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\DFRKOKCKM PFK_@XSKBMB CMRDAKCMB@A \@XP
@SCP@AM B@ JXMBPMBDSEM@SRXKM B@ KFODXEMRKCM
R@SKS \MXM D\RMX @A JXMBD B@ EMJKSR@X @FKFODXEMRKCM
IMRKM X@JKFM A@DF ADE\MXR@
@FCXK\RMCKDF XSMB@ MXCNK_DS B@ R@^RD
AKEM \@XP8
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M eks |mbx`s
8
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KFBKC@
KFRXDBPCCKDF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0
CM\KRPAD K CXK\RDJXMOKM&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >
Nksrdxkm &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ;
Cdfc`|rds hskcds&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =0
Cxk|rdjxmom b` Camv` \hakcm &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8=
Cxk|rdjxmom b` Camv` S`cx`rm&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8;
CM\KRPAD KK @FCXK\RMCKDF XSM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 20
J`f`xmckf b` Camv`s &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2?
@fcxk|rmckf b` E`fsmg`s&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2>
B`cxk|rmckf b` E`fsmg`s&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2;
Emr`erkcm b`a XSM&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0=
CM\KRPAD KKK BKS@D @ KE\A@E@FRMCKDF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ?>
Majdxkred b`a XSM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ?;
Camv`s XSM&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :
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@fcxk|rmckf XSM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :2
B`s`fcxk|rmckf XSM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :2
Ke|a`e`frmckf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :0
X`}p`xkek`frds &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :?
N`xxmek`frm prkakwmbm&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ::
Dxjmfkwmckf kfr`xfm&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ::
_kskf J`f`xma b`a Sksr`em &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :>
B`scxk|ckf b`a Majdxkred XSM&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >=
@srxpcrpxm b` bmrds&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >3
@srfbmx b` cdbkokcmckf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >?
B`scxk|ckf b`a Cams`s b`a Sksr`em&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >>
MF@^DS&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =83
Emfpma b` Pspmxkd&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =82
@srfbmx b` cdbkokcmckf GM_M&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =30
Aksrmbd b` \xdjxmems &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =0?
HKHAKDJXMOM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =;2
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KFRXDBPCCKDF
@sr` rxmhmgd b` r`sks op` kfkckmbd `f mjdsrd b`a 8
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cbkjds sdf ocka`s b` xde|`x |p`s s` |p`b`f |xdhmx rdbds ads |dskha`s vmadx`s
nmsrm dhr`f`x pf e`fsmg` cde|x`fskha`! d |db`eds cde|mxmx ams a`rxms es
ox`cp`fr`s `f `a e`fsmg` cdf ams }p` s` smh`f }p` sdf es ox`cp`fr`s `f am
a`fjpm dxkjkfma&
Nksrxkcme`fr` |xke`xd nmf m|mx`ckbd ads cbkjds hmsmbds `f pfm fkcm
camv` cdfdckbds cded sksr`ems b` camv` |xkvmbm& @srds rk`f`f `a kfcdfv`fk`fr` b`
}p` `a x`ekr`fr` { `a x`c`|rdx b`h`f `srmx b` mcp`xbd! cdf mfr`xkdxkbmb! `f ads
vmadx`s b` am camv`& R`fk`fbd `f cp`frm }p` |dx s`jpxkbmb b`h`xf cmehkmx am
camv` b` v`w `f cpmfbd! b` }p edbd |dbxmf nmc`xad b` pfm emf`xm s`jpxm4
@srm bkokcparmb s` sp|`xm cdf am m|mxkckf b` ads sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds b`
camv` |hakcm }p` |`xekr` m rdbds ads x`ekr`fr`s prkakwmx am camv` |hakcm b`a `eksdx
|mxm am `fcxk|rmckf b` pf e`fsmg` }p` sad `a b`srkfmrmxkd |dbx x`cp|`xmx |p`s
s`x `a fkcd |ds``bdx b` am camv` |xkvmbm&
B`sb` am S`jpfbm Jp`xxm Epfbkma nm nmhkbd pfm cx`ckek`frd `s|`crmcpamx
b` am r`cfdadjm cxk|rdjxokcm! mpf}p` am em{dx |mxr` b` `srds s`cx`rds s`
emfr`fmf { mf `f am mcrpmakbmb! s` emfrk`f`f `f s`cx`rd& Okfmfckmbds `f sp
em{dxm |dx am FSM .Mj`fckm Fmckdfma b` S`jpxkbmb b` ads @@&PP&+ nmf skbd
rxmrmbms cded s`cx`rds ekakrmx`s& Mcrpmae`fr` ams pfkv`xskbmb`s rmehkf aa`vmf m
cmhd `srpbkds cxk|rdjxokcds { nmf r`fkbd bkv`xsds x`sparmbds `~krdsds `frx` ads
}p` s` cp`frm am cx`mckf b` ads sksr`ems b` camv` |hakcm&
@f `sr` rxmhmgd s` |x`s`frmx `a erdbd b`smxxdaambd `f =;:> |dx X& A&
Xkv`sr! M& Snmekx { A& Mba`emf { }p` `s cdfdckbd cded sksr`em cxk|rdjxokcd XSM
|dx ams kfkckma`s b` sps mprdx`s& Hmsm sp s`jpxkbmb `f am bkokcparmb b` omcrdxkwmx
fe`xds |xkeds ep{ jxmfb`s mpf}p` cded rdbd sksr`em b` `fcxk|rmckf b` camv`
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|hakcm! `a XSM |p`b` `srmx spg`rd m mrm}p`s cdf `a okf b` dhr`f`x `a e`fsmg`
dxkjkfma d b`scphxkx am camv` |xkvmbm&
Rmehkf cdfdc`x`eds cded ams camv`s |p`b`f |xdr`j`xs` |mxm }p` fd
s`mf vpaf`xmha`s m `srds mrm}p`s { s`mf cmsk kfvkdamha`s& Pfd b` ads cdfc`|rds
es ke|dxrmfr`s sdhx` `a cpma rmehkf x`skb` am s`jpxkbmb b`a sksr`em! `s am
adfjkrpb b` ads fe`xds |xkeds }p` bmf apjmx m ams camv`s& Mcrpmae`fr` s` `srkem
}p` fe`xds b` = d 80? bjkrds b`ckema`s+
@a |xke`x cm|rpad b` `sr` rxmhmgd `sr b`bkcmbd m am `vdapckf nksrxkcm!
cdfc`|rds b` cxk|rdjxmom! rk|ds b` cxk|rdjxmom { erdbds& @a s`jpfbd cm|rpad fds
b`scxkh` `f b`rmaa` `a erdbd b` `fcxk|rmckf XSM cdf am m|akcmckf b`a `srfbmx
b` cxk|rdjxmom XSM aamembd \ICS # =&
@f `a r`xc`x cm|rpad b` `sr` rxmhmgd b` R`sks! s` b`scxkh` am ke|a`e`frmckf
b` ads majdxkreds XSM `f Gmvm `f pf sksr`em aamembd Sksr`em b` @fcxk|rmckf
XSM& Cp`frm cdf pfm kfr`xoms` }p` |`xekr` am kfr`xmcckf b`a pspmxkd cdf am
j`f`xmckf b` camv`s |hakcm { |xkvmbm! ms cded am `fcxk|rmckf { b`cxk|rmckf b`
mxcnkvds& Ams cdfskb`xmckdf`s b` s`jpxkbmb x`cde`fbmbms |dx am bkv`xsm
hkhakdjxmom cdfsparmbm! rmehkf nm skbd ke|a`e`frmbm&
Cded arkem |mxr` s` kfcap{` am s`cckf b` Mf`~ds `f am }p` s`
`fcdfrxmxf `a Emfpma b` @srfbmx`s prkakwmbds! `a Emfpma b` pspmxkd ms cded `a
aksrmbd cde|a`rd b`a |xdjxmem&
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CM\KRPAD K
CXK\RDJXMOKM
@a dxkj`f b` am cxk|rdjxmom s` x`edfrm skf bpbm m ads dxj`f`s b`a ndehx`!
b`sb` }p` m|x`fbk m cdepfkcmxs`& @frdfc`s! rpvd }p` `fcdfrxmx e`bkds b`
ms`jpxmx am cdfokb`fckmakbmb b` pfm |mxr` b` sps cdepfkcmckdf`s& Kfcapsd `f `a
mfrkjpd @jk|rd! am `scxkrpxm gpj m v`c`s `s` |m|`a& @a |xkfck|kd hskcd b` am
cxk|rdjxmom `s emfr`f`x pfm cdepfkcmckf `frx` bds |`xsdfms b` odxem }p` s`m
kfcde|x`fskha` |mxm `a x`srd&
Op` cdfskb`xmbm pf mxr`! nmsrm }p` Snmffdf |phakc `f =;2; am (R`dxm b`
ams cdepfkcmckdf`s s`cx`rms(! am cpma op` m|akcmbm |dx `a FHS .Fmrkdfma Hpx`mp do
Srmfbmxs+ b` @@PP |mxm b`smxxdaamx `a sksr`em cxk|rdjxokcd B@S .Bmrm @fcx{|rkdf
Srmfbmxb+& @frdfc`s am cxk|rdjxmom `e|`w m s`x cdfskb`xmbm pfm ck`fckm
m|akcmbm! b`hkbd m sp x`amckf cdf drxms ck`fckms! cded am `srmbsrkcm! am r`dxm b`
fe`xds! am r`dxm b` am kfodxemckf { am r`dxm b` am cde|a`gkbmb cde|prmckdfma&
Mndxm hk`f! am cxk|rdjxmom cdxx`s|dfb` sad m pfm |mxr` b` am cdepfkcmckf
s`cx`rm& Sk s` x`}pk`x` s`cx`rd |mxm am cdepfkcmckf! `s |dx}p` `~ksr`
b`scdfokmfwm d |`akjxd b` }p` `a e`fsmg` rxmfsekrkbd s`m kfr`xc`|rmbd |dx pf
`f`ekjd& @sr` `f`ekjd! sk `~ksr`! prkakwmx rdbds ads e`bkds m sp macmfc` |mxm
>
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b`sckoxmx `sds e`fsmg`s s`cx`rds e`bkmfr` pf cdfgpfrd b` rcfkcms { erdbds
}p` cdfsrkrp{`f pfm ck`fckm cdfdckbm cded cxk|rdmfaksks& Ma cdfgpfrd b` mehms
ck`fckms! cxk|rdjxmom { cxk|rdmfaksks s` a` b`fdekfm cxk|rdadjm&
Nksrdxkm
B`a Mfrkjpd @jk|rd m am `xm bkjkrma! ads e`fsmg`s ckoxmbds nmf gpjmbd pf
|m|`a b`srmcmbd `f am Nksrdxkm& Mxem b` ekakrmx`s! bk|aderkcds { `s|ms! sdf am
e`gdx b`o`fsm b` ams cdepfkcmckdf`s { bmrds }p` vkmgmf |dx Kfr`xf`r&
@scamvds cdf r`~rds jxmhmbds `f sp cp`xd cmh`aapbd! maomh`rds b` `~rxmds
sehdads! `scxkrds b` rkfrm ske|rkcm! s`cp`fckms kfr`xekfmha`s b` fe`xds&&&
B`sb` am Mfrkj`bmb! `a ndehx` nm n`cnd jmam b` sp kfj`fkd |mxm jmxmfrkwmx am
cdfokb`fckmakbmb b` sps cdepfkcmckdf`s& Am cxk|rdjxmom .b`a jxk`jd ix{|rds!
(`scdfbkbd(! { jxm|n`kf! (`scxkhkx(+! `a mxr` b` `femscmxmx ads e`fsmg`s cdf skjfds
cdfv`fckdfma`s! }p` sad cdhxmf s`frkbd m am apw b` pfm camv` s`cx`rm! fmck cdf
am `scxkrpxm& Sp xmsrxd s` `fcp`frxm {m `f ams rmhams cpf`kodxe`s! { ads |m|kxds
b`ep`srxmf }p` ads |xke`xds `jk|ckds! n`hx`ds! hmhkadfkds { mskxkds cdfdck`xdf {
m|akcmxdf sps kf`scxprmha`s rcfkcms! }p` macmfwmf nd{ sp e~kem `~|x`skf
jxmckms ma b`smxxdaad b` ads sksr`ems kfodxerkcds { b` ams x`b`s epfbkma`s b`
cdepfkcmckf&
@frx` `a Mfrkjpd @jk|rd ` Kfr`xf`r! ads cxk|rdjxmems nmf |xdrmjdfkwmbd
hp`fm |mxr` b` ads jxmfb`s `|ksdbkds nksrxkcds { pf skfof b` mfcbdrms& @~ksr`f
e`fsmg`s ckoxmbds `frx` ads ?2 mxrcpads b`a Imemsprxm! `a emfpma `xrkcd nkfb
b`a _mrs{m{mfm! mhpfbmf `f ads r`~rds bk|aderkcds! |p`hamf ams xb`f`s ekakrmx`s
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`f rk`e|ds b` jp`xxm {! |dx sp|p`srd! sdf am `s`fckm b` am mcrkvkbmb b` ads `s|ms&
Ads erdbds caskcds
Ads `s|mxrmfds prkakwmxdf! `f `a 2
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@f =2??! A`f Hmrrksrm Mah`xrk! eskcd! |kfrdx! `scxkrdx { mx}pkr`crd! cdfckhk
`a sksr`em |dakmaomhrkcd }p` `e|a`m vmxkds mh`c`bmxkds! smarmfbd b` pfd m drxd
cmbm rx`s d cpmrxd |mamhxms& @a `eksdx { `a b`srkfmrmxkd nmf b` |df`xs` b` mcp`xbd
|mxm okgmx am |dskckf x`amrkvm b` bds cxcpads cdfcfrxkcds! }p` b`r`xekfmx am
cdxx`s|dfb`fckm b` ads skjfds&
Pf skjad b`s|ps! Jkdvmf Hmrrksrm H`amsd b` Hx`sckm kfsrkrp{ pfm fp`vm
rcfkcm& Am camv`! odxembm |dx pfm |mamhxm d pfm oxms`! b`h` rxmfscxkhkxs` a`rxm m
a`rxm sdhx` `a r`~rd dxkjkfma& Cmbm a`rxm b`a r`~rd s` cmehkm |dx am cdxx`s|dfbk`fr`
`f `a maomh`rd }p` cdek`fwm `f am a`rxm camv`&
\`xd ads erdbds caskcds bksrmf epcnd b` s`x kfomakha`s& @f majpfds cmsds!
