bfowlwwf bfo |~nrwf*ghrbnognowh dholwf{h gh jhoc~l !ljwf(wngnrbl rwlouhlwhrh onj Dnghfnpf l ]lj gnj @n{rhol !WO(/ Hj jf{f
ofdn gn{hpl gl dbano `l{n !wngnrbf rwlogl{g dlbano(/
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[hlrr~owf gnj wnrwf Jhoc~n n Ghljnwwh gHwljhl* gh @{lobnrbf Lpfjhf/ Ng/ Bl{{fbbh* bfjjlol Jn K~rrfjn/ L b~{l gh Nouf Rlowhjjh* }n{ ho`f n
f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;1
H bhdk{h* rwlouhlwh ho g~n ufon gnj Pnonwf5 jl }{hdl ho }{fphobhl gh Pn{fol ho ~o ljwf}hlof ofwfloban bfj ofdn gh Ljwf}hlof gnh W{nghbh bfd~oh }n{ phl gnh bfd~oh ban wnd}f `l }l{jlplof jl
dhof{loul cn{dlohbl* fcch {hgfwwh l ~of !Chluul(/ Bhdk{l loban ~ol bfd~ohw gnjjLjwf}hlof gh
Lrhlcf !PH( bahldlwf }n{ jl rwnrrl {lchfon gnj }{nbngnownLjwf}hlof gnh Rnwwn bfd~oh* fcch {hgfwwh lj
rfjf [flol/
Bh rfof }fh w{n }lnrh gh f{hchon l~rw{hlbl !bl{houhlol( `{l hj Pnonwf n hj @{h~jh n rfof5 Rl}}lgl&]jfgo!KJ(* Rl~{hr&Ula{n !^G( n Bl{ohl/ Whdl~* `{luhfon gnj bfd~on gh ]lj~uul !^G( bforhgn{lwl hopnbn
~ol pn{l n }{f}{hl }{f}lcchon phrwl loban jl r~l phbholoul `hrhbl bfo jl `{fowhn{l l~rw{hlbl/
Onj @{h~jh ho`hon bh rfof ljb~oh c{~}}h cn{dlof`foh ho }{fphobhl gh ^ghon ban bfoghphgfof wngnrbf nrjfpnof* {h~rbnogf l }lg{foncchl{n loban jl pl{hnw b{lohbl gnj `{h~jlof n jhwljhlof/
7/0 Bfd~ohw jlghon
Hj jlghof ~ol pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl {fdloul gnjjl{nl lj}hol f{hnowljn* l``hon lj `{h~jlof n gh wh}f bforn{plwhpf/
Hj r~f ofdn* gn{hplown gl JLWHO^R* gn{hpl gl ~o hohown{{fwwl w{lghuhfon }f}fjl{n/ Jlghon rfof ljb~on
pljjlwn gfjfdhwhban rhw~lwn lwwf{of lj dlrrhbbhf gnj Rnjjl* ljw{n pljjlwn gnj W{nowhof bfdn jl plj gh Ofo n jlbhww gh Bf{whol gLd}nuuf !KJ(/ |~hogh lkklrwloul bfd}jhblwf gnjhdhwl{n bfo nrlwwnuul h bfo`hoh gnjjl{nl
jlghol ho |~lowf r}luhl ho dlohn{l lkklrwloul h{{ncfjl{n n ghdfrw{l ho ljb~oh blrh `f{wh ho`j~noun gl }l{wn gh
ljw{h ghljnwwh `{h~jloh/ Ho {h`n{hdnowf lj {n}n{wf{hf hown{nrrlown ofwl{n bfdn ljb~on bfd~ohw* rf}{lww~wwf ho
}{fphobhl gh Kfjulof* bforhgn{hof hj wngnrbf bfdn jhoc~l$wnwwf ng fcch rf{cfof }{fkjndh ho {njluhfon ljjl
b{nluhfon gh ~ol pl{hnw jlghol rwlogl{g ban gfp{nkkn w{fpl{n ~o r~f ~rf ~``hbhljn onjjn ghpn{rn pljjlwn/
7/3 Bfd~ohw rjlpn
Jn bfd~ohw gh jhoc~l rjfpnol rh w{fplof rf}{lww~wwf j~ocf hj bfo`hon bfo jl Rjfpnohl n bfowlof ~o o~dn{f
gh }l{jlowh lkklrwloul l}hf !`{l h >=/=== n cjh 1=/=== hoghphg~h(/ @lwwf b~{hfrf ban rfof }{nrnowh gh``n{noun
lkklrwloul rfrwlouhljh `{l jn ghpn{rn pl{hnw gnjjf rjfpnof n ban ho ljb~on bfd~ohw wljn dhof{loul wljdnown l{blhbl gl ofo lrrfdhcjhl{n onloban ljjf rjfpnof rwnrrf/ ]h l R~g* ho Dfjhrn* ho ljb~oh bfd~oh rh
}l{jl ~ol pl{hnw gh b{flwf* hoonrwlwf |~h gljjl }f}fjluhfon rjlpl ban onj QP rnbfjf lww{lpn{r jlg{hlwhbf }n{
`~cch{n jn hoplrhfoh w~{ban n jl bfornc~nown nr}lorhfon gnjjhrjld onh Kljbloh/
7/1 Bfd~ohw ljklonrh
Jn bfd~ohw ljklonrh rfof }{nrnowh |~lrh wfwljdnown onj Bnow{f$R~g l rnc~hwf gh ~ol pn{l n }{f}{hl
ghlr}f{l pn{rf hj [ncof gh Ol}fjh g~{lwl |~lrh w{n rnbfjh* glj |~lww{fbnowf lj rnwwnbnowf/ Bfowlogf bh{bl
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gnjjn bfjfohn gnjjl Dlcol C{nbhl* h}fwnrh {nrl lobf{ }h }{fklkhjn glj `lwwf ban onj dnghfnpf jl{nl
c{nbf`fol hobj~gnpl }{nrrfba w~wwl jl Bljlk{hl dn{hghfoljn/
7/