hmsrm nmc`x pf ske|a` cacpad |mxm b`s`frxmmx ads e`fsmg`s dcpards& Sk s`
cdfoxdfrm am ox`cp`fckm nmhkrpma b` ams a`rxms `f `a a`fjpmg` cdef cdf am b` ads
skjfds b`a cxk|rdjxmem! |p`b` x`sparmx x`amrkvme`fr` s`fckaad b`sckoxmxad& Omcrdx`s
cded am adfjkrpb b`a r`~rd! `a psd b` es b` pfm camv` d am `~r`fskf b` `srm
gp`jmf pf |m|`a ep{ ke|dxrmfr`! ms cded am kfrpkckf! pf mxem `s`fckma |mxm rdbd
cxk|rdmfmaksrm&
@f `a skjad ^K^! I`xcndoos `srmha`ck ads |xkfck|kds b` am cxk|rdjxmom
edb`xfm& Pfd b` ads |xkfck|kds `srmha`c` }p` am s`jpxkbmb b` pf sksr`em b`
ckoxmbd fd x`skb` es }p` `f am camv` { fd `f `a |xdc`bkek`frd b` ckoxmbd&
@f ad spc`skvd! cdfc`hkx sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds b`hm x`s|dfb`x m `sds
cxkr`xkds& Skf `ehmxjd! rdbmvm a`s omarmhm m `sds sksr`ems pfds ckek`frds
emr`erkcds spokck`fr`s }p` |xdv`{`xmf prkakbmb`s |mxm e`bkx { cpmfrkokcmx sp
x`sksr`fckm m `v`frpma`s mrm}p`s {! |dx }p fd! `fcdfrxmx `a Smfrd Jxkma b` am
cxk|rdjxmom7 `a sksr`em kfcdfbkckdfmae`fr` s`jpxd&
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@f =;2> { =;2; bds mxrcpads b` Campb` Snmffdf! R`dxm Emr`erkcm b` am
Cdepfkcmckf { sdhx` rdbd Am R`dxm b` am Cdepfkcmckf b` ads Sksr`ems
S`cx`rds bk`xdf ads ckek`frds ck`frokcds m am cxk|rdjxmom hdxxmfbd rmfrd vmfms
|xde`sms cded omasds |x`gpkckds& Snmffdf |xdh }p` `a ckoxmbd b` _`xfme
kfrxdbpckbd majpfms b`c`fms b` mds mfr`s rdbmvm aamembd df`%rke` |mb`xm `a
fkcd sksr`em kfcdfbkckdfmae`fr` s`jpxd& Skf `ehmxjd `a sksr`em `xm
ke|xmcrkcmha`& @s |dx ad }p` nd{ `f bm am `vmapmckf b` am s`jpxkbmb b` pf
sksr`em s` kfr`x`sm |xkfck|mae`fr` `f am s`jpxkbmb cde|prmckdfma& S` bkc` }p` pf
sksr`em b` ckoxmbd b` camv` s`cx`rm `s s`jpxd sk fkfjf mrm}p` cdfdckbd b` e`fdx
cde|a`gkbmb }p` am hs}p`bm `~nmpsrkvm sdhx` `a `s|mckd b` camv`s dox`c`
e`gdx`s x`sparmbds }p` srm&
@fkjem! am vkcrdxkm makmbm
@a skjad ^^ nm x`vdapckdfmbd am cxk|rdjxmom& X`rdemfbd `a cdfc`|rd b` ams
xp`bms cdfcfrxkcms b` Mah`xrk! m |xkfck|kds b` am c`frpxkm s` bks`mxdf r`a`rk|ds
`}pk|mbds cdf pfm s`cp`fckm b` xdrdx`s evka`s& srds jkxmhmf cdf cmbm r`cam
}p` s` |pasmhm& B` `srm odxem! `f apjmx b` am a`rxm `a`jkbm! m|mx`cm pf skjfd
`scdjkbd |dx am e}pkfm s`jf bko`x`fr`s x`jams `f pf cbkjd |dakmaomhrkcd
cde|a`gd& @srds m|mxmrds! s` aamemxdf rxmbpcrdx`s e`cfkcds& Pfm b` sps
|x`b`c`sdxms op` am Xp`bm b` G`oo`xsdf! `a m|mxmrd e`cfkcd cxk|rdjxokcd es
mfrkjpd }p` s` cdfs`xvm&
Am |xke`xm |mr`fr` bmrm b` =;=;! { `s dhxm b`a ndamfbs Ma`~mfb`x Idcn!
}p` cde|mxr` ndfdx`s cdf `a ma`ef Mxrnpx Scn`xhkps! `a kfv`frdx b` @fkjem pfm
e}pkfm cxk|rdjxokcm }p` ads fmwks cx`{`xdf kfvkdamha`! skf smh`x }p` m |mxrkx b`
=;28! |xd|kckmxm sp b`xxdrm& @f `o`crd! `f `a b`s`famc` b` am cdfrk`fbm! nphd pf
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omcrdx b`ckskvd { m|`fms cdfdckbd7 ads makmbds `xmf cm|mc`s b` b`sckoxmx rdbds ads
e`fsmg`s s`cx`rds ma`emf`s&
Pfm dxjmfkwmckf s`cx`rm! `f am }p` |mxrkck| Mamf Rpxkfj! pfd b` ads
|mbx`s b` am kfodxerkcm { b` am kfr`akj`fckm mxrkokckma! nmhm adjxmbd b`s`femscmxmx
ams camv`s b` @fkjem! b`smxxdaamfbd es b` pfm bdc`fm b` mxrkapjkds %ams
hdehms% }p` b`sv`amhmf ads e`fsmg`s ckoxmbds& Am e}pkfm ma`emfm s` cdfv`xrm
ms `f `a rmaf b` M}pka`s b`a xjke`f! pf rd|d `f `a }p` cdfokmhmf { }p` `f
b`okfkrkvm! rxmhmgmhm |mxm `a `f`ekjd&
Ads cbkjds b` am v`xskf gm|df`sm b` @fkjem .aamembds \px|a`! vkda`rm+ s`
b`sckoxmxdf `f `a mrdaf b` Ekbzm{& Pf jxp|d b` mfmaksrms! bkxkjkbds |dx `a
cdemfbmfr` Gds`|n G& Xdcn`odxr! b`scphxk }p` ads fk|df`s s`mamhmf cdf ams
skjams MO sp dhg`rkvd& \mxm cde|xdhmxad! Xdcn`odxr a`s nkwd aa`jmx `sr` e`fsmg`7
(@f Ekbzm{ s` nmf }p`bmbd skf kfsrmamckdf`s b` b`smakfkwmckf(& Kfe`bkmrme`fr`!
ads gm|df`s`s am x`rxmfsekrk`xdf `f cbkjd7 (Fd nm{ mjpm |drmha` `f MO(& B` `srm
odxem! `a maekxmfr` Fkekrw cdfskjpk pfm camedxdsm vkcrdxkm! npfbk`fbd `f Ekbzm{
cpmrxd |dxrmvkdf`s gm|df`s`s&
Ek`frxms ads fmwks bks`mxdf @fkjem |mxm mcrpmx `f `a cme|d b` hmrmaam! ads
`srmbdpfkb`fs`s prkakwmxdf pf edb`ad aamembd Skjmhm { m|dbmbd |dx ads ma`emf`s
cded (am jxmf e}pkfm(& @sr` edb`ad! opfckdf `f `srmckdf`s okgms { op` `a fkcd
mxr`omcrd cxk|rdjxokcd }p` cdfs`xv kfrmcrds rdbds sps s`cx`rds bpxmfr` am jp`xxm&
Am `~ksr`fckm b` @fkjem { `a n`cnd b` }p` ads makmbds cdfdck`s`f sps
s`cx`rds op`xdf! bpxmfr` epcnd rk`e|d! bds b` ads s`cx`rds e`gdx jpmxbmbds b` am
KK Jp`xxm Epfbkma& Am xmwf4 ]p`xmf s`jpkx smcfbda` |mxrkbd rxms am jp`xxm
|dr`fckmfbd sp psd `f bkv`xsds |ms`s! }p`! ma kfsrmamxam! nmcmf rxmfs|mx`fr`s
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sps s`cx`rds&
Okfmakwmbm am cdfrk`fbm! ams fp`vms r`cfdadjms `a`crxfkcms { bkjkrma`s s`
mbm|rmxdf m ams e}pkfms cxk|rdjxokcms& S` bk`xdf ms ads |xke`xds |msds nmckm
ads sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds es edb`xfds! epcnd es okmha`s }p` am spsrkrpckf {
rxmfs|dskckf caskcms& Nd{ |dx nd{! s` prkakwmf erdbds }p` cdehkfmf ads bjkrds
b`a e`fsmg` cdf drxds! d hk`f majdxkreds b` jxmf cde|a`gkbmb& Pf dxb`fmbdx
rmxbmxm 8 hkrs&
Cxk|rdjxmems `f am x`b
Ma`xrmbd |dx ams |dskhkakbmb`s }p` ams kffdvmckdf`s r`cfdajkcms mhxmf! `a
Jdhk`xfd `srmbdpfkb`fs` kfr`fr! `f ads mds ckfcp`frm! kfrxdbpckx `a B@S .Bmrm
@fcx{|rkdf Srmfbmxb+! pf sksr`em b`smxxdaambd |dx am Fmrkdfma S`cpxkr{ Mj`fc{
.FSM+& @a dhg`rkvd `xm }p` rdbds ads e`fsmg`s ckoxmbds prkakwmxmf `a B@S9 pf kfr`frd
b` cdfrxda }p` |dcds mc`|rmxdf&
Fd nm skbd `a fkcd& \nkak| Wkee`xemff! pf cxk|rjxmod mokckdfmbd! a`vmfr
nmc` pfds mds ams kxms b`a Jdhk`xfd `srmbdpfkb`fs`& Sp b`akrd op` kb`mx pf
sksr`em b` cdbkokcmckf m|mx`fr`e`fr` kfvkdamha`! `a \J\ .\x`rr{ Jddb \xkvmc{+! {
bksrxkhpkxad |dx ams x`b`s b` cdepfkcmckf |mxm }p` cpma}pk`xm |pbk`xm prkakwmxad&
Majd }p` fd |dbm mjxmbmx m }pk`f`s v`f `f am cxk|rdjxmom pf mxem b` bdha` okad!
rka |mxm ads jdhk`xfds { opf`srm `f emfds b` r`xxdxksrms { b`akfcp`fr`s&
Cdf am `~|mfskf b` am x`b s` nm mc`a`xmbd `a b`smxxdaad b` ams rcfkcms b`
dcparmckf! {m }p`! ma eksed xkred }p` cx`c` am akh`xrmb b` cdepfkcmxs`! s`
epark|akcmf ads xk`sjds |mxm am |xkvmckbmb& Am Mj`fckm b` \xdr`cckf b` Bmrds!
e~ked xjmfd `s|mda |mxm v`amx |dx am kfrkekbmb |`xsdfma ox`fr` ma mhpsd b` ams
fp`vms r`cfdadjms! nm mbv`xrkbd b` }p`! m fd s`x }p` s` prkakc` pf e`cmfksed b`
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ckoxmbd! b`h` mspekxs` }p` `a cdxx`d `a`crxfkcd fd `s s`jpxd& Erdbds cded `a
mskerxkcd b` camv` |hakcm b`ok`fb`f am cdfokb`fckmakbmb b`a cdxx`d `a`crxfkcd!
ockae`fr` vkdamha` skf `aads! d am f`c`smxkm s`jpxkbmb b` ams cde|xms |dx Kfr`xf`r&
Skf `ehmxjd! am bpbm |`xsksr`& Sdf cm|mc`s ams cde|a`gms camv`s mcrpma`s b`
jmxmfrkwmx `a s`cx`rd4 Epcnms b` ams rcfkcms }p` s` nmf cdfskb`xmbd kfomakha`s m
ad amxjd b` am Nksrdxkm nmf edsrxmbd sps |pfrds bhka`s mfr` am nmhkakbmb b` ads
cxk|rdmfmaksrms! b`sb` ads eksr`xkds b` @fkjem! }p` cm{`xdf `f |db`x b`a
`f`ekjd! nmsrm `a B@S! b`s`cnmbd |dx `a |xd|kd Jdhk`xfd `srmbdpfkb`fs` |dx
|dcd okmha`&
\`xd m |`smx b` ads epcnds xpedx`s }p` nmhamf b` am |dcm s`jpxkbmb }p`
jmxmfrkwmf ams rxmfsekskdf`s vm Kfr`xf`r! `s ep{ ke|xdhmha` }p` pf `srmombdx
|p`bm kfr`xc`|rmx ads bmrds x`s`xvmbds b` pfm rxmfsmcckf! |dx `g`e|ad! `a fe`xd
b` pfm rmxg`rm b` cxbkrd! |dx}p` ads odxepamxkds }p` nm{ }p` x`aa`fmx nmf skbd
bks`mbds cdf |xdjxmems }p` ckoxmf ads bmrds& Ads nm{ rmf ske|a`s cded `a Xd=3!
}p` spsrkrp{` cmbm a`rxm |dx am skrpmbm =3 |p`srds es mb`amfr`! d
`~rx`embme`fr` cde|akcmbds&
@f |mamhxms b` pf m|mskdfmbd b` am cxk|rdjxmom! @bjmx Maamf \d`! (`s bpbdsd }p`
`a jf`xd npemfd adjx` cx`mx pf `fkjem }p` `a eksed kfj`fkd npemfd fd
x`sp`avm(&
Cdfc`|rds hskcds
@f ads |xdc`sds b` maemc`fmek`frd { rxmfsekskf b` am kfodxemckf
fdxemae`fr` m|mx`c` `a |xdha`em b` am s`jpxkbmb& @f `a maemc`fmek`frd! `a
|`akjxd ad x`|x`s`frm `a xdhd b`a sd|dxr` b`a e`fsmg` d ske|a`e`fr` `a mcc`sd fd
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mprdxkwmbd m `sm kfodxemckf! ek`frxms }p` `f ams rxmfsekskdf`s ad `s am
kfr`xv`fckf b`a cmfma&
Am |xdr`cckf b` am kfodxemckf s` aa`vm m cmhd vmxkmfbd sp odxem& S` aamem
ckoxmbd .d rxmfsodxemckf cxk|rdjxokcm+ m pfm rxmfsodxemckf b`a r`~rd dxkjkfma
.aamembd rmehkf r`~rd kfkckma d r`~rd camxd+ }p` ad cdfvk`xr` `f `a aamembd r`~rd
ckoxmbd d cxk|rdjxmem& Mfadjme`fr`! s` aamem b`sckoxmbd m am rxmfsodxemckf }p`
|`xekr` x`cp|`xmx `a r`~rd dxkjkfma m |mxrkx b`a r`~rd ckoxmbd&
Am r`dxm b` am kfodxemckf `srpbkm `a |xdc`sd b` am rxmfsekskf xpkbdsm b` pf
e`fsmg`7
cmfma xpkbdsd
e`fsmg` rxmfsekrkbd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6 e`fsmg` x`ckhkbd
\dx drxd ambd! am cxk|rdjxmom `srpbkm `a |xdc`sd b` ckoxmbd b` pf r`~rd&
rxmfsodxemckf cxk|rdjxokcm
r`~rd dxkjkfma %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6 r`~rd ckoxmbd
@f `a |xke`x cmsd! am bksrdxskf b`a e`fsmg` rxmfsekrkbd fd `s kfr`fckdfmbm!
skfd }p` s` b`h` ma cmfma& Mb`es! `a x`c`|rdx rxmrm b` x`cp|`xmx `a e`fsmg`
rxmfsekrkbd! psmfbd |mxm `aad `a e`fsmg` x`ckhkbd { pfm b`scxk|ckf |xdhmhkasrkcm
b`a cmfma xpkbdsd& @f `a drxd cmsd! am bksrdxskf sk `s kfr`fckdfmbm { `a kfr`xc`|rdx
kfr`frm dhr`f`x `a r`~rd dxkjkfma! psmfbd |mxm `aad `a cxk|rdjxmem { pfm b`scxk|ckf
|mxckma b`a |xdc`sd b` ckoxmbd&
@f cpmfrd m dhg`rkvds! `f am r`dxm b` am kfodxemckf s` kfr`frm rxmfsekrkx `a
e`fsmg` ad es camxd |dskha`! ek`frxms }p` `f cxk|rdjxmom s` rxmrm b` ad cdfrxmxkd9
`s b`ckx! nmc`x `a e`fsmg` kfcde|x`skha` |mxm `a `f`ekjd& Skf `ehmxjd! mpf}p`
d|p`srds! `srds |xd|skrds s` |p`b`f cdehkfmx |mxm |xdr`j`x ads e`fsmg`s cdfrxm
=?
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`a `f`ekjd { `a xpkbd m am v`w& \mxm `aad! |xke`xd nm{ }p` ckoxmx `a e`fsmg` { ap`jd
nm{ }p` m|akcmx ma cxk|rdjxmem x`sparmfr` pf cbkjd cdxx`crdx b` `xxdx`s&
Snmffdf! |mbx` b` am r`dxm b` am kfodxemckf! {m e`fckdf `f =;2; am
x`amckf `~ksr`fr` `frx` srm { am cxk|rdjxmom& B`sb` `frdfc`s s` psmf sp r`dxm {
fde`fcamrpxm |mxm `a `srpbkd r`xkcd b` am cxk|rdjxmom&
Cded {m s` nm bkcnd! am cxk|rdadjm x`|x`s`frm pfm apcnm `frx` `a
cxk|rjxmod! }p` rxmrm b` emfr`f`x `f s`cx`rd pf e`fsmg` psmfbd |mxm `aad pfm
omekakm b` rxmfsodxemckdf`s! { `a `f`ekjd! }p` kfr`frm x`cp|`xmx `a r`~rd kfkckma&
Cded `f rdbm apcnm! `s f`c`smxkd `srmha`c`x pfms x`jams&
X`jams b` I`xcindoos
I`xcindoos .s& ^K^+! `f sp rxmhmgd rkrpambd (Am cxk|rdjxmom ekakrmx(! x`cde`fb
}p` ads sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds cpe|ak`s`f ams skjpk`fr`s x`jams! }p`
`o`crkvme`fr` nmf skbd mbd|rmbms |dx jxmf |mxr` b` am cdepfkbmb cxk|rdjxokcm7
Fd b`h` `~ksrkx fkfjpfm odxem b` x`cp|`xmx e`bkmfr` `a cxk|rdjxmem `a r`~rd
kfkckma d am camv`& @srm x`jam s` cdfskb`xm cpe|akbm sk`e|x` }p` am cde|a`gkbmb b`a
|xdc`sd b` x`cp|`xmckf b`a r`~rd dxkjkfma s`m spokck`fr` |mxm emfr`f`x am
s`jpxkbmb b`a sksr`em&
Rdbd sksr`em cxk|rdjxokcd b`h` `srmx cde|p`srd |dx bds rk|ds bksrkfrds b`
kfodxemckf&
d \hakcm! cded `s am omekakm b` majdxkreds }p` ad b`okf`f&
d \xkvmbm! cded `s am camv` }p` s` psm `f cmbm ckoxmbd |mxrkcpamx& @f
ads sksr`ems b` camv` |hakcm! |mxr` b` am camv` `s rmehkf
kfodxemckf |hakcm&
Am odxem b` `scdj`x am camv` b`h` s`x ocka b` x`cdxbmx { edbkokcmx&
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B`h` s`x omcrkha` am cdepfkcmckf b`a cxk|rdjxmem |dx ads e`bkds b`
rxmfsekskf nmhkrpma`s&
Am cde|a`gkbmb b`a |xdc`sd b` x`cp|`xmckf b`a r`~rd dxkjkfma b`h`
cdxx`s|dfb`xs` cdf `a h`f`okckd dhr`fkbd&
Rk|ds b` mrm}p`
\mxm `a `srpbkd b` ads sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds `s cdfv`fk`fr` cdfdc`x am am
skrpmckf b`a `f`ekjd& S` rk`f`f ads skjpk`fr`s mrm}p`s |dskha`s7
Mrm}p` sad cdf r`~rd ckoxmbd
& @srm `s am |`dx skrpmckf |dskha` |mxm `a
cxk|rdmfmaksrm! {m }p` s` |x`s`frm cpmfbd sad cdfdc` `a cxk|rdjxmem&
Mrm}p` cdf r`~rd dxkjkfma cdfdckbd& Cdfsksr` `f }p` `a cxk|rdmfmaksrm
rk`f` mcc`sd m pfm cdxx`s|dfb`fckm b`a r`~rd kfkckma { ckoxmbd& S` b` `sr`
cmsd! |dx `g`e|ad! cpmfbd cdfdc` `a r`em b`a }p` rxmrm `a e`fsmg`!
|p`s `sd |xd|dxckdfm pfm cdxx`s|dfb`fckm `frx` ams |mamhxms es
|xdhmha`s { ams |mamhxms ckoxmbms ems x`|`rkbms&
Mrm}p` cdf r`~rd dxkjkfma `scdjkbd& @sr` cmsd s` bm cpmfbd `a `f`ekjd
|p`b` dhr`f`x! mb`es b`a cxk|rdjxmem }p` rxmrm b` b`sckoxmx! `a ckoxmbd
b` cpma}pk`x r`~rd }p` a `akgm! `fr`fbkfbds` }p` fd `s }p` a s`|m
ckoxmxad! skfd }p` ad dhrk`f` {m ckoxmbd&
Mrm}p` cdf r`~rd ckoxmbd `scdjkbd& S` |x`s`frm cpmfbd `a `f`ekjd
|p`b` dhr`f`x `a r`~rd dxkjkfma cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` m b`r`xekfmbds r`~rds
ckoxmbds b` sp `a`cckf&
X`rdemfbd am |xke`xm x`jam b` I`xcindoos! s` |p`b`f bksrkfjpkx bds rk|ds
b` s`cx`rd7 `a s`cx`rd r`xkcd d kfcdfbkckdfma { `a s`cx`rd |xcrkcd d cde|prmckdfma&
=>
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@a |xke`xd s` hmsm `f }p` am kfodxemckf bks|dfkha` |mxm `a `f`ekjd fd `s
spokck`fr` |mxm xde|`x `a sksr`em& \dx `g`e|ad! s` bm `sr` cmsd cpmfbd `a
`f`ekjd sad cdfdc` pfm cmfrkbmb b` cxk|rdjxmem kfspokck`fr` |mxm `a
cxk|rdmfaksks& \dx `a cdfrxmxkd! `a s`cx`rd |xcrkcd s` ekb` b` mcp`xbd cdf am
cde|a`gkbmb cde|prmckdfma b`a cxk|rdmfaksks& S`jf ams f`c`skbmb`s mcrpma`s! {
b`hkbd |xkfck|mae`fr` m am jxmf cmfrkbmb b` kfodxemckf }p` s` rxmfsekr`
nmhkrpmae`fr`! ads bks`mbdx`s b` sksr`ems cxk|rdjxokcds b`h`f sp|df`x }p` `a
`f`ekjd |p`b` nmc`x ma e`fds pf mrm}p` b`a s`jpfbd rk|d! ap`jd b`h`f kfr`frmx
cdfs`jpkx ma e`fds s`cx`rd |xcrkcd&
Cded {m s` nm e`fckdfmbd! `~ksr`f epcnds |pfrds `f cdef `frx` am
r`dxm b` am kfodxemckf { am cxk|rdjxmom& @f cdfcx`rd! `frx` cdbkokcmckf {
cxk|rdjxmom s` rk`f` }p` am cdbkokcmckf x`|x`s`frm pfm odxem mar`xfmrkvm b`
`scdfb`x pf e`fsmg`& Am bko`x`fckm `s`fckma `frx` pf ckoxmbd { pf cbkjd `srxkhm
`f }p` `sr` arked `s pf bkcckdfmxkd okgd9 `s b`ckx! m cmbm |mamhxm a` cdxx`s|dfb`
sk`e|x` am eksem |mamhxm cbkjd&
Ams |xkfck|ma`s b`sv`frmgms b`a cbkjd cpmfbd s` prkakwm cded ckoxmbd sdf7
Sad s` |p`b`f rxmfsekrkx m}p`aams |mamhxms }p` r`fjmf rxmbpcckf
mskjfmbm `f `a bkcckdfmxkd b`a cbkjd&
@a x`c`|rdx b`h` r`f`x `a bkcckdfmxkd |mxm |db`x b`cdbkokcmx9 `s b`ckx! `a
cbkjd cde|a`rd cdfsrkrp{` am camv`&
Sp ke|a`e`frmckf! sdhx` rdbd m am ndxm b` cmehkmx `a cbkjd! `s ep{
cdsrdsm&
@a cxk|rdmfaksks s` |p`b` hmsmx `f pf mfaksks b` ox`cp`fckms&
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Am v`frmgm b` `sr` sksr`em `s am cde|x`skf b` am kfodxemckf sk`e|x` }p`
ams |mamhxms b` cbkjds psmbms s`mf es cdxrms }p` ams |mamhxms dxkjkfma`s&
Op`fr` b`a r`~rd
@f |xke`x apjmx nm{ }p` bksrkfjpkx! s`jf am op`fr` }p` |xd|dxckdfm `a r`~rd!
`a ckoxmbd bkjkrma b`a mfmajkcd& Sk bkcnm op`fr` `s bkjkrma! ads e`fsmg`s `srf
cdfsrkrpkbds |dx jxp|ds b` `a`e`frds |`xr`f`ck`fr`s m pfm cda`cckf okfkrm
b`fdekfmbm maomh`rd& \dx drxd ambd! s` bkc` }p` am op`fr` `s mfmajkcm sk j`f`xm
pf cdfrkfpd b` vmadx`s& @a ckoxmbd b` op`fr`s mfmajkcms fd x`sparm `f mhsdaprd
s`jpxd! |dx ad }p` `s f`c`smxkd |x`vkme`fr` bkjkrmakwmx ads e`fsmg`s mfmajkcds&
@f ads ckoxmbds bkjkrma`s! rmfrd `a r`~rd dxkjkfma cded `a r`~rd ckoxmbd `srf
odxembds |dx a`rxms b` pf maomh`rd& S` cdfskb`xm! mb`es b`a maomh`rd
M5ym=!m8!&&&!meu! ads maomh`rds odxembds m |mxrkx b` am cdfcmr`fmckf b` sps a`rxms
MVf5y.m=!&&&.f!m=+!&&&!.me!&&&!.f!me+u& Sps eVf `a`e`frds sdf ams aamembms f%
|mamhxms& \dx edrkvds |xcrkcds s` spsrkrp{`f ams a`rxms |dx fe`xds! psfbds`
`frdfc`s cded maomh`rd `a cdfgpfrd b` `fr`xds We5y
|mamhxms cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` m `sr` maomh`rd s` a` b`fdrm We!f& \xkfck|mae`fr` s`
psmf bds maomh`rds fpexkcds! `a maomh`rd b`ckem W=hkfmxkd y
@a bks`mbdx b` pf cxk|rdsksr`em! mb`es b` `scdj`x pf edb`ad |mxm am
op`fr` b`a r`~rd! rk`f` }p` `a`jkx ads sehdads emr`erkcds f`c`smxkds |mxm
x`|x`s`frmx ams pfkbmb`s b`a r`~rd&
S`cx`rd |`xo`crd
Pf cxk|rdsksr`em rk`f` s`cx`rd |`xo`crd cpmfbd `s kfcdfbkckdfmae`fr`
s`jpxd ox`fr` m pf mrm}p` sad cdf r`~rd ckoxmbd sk am camv` s` psm sad pfm v`w&
8
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@}pkvdcmckf
@s es ocka b`bpckx mc`xrmbme`fr` `a r`~rd dxkjkfma cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` m pf
cxk|rdjxmem }p` mc`xrmx cdf am camv` prkakwmbm&
X`bpfbmfckm { bksrmfckm pfkckbmb
S` sp|df` `}pk|xdhmhkakbmb |mxm ams camv`s { |mxm ams |mamhxms cdf
skjfkokcmbd! { |xdhmhkakbmb fpam |mxm ams |mamhxms skf skjfkokcmbd& Sk pf `f`ekjd
nmc` pf mrm}p` sad cdf r`~rd ckoxmbd! pfm cdfbkckf f`c`smxkm { j`f`xmae`fr`
spokck`fr` |mxm xde|`x `a ckoxmbd cdf pf mfaksks b` ox`cp`fckms `s }p` am op`fr`
b`a r`~rd s`m x`bpfbmfr`&
Am bksrmfckm b` pfkckbmb x`|x`s`frm `f epcnds cmsds am cmfrkbmb b` r`~rd
}p` nm{ }p` kfr`xc`|rmx |mxm }p` fd nm{m kfc`xrkbpehx` sdhx` am camv` psmbm& Sk
am op`fr` `s x`bpfbmfr`! `frdfc`s am bksrmfckm b` pfkckbmb `s okfkrm& Am bksrmfckm b`
pfkckbmb fd `s am cmfrkbmb efkem b` cxk|rdjxmem f`c`smxkm |mxm ms`jpxmx pf
cxk|rdmfaksks ocka! skfd am }p` |xd|dxckdfm spokck`fr` cdfokmfwm `f pfm sdapckf b`a
cxk|rdmfaksks&
Cxk|rdjxmom b` Camv` \hakcm
@f ads ckoxmbds mskerxkcds d b` camv` |hakcm am camv` b` b`sckoxmbd fd s`
|p`b` cmacpamx m |mxrkx b` am b` ckoxmbd&
@f =;:0! bds kfj`fk`xds `a`crxfkcds b` am Pfkv`xskbmb b` Srmfodxb!
Znkrok`ab Bkook` { Emxrkf N`aaemf! |phakcmf pf mxrcpad aamembd F`z Bkx`crkdfs kf
Cx{|rdjxm|n{ .Fp`vms bkx`cckdf`s `f Cxk|rdjxmom+ }p` rpvd `a `o`crd b` pfm
hdehm `f am cdepfkbmb b` cxk|rjxmods! kfrxdbpck`fbd `a cdfc`|rd b` cxk|rdjxmom
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b` camv` |hakcm& Ads majdxkreds b` ckoxmbd cdf camv` s`cx`rm .d camv` |xkvmbm+! ads
fkcds cdfdckbds nmsrm `frdfc`s! {m fd smrksomcmf ams fp`vms f`c`skbmb`s }p`
m|mx`cmf |mxma`ame`fr` m am `~|adskf b` fp`vds e`bkds b` cdepfkcmckf ep{
ke|`xsdfma`s cded |dx `g`e|ad! `a b`smxxdaad b` ams x`b`s b` cdepfkcmckdf`s&
Am sdapckf cde|a`rme`fr` x`vdapckdfmxkm }p` |xd|psk`xdf op` kfrxdbpckx am
fdckf b` opfckf b` pfm sdam vm cdf rxme|m! d rxm|bddx df`%zm{ opfcrkdf
.rmehkf cdfdckbm cded opfckf `f pf s`frkbd kxx`v`xskha`+& @s pfm opfckf }p` s`
cmacpam ockae`fr` `f pf s`frkbd! |`xd }p` `s cde|prmckdfmae`fr` ke|dskha` b`
kfv`xrkx sk fd s` cdfdc` pf s`cx`rd aamembd rxme|m! mpf}p` am opfckf s`m
cdfdckbm |dx rdbds& @frdfc`s am camv` |hakcm `s am opfckf! ek`frxms }p` am
rxme|m! cdfdckbm |dx pf fe`xd x`srxkfjkbd b` pspmxkds s` b`fdekfm camv`
|xkvmbm& Ms fmck `a epfbd b` Makc`! Hdh { cde|mm& Makc` { Hdh sdf bds
|`xsdfms }p` hpscmf cdepfkcmxs` b` odxem fr`jxm ek`frxms majpfms |`xsdfms
|p`b`f kfr`x|df`xs`! `scpcnmfbd d kfcapsd mar`xmfbd `a cmfma b` cdepfkcmckf&
Cpma}pk`x pspmxkd |p`b` ckoxmx psmfbd am camv` |hakcm! |`xd sad m}p`aads
}p` cdfdwcmf am camv` s`cx`rm |p`b`f b`sckoxmx cdxx`crme`fr`&
@f cdfsdfmfckm cdf `a `s|xkrp b` am cxk|rdjxmom edb`xfm! { rma ced
spc`bm `f ads sksr`ems skerxkcds! ads majdxkreds b` ckoxmbd { b` b`sckoxmbd sdf
|hakcds! |dx ad }p` am s`jpxkbmb b`a sksr`em s` hmsm fkcme`fr` `f am camv` b`
b`sckoxmbd&
S`jf Bkook` { N`aaemf! rdbd majdxkred b` camv` |hakcm b`h` cpe|akx ams
skjpk`fr`s |xd|k`bmb`s b` cde|a`gkbmb cde|prmckdfma7
=& Cpma}pk`x pspmxkd |p`b` cmacpamx sps |xd|kms camv`s |hakcm { |xkvmbm `f
rk`e|d |dakfdekma&
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8& @a `eksdx |p`b` ckoxmx sp e`fsmg` cdf am camv` |hakcm b`a x`c`|rdx `f
rk`e|d |dakfdekma&
3& @a x`c`|rdx |p`b` b`sckoxmx `a cxk|rdjxmem cdf am camv` |xkvmbm `f `f rk`e|d
|dakfdekma&
2& @a cxk|rdmfmaksrm }p` kfr`fr` mv`xkjpmx am camv` |xkvmbm e`bkmfr` am |hakcm
s` `fcdfrxmx cdf pf |xdha`em kfrxmrmha`&
0& @a cxk|rdmfmaksrm }p` kfr`fr` b`sckoxmx pf cxk|rdjxmem r`fk`fbd am camv`
|hakcm s` `fcdfrxmx cdf pf |xdha`em kfrxmrmha`&
@f am |xcrkcm! `a bks`mbdx b` majdxkreds mskerxkcds s` `fcp`frxm cdf
ckfcd |xdha`ems fpexkcds bksrkfrds& Ads rx`s |xke`xds! cdxx`s|dfbk`fr`s m ams
cdfbkckdf`s =!8 { 3! b`h`f |`xr`f`c`x m am cams` |dakfdekma& Ads drxds bds!
cdxx`s|dfbk`fr`s m ams cdfbkckdf`s 2 { 0! sdf |xdha`ems cde|a`gds!
|x`o`xkha`e`fr` F\%cde|a`rds& Nm{ }p` s`mamx }p` ams cdfbkckdf`s 2 { 0 fd
`~kj`f sad am ske|a` |`xr`f`fckm m am cams` b` ads |xdha`ems F\%cde|a`rds! {m
}p` mpf}p` pf |xdha`em |`xr`f`wcm m `srm cams` sk`e|x` |p`b` bmxs` majf
`g`e|ad cdfcx`rd }p` s` x`sp`avm `f rk`e|d |dakfdekma&
@f af`ms j`f`xma`s! pf `s}p`em m s`jpkx |mxm am cdfsrxpcckf b` pf
cxk|rdsksr`em b` camv` |hakcm `s `a skjpk`fr`7
@scdj`x pf |xdha`em bkocka \! m s`x |dskha` kfrxmrmha`&
@scdj`x pf sph|xdha`em b` \ ocka! \omcka! }p` s` x`sp`avm `f rk`e|d
|dakfdekma |x`o`xkha`e`fr` `f rk`e|d akf`ma&
Rxmfsodxemx `a |xdha`em \omcka b` rma emf`xm }p` `a |xdha`em x`sparmfr`
\bkokcka! fd s` |mx`wcm ma kfkckma! |`xd s ma |xdha`em dxkjkfma \&
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\phakcmx `a |xdha`em \bkokcka { am odxem `f }p` b`h` s`x psmbd!
cdfsrkrp{`fbd `sr` |xdc`sd am camv` .|hakcm+ b` ckoxmbd& Am kfodxemckf
sdhx` ced s` |p`b` x`cp|`xmx `a |xdha`em \omcka m |mxrkx b`a |xdha`em
\bkokcka s` emfrk`f` `f s`cx`rd { cdfsrkrp{` am camv` .s`cx`rm+ b`
b`sckoxmbd&
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b`sckoxmbd cdfvkxrk`fbd `a |xdha`em \bkokcka `f `a |xdha`em \omcka! ek`frxms }p`!
|dx `a cdfrxmxkd! `a cxk|rdmfmaksrm b`h` `fox`frmxs` odxwdsme`fr` m am x`sdapckf b`a
|xdha`em \bkokcka&
@s es bkocka bks`mx pf sksr`em b` camv` |hakcm s`jpxd cdfrxm pf mrm}p`
cdf r`~rd dxkjkfma `scdjkbd }p` pf sksr`em b` camv` s`cx`rm s`jpxd ox`fr` ma
eksed rk|d b` mrm}p`&
@f am cdfsrxpcckf b` cxk|rdsksr`ems s` |p`b`f dhs`xvmx bko`x`fckms `frx`
ads majdxkreds |mxm sksr`ems skerxkcds { ads psmbds `f camv` |hakcm& @f |xke`x
apjmx! `~ksr`f em{dx`s x`srxkcckdf`s b` bks`d |mxm pf majdxkred mskerxkcd }p`
|mxm pfd skerxkcd! b`hkbd m }p` am camv` |hakcm x`|x`s`frm kfodxemckf mbkckdfma
}p` |dr`fckmae`fr` pf `f`ekjd |p`b` psmx |mxm aa`vmx m cmhd `a cxk|rdmfaksks&
Fdxemae`fr`! `a majdxkred b` camv` |hakcm hmsm sp s`jpxkbmb `f am bkokcparmb b`
x`sdav`x majf |xdha`em emr`erkcd cdfdckbd! ek`frxms }p` majpfds majdxkreds
skerxkcds! ced `a B@S! s` bks`mf b` rma emf`xm }p` ams `cpmckf`s
emr`erkcms }p` ads b`scxkh`f sdf rmf cde|a`gms }p` fd sdf x`sdapha`s
mfmarkcme`fr`&
@f s`jpfbd apjmx! `~ksr`f jxmfb`s bko`x`fckms `f am j`f`xmckf b` camv`s&
@f ads majdxkreds skerxkcds! `f ads }p` `a cdfdckek`frd b` am camv` b` ckoxmbd `s
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`}pkvma`fr` ma b` am b` b`sckoxmbd! { vkc`v`xsm! am camv` s` |p`b` s`a`cckdfmx b`
odxem ma`mrdxkm& Skf `ehmxjd! `f ads majdxkreds mskerxkcds! ced am x`amckf `frx`
camv` b` ckoxmbd { b` b`sckoxmbd fd `s |hakcm! s` f`c`skrm pf |xdc`bkek`frd |mxm
cmacpamx am |hakcm m |mxrkx b` am camv` |xkvmbm }p` s`m cde|prmckdfmae`fr`
`okck`fr` { rma }p` `a cacpad kfv`xsd s`m ke|dskha` b` x`makwmx&
Nmc` majpfds mds! `sr` rk|d b` sksr`ems fd |mx`cm r`f`x fkfjpfm v`frmgm
`f `a epfbd cxk|rdjxokcd! |dx}p` rxmbkckdfmae`fr` am cxk|rdjxmom s` psmhm sad
cdf |xd|skrds ekakrmx`s { bk|aderkcds! { `f `srds cmsds `a jxp|d b` pspmxkds `s
ad spokck`fr`e`fr` |`}p`d ced |mxm cde|mxrkx pf sksr`em b` camv`s& Skf
`ehmxjd! `f am mcrpmakbmb! ams m|akcmckdf`s b` am cxk|rdjxmom nmf mpe`frmbd
|xdjx`skvme`fr`! nmsrm macmfwmx epcnms drxms x`ms bdfb` ads sksr`ems b`
cdepfkcmckf rk`f`f pf |m|`a vkrma& Cmbm v`w cdf em{dx ox`cp`fckm s` |p`b`f
`fcdfrxmx jxmfb`s x`b`s b` pspmxkds `f ams }p` `s f`c`smxkd }p` bds
cpma`s}pk`xm s`mf cm|mc`s b` emfr`f`x s`cx`rms sps cdepfkcmckdf`s `frx` s& @f
`srds cmsds! `a kfr`xcmehkd cdfrkfpd b` camv`s fd `s pfm sdapckf ep{ `okck`fr`&
\dx drxd ambd! nm{ }p` x`smarmx am v`frmgm }p` x`|x`s`frm `f ads sksr`ems
mskerxkcds am |dskhkakbmb b` kfkckmx cdepfkcmckdf`s s`cx`rms skf nmh`x r`fkbd
fkfjf cdfrmcrd |x`vkd&
M cdfrkfpmckf! fdehxmeds majpfds b` ads sksr`ems b` camv` |hakcm }p`
nmf r`fkbd es rxmsc`fb`fckm&
Sksr`em XSM&
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majdxkreds b` camv` |hakcm cded XSM! s` spsr`frmf `f pfm hms`
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emr`erkcm bdfb` cmbm pfm b` ams |mxr`s kfr`xvkfk`fr`s bks|df` b` pf |mx
b` camv`s7 pfm s` b`fdekfm camv` |hakcm! { `sr b`srkfmbm m s`x bksrxkhpkbm
akhx`e`fr` .b` n`cnd! cpmfrd es me|akme`fr` s` nm{m bksrxkhpkbd `srm
camv`! e`fds |dskhkakbmb`s nmhx b` pspx|mckf b` kb`frkbmb `a`crxfkcm
Am s`jpfbm camv` `s |xkvmbm { s`x cdfdckbm sdame`fr` |dx sp a`jrked
|xd|k`rmxkd& @srm b`h` s`x cpsrdbkmbm cdf `a eksed c`ad cdf }p` s` nmxm
|mxm pfm camv` B@S& Am hms` emr`erkcm s` hmsm `f `a n`cnd b` }p` fd
`~ksr` pfm odxem `okck`fr` b` omcrdxkwmx fe`xds }p` s`mf |xdbpcrds b` bds
jxmfb`s |xkeds&
Sksr`em b` Xmhkf&
S` hmsm rmehkf `f am omcrdxkwmckdf&
Sksr`em b` @aJmema&
S` hmsm `f `a |xdha`em b`a adjmxkred bkscx`rd&
Sksr`em b` E`xia`%N`aaemf&
@srm hmsmbd `f `a |xdha`em b` am edcnkam&
Sksr`em b` Ec@ak`c`&
S` hmsm `f am r`dxm b` am cdbkokcmckf maj`hxmkcm! prkakwmfbd `a n`cnd b`
}p` am b`cdbkokcmckf b` pf cbkjd akf`ma j`f`xma `s pf |xdha`em F\%
cde|a`rd&
Sksr`ems hmsmbds `f cpxvms `a|rkcms&
@f =;>0! am r`dxm b` ams cpxvms `a|rkcms `fcdfrx b` am emfd b` Ekaa`x
m|akcmckf `f am cxk|rdjxmom& Am xmwf opfbme`frma }p` ad edrkv op` }p` ams
cpxvms `a|rkcms b`okfkbms sdhx` cp`x|ds okfkrds |xd|dxckdfmf jxp|ds okfkrds
mh`akmfds! bdfb` ads cacpads s` `o`crmf cdf am `okck`fckm }p` x`}pk`x` pf
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cxk|rdsksr`em! { bdfb` `a cacpad b` adjmxkreds `s mf es bkocka }p` `f ads
cp`x|ds okfkrds& Mb`es! `~ksr` em{dx omckakbmb |mxm `scdj`x pfm cpxvm
`a|rkcm }p` |mxm `fcdfrxmx pf cp`x|d okfkrd! ad }p` bm pfm v`frmgm es
ox`fr` m sp |x`b`c`sdx! `a sksr`em b` @aJmema&
Sksr`em |xdhmhkasrkcd&
Mpf}p` am cxk|rdjxmom b` camv` |hakcm x`sp`av` `a ke|dxrmfr` |xdha`em b`
am bksrxkhpckf b` camv`s }p` s` |x`s`frm `f am cxk|rdjxmom b` camv` s`cx`rm9
`f camv` |hakcm s` |x`s`frm drxd |xdha`em! `a r`~rd ckoxmbd C5@i .E+
sk`e|x` b`gm `scm|mx majpfm kfodxemckf sdhx` `a r`~rd dxkjkfma |dx}p` `a
cxk|rdmfmaksrm |p`b` cmacpamx |dx s eksed am opfckf b` ckoxmbd cdf am camv`
|hakcm sdhx` cpma}pk`x r`~rd }p` }pk`xm& Bmbd cpma}pk`x E* b` sp `a`cckf!
|p`b` ockae`fr` b`scphxkx sk `a e`fsmg` dxkjkfma E5E*! |p`s `srd s`
cpe|a` sk! { sad sk @i.E*+5C& Kfcapsd mpf}p` x`cp|`xmx E m |mxrkx b` C
op`xm `o`crkvme`fr` kfomcrkha`! fd smh`eds ced e`bkx am kfodxemckf }p`
b`gm `scm|mx sdhx` E&
@a |xd|skrd b` am cxk|rdjxmom |xdhmhkasrkcm .fdckf kb`mbm |dx Jdazms`x {
Ekcmak+ `s ckoxmx e`fsmg`s b` emf`xm }p` fd `~ksrm cacpad omcrkha` }p`
|p`bm |xdbpckx kfodxemckf `f ad }p` x`s|`crm ma r`~rd dxkjkfma
cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` .smavd cdf pfm |xdhmhkakbmb fokem+& Nm{ }p` b`ckx }p`
`srds sksr`ems fd dox`c`f v`xbmb`xd s`cx`rd |`xo`crd! sdf rdrmae`fr`
kfs`jpxds cdfrxm cxk|rdmfmaksrms cdf |db`x b` cacpad kakekrmbd&
Am |xkfck|ma bko`x`fckm rcfkcm `frx` `a ckoxmbd |xdhmhkasrkcd { ads
cxk|rdsksr`ems b` camv` |hakcm `s }p` ads majdxkreds b` ckoxmbd sdf
|xdhmhkasrkcds `f apjmx b` b`r`xekfsrkcds7 `a eksed e`fsmg` dxkjkfma |p`b`
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bmx apjmx m pf jxmf fe`xd b` cxk|rdjxmems bksrkfrds& @f cdfs`cp`fckm! pf
cxk|rdmfmaksrm }p` r`fjm pf cmfbkbmrd |mxm `a r`~rd dxkjkfma fd |dbxm
v`xkokcmx sp sp|dskckf ckoxfbdad { cde|mxmfbd `a x`sparmbd cdf `a
cxk|rdjxmem kfr`xc`|rmbd&
Sksr`em S@R
X`ck`fr`e`fr`! am msdckmckf `frx` _ksm { Emsr`xcmxb! cdf `a m|d{d b`
`e|x`sms b` am kfbpsrxkm b` am cde|prmckf cded JR@! KHE! Ekcxdsdor!
F`rscm|`! SMKC! R`xksm { _`xkskjf! b`okfk `a `srfbmx b`fdekfmbd S@R
.S`cpx` @a`crxdfkc Rxmfsmcrkdfs+! pf cdfgpfrd b` `s|`ckokcmckdf`s }p`
|`xekrkx `a b`smxxdaad b`a cde`xckd `a`crxfkcd `f Kfr`xf`r { drxms x`b`s
|hakcms! b` odxem s`jpxm |mxm rdbds ads |mxrkck|mfr`s7 pspmxkd okfma!
cde`xckmfr`! `frkbmb`s okfmfck`xms! mbekfksrxmbdxms b` rmxg`rms {
|xd|k`rmxkds b` emxcms b` rmxg`rms&
@srms `s|`ckokcmckdf`s |`xekr`f
\xd|dxckdfmx am mpr`frkokcmckf f`c`smxkm `frx` cde|xmbdx`s!
cde`xckmfr`s ` kfsrkrpckdf`s okfmfck`xms&
Jmxmfrkwmx am cdfokb`fckmakbmb b` am kfodxemckf s`fskha` .fe`xd b`
rmxg`rm d cp`frm! o`cnm b` cmbpckbmb! edfrd b` am rxmfsmcckf! `rc+&
\x`s`xvmx am kfr`jxkbmb b` am kfodxemckf }p` cdfrk`f` rmfrd am dxb`f
b` |`bkbd cded ams kfsrxpcckdf`s b` |mjd&
B`okfkx ads majdxkreds cxk|rdjxokcds { |xdrdcdads f`c`smxkds |mxm ads
s`xvkckds mfr`xkdx`s&
Am `fcxk|rmckf b` e`fsmg`s `f had}p`s b` =
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{ S@R! ms`jpxm sp kfvkdamhkakbmb! ma e`fds |mxm ams cm|mckbmb`s b`
|xdc`smek`frd b` am cde|prmckf b` nd{& Skf `ehmxjd! { fp`vme`fr`! `a
|xdha`em fd `s rcfkcd skfd a`jma& @f @srmbds Pfkbds! |dx `g`e|ad! `sr
|xdnkhkbm am `fcxk|rmckf b` e`fsmg`s cdf majdxkreds sp|`xkdx`s m ads 2= 5 8 ' 2< ) =! |dx rmfr`d+
|dx rmfrd b58:
\mxm `fcxk|rmx `a e`fsmg` 2! cmacpameds `a rmemd b`a had}p`! m|akcmfbd am
oxepam =< .g%=+ 1 f1 =< g { x`cdxbmfbd }p` f `s 00&
g5=! =< .
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5 08 edb 00
|dx rmfrd e508! `a cpma cdfv`xrkbd m cmxmcr`x msckk x`|x`s`frm `a vmadx dxkjkfma 2
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b`edsrxmckdf`s emr`erkcms& @s es hk`f pfm |`}p`m x`cda`cckf b` majpfds
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`fr`fbkek`frd b` ams oxepams x`}p`xkbms&
Mxkrerkcm Edbpamx
@a XSM prkakwm mxkrerkcm edbpamx& @s skekamx m am mxkrerkcm cdfv`fckdfma
|`xd sdad prkakwm `fr`xds |dskrkvds e`fdx`s m pf vmadx b`r`xekfmbd aamembd `a
ebpad d edbpaps& D|`xmckdf`s cded am spem! x`srm { epark|akcmckf rxmhmgmf
cded `f ams emr`erkcms cdfv`fckdfma`s |`xd fd `~ksr` am bkvkskf& S` |p`b`
prkakwmx cpma}pk`x vmadx cded ebpad:& Rmehkf `s cdfdckbm cded am mxkrerkcm b`a
x`adg&
\dx `g`e|ad7 mspek`fbd }p` ads bms b` am s`emfm s` fpe`xmf b`a < ma ?!
srds prkakwmf ebpad : |p`s ma aa`jmx ma vmadx ? `a skjpk`fr` bm vp`av` m rdemx `a
vmadx
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@a bkmjxmem mfr`xkdx prkakwm ebpad =3! |dx ad }p` am cp`frm `e|k`wm `f < {
cdfrkfpm =! 8! &&&! ==! =8!
mxkrerkcm edbpamx `s7 ~ 5 { edb e& @srd s` a`` cded ~ `s `}pkvma`fr` m { ebpad
e! skjfkokcm }p` ~ ` { b`gmf `a eksed x`skbpd cpmfbd sdf bkvkbkbds `frx` e& \dx
`g`e|ad7 : 5 83 edb > { 88 5 =3 edb ;&
Am skjpk`fr` `~|x`skf `s pf |xkfck|kd hskcd b` mxkrerkcm edbpamx7
m ) i| 5 m edb |
S` |p`b` vkspmakwmx `srd `f `a bkmjxmem |p`s cmbm v`w }p` s` spem |! s` jkxm
max`b`bdx b`a cxcpad b` x`jx`sd ma |pfrd b` kfkckd& Fd `s ke|dxrmfr` bfb` s`
`e|k`wm fk cpf jxmfb` `s `a cxcpad fk cpfrms v`c`s s` nkwd! sad }p` am
kjpmabmb sk`e|x` s` cpe|a`& @f am `~|x`skf mfr`xkdx |dx rmfrd `a vmadx b` i fd `s
skjfkokcmrkvd&
\xkemakbmb { Cd|xkemakbmb
08
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Pf fe`xd `s |xked sk ads fkcds fe`xds |dx ads }p` |p`b` s`x bkvkbkbd
`~mcrme`fr` sdf `a = .d =+ { a eksed& \dx `g`e|ad! =: `s |xked |`xd =0 fd ad `s
|dx}p` `s bkvkskha` |dx 3 { 0>& B` emf`xm `}pkvma`fr` |db`eds b`ckx }p` bds
fe`xds s`xf |xkeds sk sp E~ked Cdef Bkvksdx .ECB+ `s =&;
Pf |mx b` fe`xds sdf cd|xkeds sk `a fe`xd es jxmfb` }p` bkvkb` m
mehds `s `a =&Ads fe`xds `f x`makbmb fd f`c`skrmf s`x |xkeds& \dx `g`e|ad! > {
; sdf cd|xkeds |`xd fkfjpfd b` ads bds `s |xked! > { =< fd sdf cd|xkeds |p`s
mehds sdf bkvkskha`s |dx 8 { epcnd e`fds |xkeds& @a fe`xd = `s cd|xked cdf
rdbds ads `fr`xds { < sdad `s cd|xked cdf = { =&
@s b` fdrmx }p` sk s` rk`f` pf |mx b` fe`xds |xkeds bksrkfrds! `aads
sk`e|x` s`xf cd|xkeds `frx` s&
\mxm b`r`xekfmx sk bds fe`xds sdf cd|xkeds! hmsrmx nmaamx `a ECB {
cde|xdhmx }p` sr` `s =& \mxm `srd s` prkakwmx `a Majdxkred b` @pcakb`s d `a
Majdxkred @~r`fbkbd b` @pcakb`s&
\xp`hm b` \xkemakbmb b` Ekaa`x%Xmhkf
Mfr`s b` x`o`xkxfds m `srm |xp`hm! kfbkcmx`eds }p` pfm |xp`hm b`
|xkemakbmb `s pf majdxkred |mxm b`r`xekfmx sk pf fe`xd `s |xked& Fd `s ad eksed
v`xkokcmx am |xkemakbmb }p` omcrdxkwmx `a fe`xd `f sps cde|df`fr`s `fr`xds& Am
v`xkokcmckf b` |xkemakbmb `s pfm d|`xmckf x`amrkvme`fr` s`fckaam b` x`makwmx
ek`frxms }p` am omcrdxkwmckf! `f am mcrpmakbmb 8
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x`sdav`x cde|prmckdfmae`fr`&=
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Majdxkred @~r`fbkbd b` @pcakb`s
@a Majdxkred @~r`fbkbd b` @pcakb`s `s pfm v`xskf b`a majdxkred @pcakb`mfd9
sps `frxmbms sdf bds `fr`xds m { h { `a majdxkred cmacpam sp E~ked Cdef
Bkvksdx ms cded `fr`xds ~ ` { rma`s }p` m~ ) h{ 5 ECB.m!h+& @srm `cpmckf `s
|mxrkcpamxe`fr` rka cpmfbd m { h sdf cd|xkeds! `s b`ckx ECB .m!h+ s`x kjpma m = {
~ s`x `frdfc`s am kfv`xsm epark|akcmrkvm b` m ebpad h&=3
Am kb`m hskcm `a majdxkred b` @pcakb`s `s x``e|amwmx x`|`rkbme`fr` ads
fe`xds dxkjkfma`s |dx fe`xds es |`}p`ds }p` rk`f`f `a eksed ECB nmsrm
}p` majpfd b` ads fe`xds s` cdfvk`xr` `f c`xd& @a majdxkred @~r`fbkbd b`
@~r`fbkbd b` @pcakb`s |`xekr` dhr`f`x gpfrd cdf `a ECB! ads cd`okck`fr`s p { v `f
ams spc`skvms kr`xmckdf`s }p` sdf ads }p` s` cdfvk`xr`f `f ~ ` { b` am kjpmabmb
kfbkcmbm `f `a |xxmod mfr`xkdx&
Ads cd`okck`fr`s p { v s` cmacpamf `f hms` m x`sparmbds mfr`xkdx`s { m ads
cdck`fr`s dhr`fkbds { cdf ams skjpk`fr`s oxepams7
p 5 pf%8 } f ' p f%=
v 5 vf%8 } f ' v f%=
bdfb` } x`|x`s`frm m ads cdck`fr`s dhr`fkbds { f `s `a fe`xd b` kr`xmckf&
@g`e|ad7
S`mf m583! h5=8?0%E.edb ;:'=sksr`em XSM s`m x`sksr`fr` cdfrxm mrm}p`s hmsmbds `f `sr` n`cnd! `s
cdfv`fk`fr` `a`jkx cded camv`s |xkvmbms fe`xds |xkeds b` am odxem |58'|*)=!
bdfb` |* `s pf |xked ke|mx&
0& Mrm}p` |dx rk`e|d
Idcn`x b`scxkhk pf kfj`fkdsd { fp`vd mrm}p` cdfrxm XSM `f =;;07 sk `a
mrmcmfr` @v` cdfdc` `a nmxbzmx` b` Makc` `f spokck`fr` b`rmaa` { `s cm|mw b`
e`bkx ads rk`e|ds b` b`cxk|rmckf |mxm bkv`xsds r`~rds `fcxk|rmbds cdfdckbds!
`frdfc`s `aam |dbx b`bpckx am camv` b` b`cxk|rmckf b x|kbme`fr`& @sr` mrm}p`
rmehkf |p`b` s`x m|akcmbd ma `s}p`em b` okxem XSM& Pfm emf`xm b` `vkrmx `sr`
mrm}p` `s ms`jpxmxs` }p` ams d|`xmckdf`s b` b`cxk|rmckf rde`f pfm cmfrkbmb
cdfsrmfr` b` rk`e|d |mxm cmbm r`~rd cxkoxmbd& Drxm emf`xm `s psmx am |xd|k`bmb
epark|akcmrkvm b`a XSM& @f apjmx b` cmacpamx cb edb F! Makc` |xke`xd `scdj` pf
vmadx ma`mrdxkd x s`cx`rd { cmacpam .x`c+b edb F& @a x`sparmbd b` `sr` cacpad `s xe
edb F{ ms `a `o`crd b` x|p`b` s`x x`edvkbd epark|akcmfbd `s x`sparmbd |dx sp
kfv`xsm& Pf fp`vd vmadx b` x `s `a`jkbd |dx cmbm r`~rd ckoxmbd&
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?& Mrm}p` mbm|rmha` b` r`~rd `fcxk|rmbd s`a`cckdfmbd=0
Pf mrm}p` mbm|rmha` b` r`~rd `fcxk|rmbd s`a`cckdfmbd `s pfm odxem
kfr`xmcrkvm b` mrm}p` s`jf `a cpma pf mrmcmfr` `fvm pf ck`xrd fe`xd b` r`~rds
ckoxmbds m s`x b`cxk|rmbds! { ap`jd prkakwm ads x`sparmbds b` `srms b`cxk|rmckdf`s
|mxm s`a`cckdfmx sphs`cp`fr`s r`~rds `fcxk|rmbds& Am e`rm b` `sr` mrm}p` `s
x`v`amx jxmbpmae`fr` kfodxemckf sdhx` `a e`fsmg` `fcxk|rmbd! d sdhx` am camv` b`
b`cxk|rmckf& \mxm sksr`ems b` camv` |hakcm! `sr` erdbd `s j`f`xmae`fr`
m|akcmha` sad cpmfbd s` rk`f` am |dskhkakbmb b` emf`gmx `a r`~rd `fcxk|rmbd& `srd
`s! pf r`~rd `fcxk|rmbd |p`b` s`x edbkokcmbd b` emf`xms `s|`cokcms |mxm }p`
r`fjmf `o`crds |x`b`ckha`s `f am b`cxk|rmckf b` `s` e`fsmg`&
Mrm}p`s \xcrkcdsAds mrm}p`s mbm|rmha`s b` r`~rd `fcxk|rmbd s`a`cckdfmbd op`xdf |dx epcnd
rk`e|d cdfskb`xmbds cded cp`srkdf`s e`xme`fr` r`xkcms nmsrm =;;>! cpmfbd
Bmfk`a Ha`kcn`fhmcn`x b` H`aa Amhdxmrdxk`s b`edsrx pf mrm}p` |xcrkcd cdfrxm
sksr`ems }p` prkakwmhmf `fcxk|rmckf XSM { am opfckf b` cdbkokcmckf `fpfckmbm
`f `a \ICS # =! kfcap{`fbd mb`es pfm v`xskf b`a |xdrdcdad SSA .S`cpx` Sdci`r
Am{`x+ prkakwmbd |dx eka`s b` s`xvkbdx`s z`h |dx `s` `frdfc`s&
Ads mrm}p`s b` Ha`kcn`fhmcn`x rdemxdf v`frmgm b` b`o`crds b`a \ICS # =
|mxm jxmbpmae`fr` x`v`amx `a cdfr`fkbd b` pf e`fsmg` `fcxk|rmbd `f XSM {
|dr`fckmae`fr` x`v`amx ams camv`s b` am s`skf=?& Nmc`x `srd x`}pk`x` `fvkmx
epcnds ekaadf`s b` r`~rds `fcxk|rmbds b` |xp`hm ma bks|dskrkvd b` b`cxk|rmckf&
@f rxekfds |xcrkcds! `srd skjfkokcm }p` am camv` b` pfm s`skf SSA |p`b` s`x
=0 Mbm|rkv` cnds`f ck|n`xr`~r mrrmci!! rdembd `a =? b` o`hx`xd b`a 8
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kfv`srkjmckf s` mmbkxf { b`scphxkxf fp`vms |xd|k`bmb`s b` ads |mxe`rxds
}p` b`hmf v`xkokcmx |mxm }p` `a sksr`em x`sparmfr` s` odxrma`wcm&
Pfd b` ads es x`ck`fr`s mrm}p`s ma XSM op` x`makwmbd |dx Zk`f`x& Aa`vd m
cmhd pf cxk|rdmfmaksks `f rk`e|d |dakfdekma b` pf sksr`em XSM cdf camv`s
|xkvmbms |`}p`ms& \mxm `aad! prkakwd pf majdxkred }p` x`|x`s`frm ads fe`xds
xmckdfma`s cded oxmcckdf`s cdfrkfpms okfkrms&
B` rdbd ad mfr`xkdx s` cdfcap{` }p` |mxm }p` am s`jpxkbmb b`a sksr`em XSM
}p`b` |`xo`crme`fr` smavmjpmxbmbm `s f`c`smxkd `scdj`x cpkbmbdsme`fr` ams
camv`s m prkakwmx&
Okfmae`fr` s` |x`s`frmf majpfds x`sparmbds }p` v`xsmf sdhx` am s`jpxkbmb
b`a sksr`em& Pf majdxkred }p` cmacpa` b s` |p`b` cdfv`xrkx `f pf majdxkred
|xdhmhkasrkcd }p` omcrdxkc` f&
Sk `a XSM s` m|akcm `f pf `frdxfd `f `a }p` `a ebpad f{ ads `~|df`fr`s
b` ckoxmbd { b`sckoxmbd b sdf bksrxkhpkbds |dx pfm mj`fckm b` emf`xm }p` `srm
|xd|dxckdfm pf ebpad fcdef m rdbds ads pspmxkds! ads `~|df`fr`s b` ckoxmbd
b` cmbm pspmxkd `M! `H! &&& { bksrxkhp{` `frx` ads pspmxkds ams camv`s |xkvmbms bM!
bH! &&&! |`xd `f rdbd cmsd emfrk`f` |mxm sk ads fe`xds |{ }! `frdfc`s cpma}pk`x
pspmxkd |p`b` b`r`xekfmx `f rk`e|d cpmbxrkcd b`r`xekfsrkcd am camv` b`
b`sckoxmbd s`cx`rm b` drxd pspmxkd&
Sk bds pspmxkds psmf `a eksed ebpad `f pf sksr`em XSM { ad smh`f!
`frdfc`s cmbm pspmxkd |p`b` b`sckoxmx ads cxk|rdjxmems `fvkmbds ma drxd&
Ap`jd }p`bm camxd }p` `sms cdfbkckdf`s fd x`sparmf ep{ |xd|kckms |mxm am
s`jpxkbmb b` ams cdepfkcmckdf`s&
M |`smx b` ams v`frmgms `vkb`fr`s b` `sr` `s}p`em ox`fr` m ads sksr`ems b`
??
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camv` s`cx`rm! nm{ }p` sphxm{mx }p` `f am mcrpmakbmb am |xkfck|ma b`sv`frmgm b`a
XSM `srxkhm `f }p` `s epcnd es a`frd }p` `a B@S { }p` ads ckoxmbds `f oapgd&
Cded ckoxms kapsrxmrkvms! s` |p`b` s`mamx }p` `a B@S rxmhmgm m pfds 8< e`jmhkrs
|dx s`jpfbd! ek`frxms }p` `a XSM opfckdfm m pfm v`adckbmb =
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CM\KRPAD KKK
BKS@D @ KE\A@E@FRMCKDF
\mxm am ke|a`e`frmckf b` `sr` |xd{`crd fds hmsmeds `f `a majdxkred
b`okfkbd `f `a @srfbmx b` Cxk|rdjxmom b` Camv` \hakcm .\ICS+ |hakcmbd |dx
XSM Amhdxmrdxk`s `f `a md 8
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Majdxkred b`a XSM
Pfm camv` |hakcm XSM cdfsksr` `f pf |mx .f! `+ b` `fr`xds! bdfb` f`s `a
ebpad { ``s `a `~|df`fr` |hakcd& @a ebpad f`s pf fe`xd cde|p`srd jxmfb`
.pfm adfjkrpb `f hkrs b` |dx ad e`fds =
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| `a |xke`x omcrdx! pf `fr`xd fd f`jmrkvd
} `a s`jpfbd omcrdx! pf `fr`xd fd f`jmrkvd
b\ `a `~|df`fr` b`a |xke`x omcrdx! pf `fr`xd fd f`jmrkvd
b] `a `~|df`fr` b`a s`jpfbd omcrdx! pf `fr`xd fd f`jmrkvd
}Kfv `a cd`okck`fr` CXR .Cnkf`s` X`emkfb`x Rn`dx`e+! pf `fr`xd fd
f`jmrkvd
@f pfm camv` |xkvmbm XSM vakbm cdf `srm x`|x`s`frmckf! ads bds omcrdx`s
|{ }sdf ads omcrdx`s |xkeds b`a ebpad f! ads `~|df`fr`s b\{ b]sdf `fr`xds
|dskrkvds e`fdx`s }p` |{ }x`s|`crkvme`fr` smrksomck`fbd
`& b\ = .edb |% =+9
`& b] = .edb }% =+&
{ `a cd`okck`fr` CXR }Kfv`s pf `fr`xd |dskrkvd e`fdx }p` |smrksomck`fbd
}&
}Kfv = .edb
|+
\xkekrkvms
XSMIJ J`f`xmckf b` Camv` XSM
@sr` majdxkred |xdbpc` pf |mx b` camv`s cdf `a ebpad b` am adfjkrpb `f
bjkrds b`ckema`s b`s`mbm { pf `~|df`fr` |hakcd |x`b`r`xekfmbd& S` x`}pk`x`f 8
fe`xds |xkeds! cmbm pfd b` ads cpma`s `s j`f`xmbd |dx pfm sphxprkfm \J }p`
rdem pf kfr`xvmad { `a `~|df`fr` |hakcd cded bmrds b` `frxmbm { b`vp`av` pf
|xked ma`mrdxkd | }p` |`xr`f`c` ma kfr`xvmad! b` rma emf`xm }p` | % = `s
x`amrkvme`fr` |xked cdf `a `~|df`fr` |hakcd&
XSMIJ . A ! `+
@frxmbm7 A am adfjkrpb `f bjkrds b`ckema`s b`s`mbm |mxm `a ebpad
:=
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8U&
8& Mskjfmx||) 8
3& Sk |`s bkvkskha` |dx bkjmeds cpma}pk`xm b` ads 8& Ek`frxms krnmc`x
>&=& J`f`xmx pf `fr`xd ma`mrdxkd mb` edbd pfkodxe` b`a kfr`xvmad Y=! |% =U
>&8& Mskjfmx h mz edb |
>&3& Sk h5 = d h 5 |% =! `frdfc`s kx ma |msd >&?
>&2& Mskjfmxg &0& Ek`frxms h|% = nmc`x
>&0&=& Mskjfmxgg) =
>&0&8& Sk g5 v! `frdfc`s x`rdxfmx ma |msd 8 .|`s cde|p`srd+
>&0&3& Mskjfmxhh8 edb |.5 mz8Vg edb |+
>&0&2& Sk h 5 =! `frdfc`s x`rdxfmx ma |msd 8 .|`s cde|p`srd+
>&?& Mskjfmxk k) =
;& Sk |`s em{dx }p` s! x`rdxfmx ma |msd =
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@fcxk|rmckf XSM
XSM@\ \XKEKRK_M B@ @FCXK\RMCKDF CDF XSM
XSM@\ . .f!`+! e+
@frxmbm
.f!`+ camv` |hakcm XSM
e x`|x`s`frmckf b`a e`fsmg`! pf `fr`xd `frx` < { f%=
Smakbm
c x`|x`s`frmckf b`a r`~rd ckoxmbd! pf `fr`xd `frx` < { f%=
@xxdx`s
(X`|x`s`frmckfb` e`fsmg` op`xm b` xmfjd(
Sp|p`srds
Am camv` |hakcm .f!`+ `s vakbm
=& Sk am x`|x`s`frmckf b`a e`fsmg` e fd `sr `frx` < { f%=! edsrxmx
(x`|x`s`frmckf b` e`fsmg` op`xm b` xmfjd( { s` b`r`fbx
8& S`m c5 e` edb f
3& Edsrxmx c
B`s`fcxk|rmckf XSM
XSMB\ \XKEKRK_M B@ B@S@FCXK\RMCKDF CDF XSM
XSMB\ .I!c+
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@frxmbm I camv` |xkvmbm XSM bdfb` I rk`f` pfm b` ams skjpk`fr`s odxems
=& pf |mx .f!b+
8& pf }pkfrp|a` .|!}!b\!b]!}Kfv+
` X`|x`s`frmckfb` e`fsmg`! pf `fr`xd `frx` < { f%=
Smakbm e X`|x`s`frmckfb` e`fsmg`! pf `fr`xd `frx` < { f%=
@xxdx`s (X`|x`s`frmckfb` r`~rd ckoxmbd op`xm b` xmfjd(
Sp|p`srd Am camv` |xkvmbm I `s vmakbm
=& Sk am x`|x`s`frmckf b`a r`~rd ckoxmbd c fd `sr `frx` < { f%=! edsrxmx
(X`|x`s`frmckfb` r`~rd ckoxmbd op`xm b` xmfjd( { s` b`r`fbx
8& Sk am |xke`xm odxem `s .f!b+ b` I`s psmbm7
8&= S`m e 5 cb edb f
Sk fd! sk am s`jpfbm odxem .|! }! b\! b]! }Kfv+ b` I`s psmbm7
8&8 S`m e= 5 cb\edb |
8&3 S`m e85 cb] edb }
8&2 S`m n 5 . e= % e8+ & }Kfv edb |
8&0 S`m e 5 e8) }& n
3& Edsrxmx e
Ke|a`e`frmckf@a Sksr`em b` @fcxk|rmckf XSM |`xekr` j`f`xmx camv`s! `fcxk|rmx {
b`s`fcxk|rmx mxcnkvds b` r`~rd hmgd `a majdxkred XSM }p` n`eds |x`s`frmbd `f ams
s`cckdf`s mfr`xkdx`s& M}p edsrxmx`eds am dxjmfkwmckf kfr`xfm hmgd am cpma s` nm
cdfsrxpkbd `a sksr`em! ads majdxkreds m|akcmbds { drxms cdfskb`xmckdf`s }p` s` nmf
b`hkbd rdemx `f cp`frm |mxm `a b`smxxdaad b`a sksr`em& Epcnds cmsds sdf
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kapsrxmbds cdf `g`e|ads { cdxxkbms b` `scxkrdxkd { |mxm pf e`gdx `fr`fbkek`frd
rmehkf s` mbgpfrmf bmrds |mxm |xp`hm&
@a sksr`em s` nm b`smxxdaambd `f Gmvm m|akcmfbd cdfc`|rds b`
|xdjxmemckf dxk`frmbm m dhg`rds& \db`eds x`o`xkxfds hx`v`e`fr` ma sksr`em
kfbkcmfbd }p` cp`frm cdf pfm v`frmfm b` `frxmbm b` |mxe`rxds }p` |`xekr` ma
pspmxkd mcckdfmx cmbm pfm b` ams opfckdf`s b` `fcxk|rmckf! b`cxk|rmckf {
j`f`xmckf b` camv`s b` emf`xm kfrpkrkvm& Am opfckdfmakbmb b` am kfr`xoms` b`
pspmxkd s` ep`srxm `f `a Mf`~d M cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` ma Emfpma b` Pspmxkd&
X`}p`xkek`frds
\mxm am cdfsrxpcckf b`a sksr`em s` nmf r`fkbd `f cp`frm ads skjpk`fr`s
x`}p`xkek`frds efkeds
\`xekrkx `a emf`gd b` fe`xds `fr`xds b` |dx ad e`fds =8> bjkrds |mxm
kfcx`e`frmx am s`jpxkbmb b` am camv`s b` `fcxk|rmckf&
Ke|a`e`frmx cdfskb`xmckdf`s b` s`jpxkbmb efkems |mxm nmc`x pf sksr`em
x`sksr`fr` m mrm}p`s `f ad x`o`x`fr` m cmxmcr`xsrkcms b` ads fe`xds |xkeds
{ drxds vmadx`s }p` kfr`xvk`f`f `f `a cacpad b` ams camv`s&
Cdfskb`xmx ads majdxkreds es `okck`fr`s bks|dfkha`s `f am r`dxm
emr`erkcm cdf `a okf b` }p` `a psd b` am n`xxmek`frm cde|prmckdfma s`m
|rkem&
Kfr`xoms` jxokcm b` ocka psd }p` |`xekrm s`a`cckdfmx ads mxcnkvds
bkx`crme`fr` b`a xhda b` bkx`crdxkds&
@s b`s`mha` pf mb`cpmbd rk`e|d b` x`s|p`srm mpf}p` ads majdxkreds sdf
a`frds b`hkbd m am jxmf cmfrkbmb b` cacpads kfvdapcxmbds
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s`a`cckf { vkspmakwmckf b` mxcnkvds ms cded am a`crpxm b`a mxcnkvd b`
cdfokjpxmckf xsm&kfk&
Es mb`amfr` b`rmaamx`eds `a cdfr`fkbd b` cmbm cams`&
_kskf J`f`xma b`a Sksr`em
@a Sksr`em b` @fcxk|rmckf XSM |`xekr` j`f`xmx camv`s b` `fcxk|rmckf {
b`cxk|rmckf! `fcxk|rmx mxcnkvds b` r`~rd { b`cxk|rmx mxcnkvds |x`vkme`fr`
`fcxk|rmbds `f `a sksr`em& Cmbm pfd b` `srds |xdc`sds rk`f` majdxkreds b`
fmrpxma`wm emr`erkcm }p` nmf skbd ke|a`e`frmbds `f `a sksr`em bpxmfr` am
cdfsrxpcckf b`a eksed& M cdfrkfpmckf cde`frmx`eds majpfds b` ams kb`ms es
ke|dxrmfr`s |amsembms `f `a sksr`em&
Fe`xds Jxmfb`s
@a cdfc`|rd es ke|dxrmfr` |mxm am s`jpxkbmb b` `sr` sksr`em `s `a b`
r`f`x am |dskhkakbmb b` emf`gmx fe`xds ep{ jxmfb`s b`hkbd m }p` `a rmemd b`
ads ekseds skjfkokcmx am em{dx d e`fdx bkokcparmb |mxm `a }pk`hx` b` am camv`& \mxm
`srd s` ke|a`e`frm pfm `srxpcrpxm b`fdekfmbm @fr`xd }p` |`xekrkx maemc`fmx pf
fe`xd b` cpma}pk`x adfjkrpb ms cded `o`crpmx d|`xmckdf`s sdhx` `aads& Am
hkhakdjxmom `fcdfrxmbm x`cdek`fbm prkakwmx fe`xds b` |dx ad e`fds = bjkrds b`ckema`s |mxm `a cacpad b` ams camv`s }p` mb`es nmf b` s`x
|xkeds&
Mskeksed! am f`c`skbmb b` `o`crpmx cacpads sdhx` ads fe`xds `fr`xds!
x`}pk`x` }p` am `srxpcrpxm fd sad |p`bm maemc`fmx ads fe`xds j`f`xmbds m ads
cpma`s fds x`o`xkeds `f `a |xxmod mfr`xkdx! skfd rmehkf ads fe`xds x`sparmfr`s
b` d|`xmckdf`s `frx` `aads& B`hkbd m `srd am `srxpcrpxm b`h` r`f`x pfm cm|mckbmb
epcnd em{dx |mxm |db`x maemc`fmx ads fe`xds `f sp rdrmakbmb&
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Fe`xds \xkeds
Ads fe`xds |xkeds `srf ep{ akjmbds m r`ems `fcxk|rmckf |p`s `aads sdf
prkakwmbds fd sad `f majdxkreds b` `fcxk|rmckf XSM skfd `f epcnds drxds& Sdf am
hms` |mxm am j`f`xmckf b` camv`s b` `fcxk|rmckf { b`cxk|rmckf& B`h`f smrksomc`x
ck`xrds x`}pkskrds |mxm }p` am camv` s`m sakbm }p` `fpfckmx`eds es mb`amfr`& @f
fp`srxd sksr`em `srds fe`xds sdf j`f`xmbds b` emf`xm ma`mrdxkm { cdf am
cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds `s|`ckokcmbm&
J`f`xmckf b` Camv`s
\mxm am j`f`xmckf b` camv`s s` prkakwm fe`xds |xkeds ma`mrdxkds
b`hkbme`fr` s`a`cckdfmbds& Am camv` |xkvmbm { |hakcm s` j`f`xmf m am v`w { s`
x`}pk`x` }p` s`m ms |p`s |mxm pfm camv` |hakcm b`r`xekfmbm sad `~ksrkx pfm
camv` |xkvmbm cm|mw b` b`cxk|rmx ad }p` am |xke`xm `fcxk|r& Skf `ehmxjd! `a psd b`
camv`s |dbxm kfv`xrkxs` b`hkbd m }p` `f rdbds ads cmsds cpma}pk`xm b` `aams
dhrk`f` ads vmadx`s dxkjkfma`s }p` am drxm dcpar m rxmvs b` am `fcxk|rmckf&
@a pspmxkd `eksdx b` am camv` x`ekrkx sp camv` |hakcm m rdbds m}p`aads }p`
b`s``f kfr`xcmehkmx kfodxemckf cdf a { `aads x`ekrkxf am v`xskf `fcxk|rmbm b`a
mxcnkvd b` r`~rd }p` b`s``f kfr`xcmehkmx& \dx ad j`f`xma am camv` |hakcm `s pf
vmadx |`}p`d ma cpma cdxx`s|dfb`x pf vmadx jxmfb` b` camv` |xkvmbm! |dx rmfrd am
`fcxk|rmckf s`x x|kbm |`xd am b`cxk|rmckf s`x a`frm&
@fcxk|rmckf b` Mxcnkvds
Am `fcxk|rmckf b` mxcnkvds |`xekrkx edbkokcmx `a cdfr`fkbd b`a mxcnkvd b`
`frxmbm b` odxem rma }p` sp cdfr`fkbd dxkjkfma fd |p`bm s`x x`cp|`xmbd& @~ksr`f
bkv`xsds majdxkreds cdf `sr` |xd|skrd |`xd `a XSM s` cmxmcr`xkwm |dx s`x `a es
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s`jpxd& \mxm am `fcxk|rmckf s` prkakwm am camv` |hakcm }p` |dx ad j`f`xma `s pf
vmadx s`fckaad }p` nmx }p` am `fcxk|rmckf s`m x|kbm
B`cxk|rmckf b` Mxcnkvds
Am b`cxk|rmckf b` pf mxcnkvd |`xekrkx x`cp|`xmx `a vmadx dxkjkfma b`a r`~rd!
s` prkakwmx |mxm `srd am camv` |xkvmbm! `s b`ckx! pf mxcnkvd `fcxk|rmbd
x`c`|ckdfmbd |dx `a `eksdx |dbx s`x b`cxk|rmbd sad |dx a m|akcmfbd am
cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` camv` |xkvmbm& @sr` |xdc`sd rdemx pf rk`e|d kfv`xsme`fr`
|xd|dxckdfma ma rmemd b` am camv` |hakcm!
Mxkrerkcm Edbpamx
Drxd ms|`crd ke|dxrmfr` `s am m|akcmckf b` am mxkrerkcm edbpamx& B`h`
x`cdxbmxs` }p` am camv` |xkvmbm `s am kfv`xsm epark|akcmrkvm b` am camv` |hakcm& S`
m|akcmf bkv`xsds majdxkreds emr`erkcds `frx` ads }p` b`srmcmf `a majdxkred
@~r`fbkbd b` @pcakb`s |p`s s` `e|a`m rmfrd `f `a cacpad b` am kfv`xsm
epark|akcmrkvm cded `f `a b`a E~ked Cdef Bkvksdx& Mehds x`sparmbds s` m|akcmf
rmfrd `f am `fcxk|rmckf cded `f am b`cxk|rmckf&
Kfr`xoms` b` Pspmxkd
@srm vkskf j`f`xma fd |dbxm `srmx cde|a`rm sk fd e`fckdfmeds `a emf`gd
b` am kfr`xoms` b` pspmxkd { emf`gd b` mxcnkvds& S` |`xekr` am ocka s`a`cckf b`
mxcnkvds m `fcxk|rmx { b`cxk|rmx msk cded b` mxcnkvds b` camv`s& @a emf`gd b` ams
`~r`fskdf`s |`xekr` kb`frkokcmx `a rk|d b` cdfr`fkbd&
S` cp`frm rmehkf cdf `a mxcnkvd b` cdfokjpxmckf xsm&kfk }p` cdfrk`f` ==
vmadx`s }p` |p`b`f s`x kfjx`smbds |dx `a pspmxkd edbkokcmfbd `a cde|dxrmek`frd
b`a sksr`em& @frx` ads bko`x`fr`s vmadx`s s` rk`f` am cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds b` fe`xds
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|xkeds! am cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds |dx c`abm { ams `~r`fskdf`s |dx rk|d b` mxcnkvd! `frx`
drxds&
@f ams |x~kems s`cckdf`s b`scxkhkx`eds cdf b`rmaa` ads majdxkreds
`e|a`mbds { drxms b`okfkckdf`s x`}p`xkbms |mxm am ke|a`e`frmckf b` `sr` rxmhmgd&
B`scxk|ckf b`a Majdxkred XSM
X`s|`crd m am j`f`xmckf b` ams camv`s b` `fcxk|rmckf .`!f+ { b`cxk|rmckf
.b!f+! srms s` j`f`xmf m am v`w |p`s cded vkeds! |mxm pfm camv` |hakcm
b`r`xekfmbm sad `~ksr` pfm camv` |xkvmbm cm|mw b` b`cxk|rmx ad }p` am |xke`xm
`fcxk|r& @a |pfrd b` |mxrkbm b` ams camv`s `s am j`f`xmckf b` fe`xds |xkeds |{
}}p` b`h`f cpe|akx cdf ck`xrms cmxmcr`xsrkcms |mxm }p` am camv` s`m sakbm { }p`
e`fckdfmeds m cdfrkfpmckf
=& | { } sdf |xkeds j`f`xmbds ma`mrdxkme`fr`
8& Cmbm pfd b`h` r`f`x =8> bjkrds b`ckema`s cded efked
3& | { } b`h`f s`x |xkeds x`amrkvds
2& w5 .|%=+'.}%=+ b`h` s`x |xked cdf am camv` |hakcm `
@a sksr`em cdfrk`f` pf erdbd |mxm am cx`mckf b` fe`xds |xkeds
ma`mrdxkds b` fRdrmaBkj\xked bjkrds& Cmbm fe`xd `s j`f`xmbd bjkrd m
bjkrd prkakwmfbd opfckdf`s xmfbde b` gmvm { |mxm `a cpma! pfm v`w
cdfodxembm am rdrmakbmb b` bjkrds x`}p`xkbds! s` v`xkokcm am |xkemakbmb b`a
eksed m|akcmfbd `a majdxkred b` Ekaa`x%Xmhkf |mxm `sr` okf&=:
@f hms` m ads fe`xds | { } dhr`fkbds s` cdfsrxp{` ads vmadx`s f5 |'}{ w
5 .|%=+'.}%=+& Am camv` |hakcm ` mspe` `a vmadx kfbkcmbd `f mxcnkvd b`
=: Ad kfbkcmbd m}p m|akcm ma majdxkred j`f`xma! skf `ehmxjd `f am d|ckf b` B`ed
b`a sksr`em! `a pspmxkd kfjx`smx ads fe`xds |xkeds { `a sksr`em ads mspekx|xkeds |`xd v`xkokcmx }p` s`mf cd|xkeds
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cdfokjpxmckf mpf}p` s` x`cdek`fbm }p` rde` `a vmadx 3&=> Am camv` |xkvmbm bs`
cmacpam cded am kfv`xsm b` ``f ebpad f&
Rmfrd am d|`xmckf mxkrerkcm b` epark|akcmckf cded am b` x`srm! spem {
bkvkskf! `frx` drxms! nmf skbd ke|a`e`frmbms cdf am prkakwmckf b` am
`srxpcrpxm |mxm maemc`fmek`frd b` fe`xds jxmfb`s& Mskeksed! s`
b`smxxdaad pf erdbd |mxm am mskjfmckf b` vmadx`s m bkcnm `srxpcrpxm&
Pfm v`w j`f`xmbms ams camv`s! `srms sdf maemc`fmbms `f s`fbds mxcnkvds
{ `f odxem b` |mx`s |mxm sp |dsr`xkdx prkakwmckf `f `fcxk|rmckf { b`cxk|rmckf& @a
mxcnkvd b` camv` |hakcm cdfr`fbx `a |mx .`!f+ { s` prkakwmx |mxm am `fcxk|rmckf
ek`frxms }p` `a b` camv` |xkvmbm maemc`fmx `a |mx .b!f+ }p` s`x prkakwmbd |mxm
b`cxk|rmckf& @a psd b` camv`s |dbxm kfv`xrkxs` b`hkbd m }p` `f rdbds ads cmsds
cpma}pk`xm b` `aams dhrk`f` ads vmadx`s dxkjkfma`s }p` am drxm dcpar m rxmvs b` am
`fcxk|rmckf&
Cded n`eds vksrd am camv` |hakcm `s pf vmadx s`fckaad }p` |`xekrkx }p` am
`fcxk|rmckf s`m x|kbm& Mfr` pf vmadx |`}p`d b` camv` |hakcm! `a vmadx b` am
camv` |xkvmbm s`x jxmfb`& Sk`fbd b am kfv`xsm edbpad f b` `! am epark|akcmckf
edbpamx b` b { ` s`x = edbpad f&
\mxm `fcxk|rmx! `a mxcnkvd b` r`~rd `s cdfv`xrkbd m fe`xds prkakwmfbd am
cdbkokcmckf MSCKK! `s b`ckx! cmbm cmxmcr`x `s cdfv`xrkbd m pf fe`xd b` 3 bjkrds&
M cdfrkfpmckf! am s`cp`fckm b` bjkrds j`f`xmbm `s a`bm `f had}p`s
cdfodxemfbd pf fe`xd e es jxmfb`& Am cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds a`bds |dx had}p`
b`|`fb` b`a vmadx b` f {m }p` cded e~ked s` rdemx rmfrds bjkrds cded ckoxms
=> @f am j`f`xmckf b` camv`s b`eds `vmxkmx nmsrm `fcdfrxmx pf vmadx rma }p` s`m|xked cdf w&
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r`fjm f%= b` emf`xm rma }p` fkfjf vmadx fpexkcd b`a had}p` cdfodxembd s`m
em{dx m f%=&
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skjpk`fr` d|`xmckf edbpamx
c 5 e` edbpad f
bdfb` c `s am x`|x`s`frmckf b`a e`fsmg` ckoxmbd { e `a e`fsmg` dxkjkfma& Cmbm
vmadx b` c dhr`fkbd `s jxmhmbd `f `a mxcnkvd `fcxk|rmbd&
\mxm b`cxk|rmx! cmbm fe`xd maemc`fmbd `f `a mxcnkvd `fcxk|rmbd `s a`bd {
`fvkmbd m am |xkekrkvm b` b`s`fcxk|rmckf }p` `g`cprmx am skjpk`fr` d|`xmckf
edbpamx
e 5 cb edbpad f
bdfb` e `s `a had}p` b` bjkrds cdxx`s|dfbk`fr` ma e`fsmg` ckoxmbd& @s b`ckx! }p`
pfm v`w cdfcapkbm am b`cxk|rmckf b` rdbds ads fe`xds b`a mxcnkvd b`
`fcxk|rmckf! s` r`fbx `a `}pkvma`fr` m am s`cp`fckm b` bjkrds }p` cdfodxemhmf
am x`|x`s`frmckf MSCKK b`a r`~rd dxkjkfma& M cdfrkfpmckf pf erdbd mbkckdfma
cdfv`xrkx am s`cp`fckm b` bjkrds `f cmxmcr`x`s rdembds cdfv`fk`fr`e`fr` b` 3
`f 3&
@srxpcrpxm b` bmrds
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b` es b` =< =8 bjkrds& Bmbd }p` `a ~krd b` pf sksr`em b` `fcxk|rmckf
b`|`fb` `f jxmf e`bkbm b` am cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds `e|a`mbds `f am j`f`xmckf b`
camv`s! s` nmc` f`c`smxkd b`okfkx pfm `srxpcrpxm }p` |`xekrm maemc`fmx
cde|a`rme`fr` pf fe`xd `fr`xd jxmfb` }p`! b` emf`xm cdfokmha`! ms`jpx` }p`
fd nmhx |xbkbm b` |x`ckskf&
>3
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@srd `s ep{ ke|dxrmfr` |p`s b` fd cdfskb`xmxs` s` cdxx` `a xk`sjd b` }p`
ads cacpads |xdvd}p`f pf b`shdxbmek`frd b` ams vmxkmha`s prkakwmbms { }p` |dx
rmfrd am `fcxk|rmckf { b`cxk|rmckf hmsmbds `f cacpads emr`erkcds |xdbpwcmf
x`sparmbds kfcdxx`crds! ke|kbk`fbd }p` s` aa`v` m hp`f rxekfd majpfm b` ams
opfckdfmakbmb`s b`a sksr`em&
S` b`okf` pf mxx`jad b` fe`xds `fr`xds bdha`s `f `a cpma `a fe`xd `fr`xd
jxmfb` s`x maemc`fmbd oxmcckdfmbd `f fe`xds es |`}p`ds }p` fd `~c`bmf
am cm|mckbmb b` maemc`fmek`frd b` ams c`abms b`a mxx`jad& Rmfrd am cmfrkbmb b`
`a`e`frds b`a mxx`jad cded `a vmadx e~ked |`xekrkbd |dx c`abm `s cdfokjpxmbd `f
`a mxcnkvd XSM&kfk& @sr` mxcnkvd nm b` `srmx phkcmbd gpfrd cdf ads b`es mxcnkvds
b`a sksr`em& Bpxmfr` am kfkckmakwmckf b`a sksr`em `sr` mxcnkvd `s a`bd { ads vmadx`s
maemc`fmbds `f ads cdxx`s|dfbk`fr`s mrxkhprds b` am camv`&
\mxm `a maemc`fmek`frd b` pf fe`xd `f `srm `srxpcrpxm s` cdfskb`xm }p`
cmbm c`abm }p` cde|df` `a mxx`jad r`fbx pf vmadx fpexkcd e~ked { }p` fkfjf
vmadx maemc`fmbd |dbx! hmgd fkfjpfm cdfskb`xmckf! sp|`xmx `sr` vmadx e~ked&
Ams ckoxms es skjfkokcmrkvms b`a `fr`xd jxmfb` s` maemc`fmf `f ams |dskckdf`s
em{dx`s b`a mxx`jad& Ams c`abms `f `~c`sd b` ams x`}p`xkbms |mxm maemc`fmx `a
fe`xd! cdfs`xvmf `a vmadx < cded |mxr` b`a emf`gd `srfbmx b` gmvm&
Mskeksed s` cdfs`xvm `a mrxkhprd fPar@a`e cdf `a fbkc` b` am arkem
|dskckf dcp|mbm b`a fe`xd&
S` kapsrxm m cdfrkfpmckf `a emf`gd hmgd `a odxemrd h%Xmbk~ b`ckema
_madx @fr`xd m 5 m=m8m3&&& mf%8mf%=mf! rma }p` f6 2
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Maemc`fmek`frd b` @fr`xd
< = f%= f
mf%2mf%3mf%8mf%=mf m2m0m?m:m> m=m8m3
@g`e|ad
\mxm `a fe`xd =8320?:>;;;
} =8>
f5|'} 80?
w5.|%=+'.}%=+ 80?
>0
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` =
b 80?
\dr`fckmEdbpamx 0=8 .cded efked+
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kff`c`smxkme`fr` cmpsmfbd }p` am `g`cpckf s`m a`frm& Sk |dx `a cdfrxmxkd s`
prkakwmf e`fds c`abms }p` ams x`}p`xkbms! `a |xdc`sd mhdxrmx d |xdbpckx
x`sparmbds kfcdxx`crds |dx |xdha`ems b` |x`ckskf&
\dx `srm xmwf `a rdrma b` c`abms b`a mxx`jad s` b`okf` `f opfckf b` am
cmfrkbmb b` bjkrds b` ads fe`xds |xkeds m emf`gmx! nmhkfbds` `a`jkbd b`s|ps
b` epcnms |xp`hms! `a omcrdx 2&0& \dx `g`e|ad! sk | rk`f` =8> bjkrds! `a mxx`jad
r`fbx 0:? c`abms&
@srfbmx b` cdbkokcmckf
\mxm `sr` rxmhmgd s` nm mb`cpmbd am @s|`ckokcmckf b`a A`fjpmg` Gmvm b`
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cdbkokcmckf& @sr` nm skbd m|akcmbd `f am cdfsrxpcckf b`a rdbd `a sksr`em `f ads
ms|`crds cdfc`xfk`fr`s m bdcpe`frmckf! fde`fcamrpxm { cdbkokcmckf& @frx` sps
|xkfck|ma`s cmxmcr`xsrkcms |db`eds kfbkcmx7
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>?
http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/ -
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Rdbms ams vmxkmha`s kfcap{`fbd ads |mxe`rxds cp`frmf cdf pf |x`okgd b` pfm
a`rxm }p` kfbkcm `a rk|d b` bmrds& Mbkckdfmae`fr`! ads |mxe`rxds aa`vmf pfm |
cded |x`okgd |mxm kb`frkokcmxads cded |mxe`rxds b` erdbds&
Ads mxx`jads aa`vmf pf |x`okgd mbkckdfma ma b` rk|d b` bmrd |mxm kb`frkokcmx }p` s`
rxmrm b` pf cdfgpfrd b` vmadx`s { pfd ske|a`&
>:
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B`scxk|ckf b`a Cams`s b`a Sksr`em
Cams` @FR@XD
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.kfr+ Emrn&c`ka..bdpha`+ XSM&fRdrmaBkj\xked$fBkjkrds'20&$=>>
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Mrxkhprds b` Kfsrmfckm
fPar@a`e
kfr fPar@a`e
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Erdbds
nmaamxMcmxx`d
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X`rdxfd
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MajdxkredX`rdxfmx `a x`sparmbd b` rxpfcmx .|f_madx $ =
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
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MajdxkredKfkckmakwmx Cmb`fm `f fpadX`|`rkx b`sb` arked nmsrm |xke`x `a`e`frd b` `srxpcrpxm @fr`xd
Sk `s `a arked `a`e`frd!Cmb`fm )5 `a`e`frd odxemr`mbd cdf pf cmxcr`x
cded efkedSkfd!
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mskjfmx_madx
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dhg`rd
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@ 3 _madx |dx b`o`crd b` cde|df`fr` ` b` camv`|phakcm
R =: Cmfrkbmb b` @fcxk|rmckf b` majdxkred b`Ekaa`x Xmhkf
@~r`fskdfR`~rd r~r @~r`fskf b` mxcnkvds b` r`~rd |dx b`o`crd
@~r`fskdf@fcxk| xsm` @~r`fskf b` mxcnkvds `fcxk|rmbds |dx
b`o`crd
@~r`fskdfB`cxk| xsmb @~r`fskf b` mxcnkvds b`cxk|rmbds |dxb`o`crd m s`x a`bd b` xsm&kfk
@~r`fskdfCamv`@fcxk| ij` @~r`fskf b` mxcnkvds b` camv` |phakcm |dxb`o`crd
@~r`fskdfCamv`B`cxk| ijb @~r`fskf b` mxcnkvds b` camv` |xkvmbm |dxb`o`crd
Fdehx`@fcxk|Re| zxioxsm`&re| Fdehx` b` mxcnkvd fpexkcd r`e|dxma b`@fcxk|rmckf
Fdehx`B`cxk|Re| zxioxsmb&re| Fdehx` b` mxcnkvd fpexkcd r`e|dxma b`b`cxk|rmckf
@f `srm rmham s` kfbkcmf ads vmadx`s |dx b`o`crd |`xd |p`b`f s`x edbkokcmbds |dx`a pspmxkd cdf `a psd b` cpma}pk`x `bkrdx b` r`~rd cded `a hadc b` fdrms&
=32
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
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@srfbmx b` cdbkokcmckf GM_M
=30
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
137/161
CDFR@FKBD
KfrxdbpcckfDxjmfkwmckf b` mxcnkvds GM_MKb`frmckfCde`frmxkdsB`camxmckdf`sS`fr`fckms
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=3?
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
138/161
Kfrxdbpcckf
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=3:
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
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Dxjmfkwmckf b` mxcnkvds GM_M
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d Cde`frmxkd b` Cams`
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d Cams`
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8& \dx Rk|d b` bmrd7Mjxp|mx ams vmxkmha`s |dx rk|d b` bmrd
_mxkmha`s b` Kfsrmfckm Dxb`f b` b`camxmckf7
m& \dx ehkrd7
=3>
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7/31/2019 Magister Encriptacion RDA
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@vkrmx af`ms em{dx`s b` >< cmxmcr`x`s&
d Xp|rpxm b` Af`ms
Xp|rpxm `f b`camxmckf b` cams`s { erdbds
S` kb`frm m > `s|mckds! xde|`x b`s|ps b` pfm cdem d mfr`s b` pf d|`xmbdx&@g`e|ad
sde`E`rndb.adfj@~|x`sskdf=! adfj@~|x`sskdf8! adfj@~|x`sskdf3!adfj@~|x`sskdf2! adfj@~|x`sskdf0+9
vmx 5 sde`E`rndb=.adfj@~|x`sskdf=!
sde`E`rndb8.adfj@~|x`sskdf8!adfj@~|x`sskdf3++9
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