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Prof. Greta R. Patzke
SATW: Journées de ReflexionYverdon, 31 October 2018
Artificial Photosynthesis:
Minds
Matter
Markets
Department of Chemistry
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1. Nature
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Coal
52.8 Natural Gas
Oil
114
50.7
tinyurl.com/ycqn7fv9
746
471
275
Global reserves
Unburnable
Carbon budget for 2°C
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Abbott, D. Proc. IEEE 2010, 98 (1), 42–66, Gesamtenergiestatistik, Tab. 24, VSE 2016, SFOE, Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2017.
1. Nature
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Outlook
Energy production (CH) 2016 Energy consumption (CH) 2017
Solar 85,000 TW
River Hydroelectric7 TW
Biomass7 TW
Geothermal44 TW
Wind72 TW
Human Energy Use (2013): 18 TW
x 0.06% = 50 TW
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tinyurl.com/ycbymy3p
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Photosystem II
Protein: ca. 54'000 atomsInorganic core: {CaMn4O5}
Photosystem I
Protein: ca. 36'000 atomsIron-sulfur clusters
Y. Umena, K. Kawakami, J.-R. Shen, N. Kamiya, Nature 2011 (473) 55. I. Caspy, N. Nelson, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2018 (46) 285.
2 H2O O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ 2e- + 2H+ + NADP+ NADPH + H+
Synthetic PSII mimics (examples): E. Y. Tsui, R. Tran, J. Yano, T. Agapie, Nat. Chem. 2013 (5) 293; C. Zhang, C. Chen, H. Dong, J.-R. Shen, H. Dau, J. Zhao, Science 2015 (348) 690.
?
A. Indra, P. W. Menezes, M. Driess ChemSusChem 2015, 8, 776
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2 H2O 2 H2 + O2DG° = +237.3 kJ/mol
E°rev = 1.23 V
Solar energy directly to hydrogen - GW scale liquid fuels?
Strong water oxidation catalysts (WOCs):
2 H2O → O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+
CO2 reduction challenges:
→ 6 or more proton/electron transfers limit selectivity
→ Higher BOP costs for CO2 capture
→ Unlikely to make big dent in climate mitigation
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1. Nature
2. Science
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Outlook F. Evangelisti, R. Moré, F. Hodel, S. Luber, G. R. Patzke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015 (137) 11076.
Stable & active {Mn4O4} cubane
WOCs: Challenge!
1st generation {CoII4O4} cubanes: Tetranuclearity & ligand environment
83% O2 yieldTON: 35
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1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook F. Evangelisti, R. Moré, F. Hodel, S. Luber, G. R. Patzke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015 (137) 11076.
Ln3+ ions = Ca2+ mimics
2nd generation {CoII3O4} cubanes:
Enhanced performance & mechanistic insight
Why did Nature pick the redox-inert Ca2+?
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C. Kisielowski, H. Frei, P. Specht, I. D.
Sharp, J. A. Haber, S. Helveg, Adv.
Struct. Chem. Imaging 2017 (2) 13.
Co3O4
F. Song, R. Moré, M. Schilling, G. Smolentsev, N. Azzaroli, T. Fox, S. Luber, G. R. Patzke*, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017 (139) 14198.
3rd generation CoII4O4-dpk cubane:
New molecular cut-outs of powerful solid catalysts
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K. Domen et al., ACS Catal. 2018 (8) 2782-2788.
A. Z. Weber et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2018 (11) 115.
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2 nm
We replaced toxic Cd in high performance QD photosensitizers!
New capping with sulfide ions:
Water soluble QDs!
S. Yu, X.-B. Fan, X. Wang, J. Li, Q. Zhang, A. Xia, S. Wei,
L.-Z. Wu, Y. Zhou, G. R. Patzke, Nat. Commun. 2018 (9) 4009.
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
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Turnover numbers up to 128’000
Activity for > 100 h, 31% IQY
→ Competitive with leading Cd-QDs
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
OutlookS. Yu, X.-B. Fan, X. Wang, J. Li, Q. Zhang, A. Xia, S. Wei, L.-Z. Wu, Y. Zhou, G. R. Patzke, Nat. Commun. 2018 (9) 4009.
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1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook 2009 DOE Technoeconomical Analysis of PEC Hydrogen Production.T. F. Jaramillo et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2013 (6) 1983.
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Si junction / membraneCobalt
CatalystNiMoZnCatalyst
++++
----
H2O2
H2OH+
«artificial leaf»
Overall solar-to-fuel efficiency 4.7%: (PV) · (WS)
(PV)= 7.7%, water splitting efficiency = 60%
D.G. Nocera, Acc. Chem. Res., 2012, 45, 767 & Sun Catalytix
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
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Three lab prototype designs:
I. PV immersed in electrolyte with catalyst electrodes on both sides
II. Only one side of PV part exposed to electrolyte (wire needed)
II. Complete separation of PV andelectrocatalytic elements
B. Turan, J.-P. Becker, F. Urbain, F. Finger, U. Rau, S. Haas, Nature Commun. 2016 (7) 12681.
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2. Science
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OutlookB. Turan, J.-P. Becker, F. Urbain, F. Finger, U. Rau, S. Haas, Nature Commun. 2016 (7) 12681.
64 cm2
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1. Nature
2. Science
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Outlook R. Van de Kroel, B. A. Parkinson, MRS Energy & Sustainab. 2017 (4) e13.
PEC PV-E
Lab
Tech
tinyurl.com/y8cfahwt
J. Su, L. Vayssieres, ACS Energy Lett. 2017 (1) 121.
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tinyurl.com/ycgyp759
In & exsitu
SurfaceAnalytics
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ESRF BM01 Swiss Norwegian Beamline: MNCN series M = Co, Co0.9Ni0.1, Ni, Mn, Cu
XAS fluorescence detector
Ramandetector
X-ray source
X-ray path for transmission
SPE connector Raman source
R. J. Müller, J. Lan, K. Lienau, R. Moré, C. A. Triana, M. Iannuzzi, G. R. Patzke, Dalton Trans. 2018 (47) 10759.
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Outlook
Oxide formation?
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Screen printed electrode (SPE):
Dropcasting ofCoNCN/Nafion ink
Operando Raman spectra of CoNCNat different applied voltages:
→ Oxide-related peaks absent
R. J. Müller, J. Lan, K. Lienau, R. Moré, C. A. Triana, M. Iannuzzi, G. R. Patzke, Dalton Trans. 2018 (47) 10759.
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
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MNCN series (M = Co, Co0.9Ni0.1, Ni, Mn, Cu):
→ Only CuNCN forms oxide layer operando
CuNCN: XANES (fluorescence) spectra & descriptors: 80 % CuO at 1.2 V
R. J. Müller, J. Lan, K. Lienau, R. Moré, C. A. Triana, M. Iannuzzi, G. R. Patzke, Dalton Trans. 2018 (47) 10759.
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
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1. Nature
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Outlook E. Koepf, I. Alxneit, C. Wieckert, A. Meyer, Appl. Energy 2017 (188) 620.
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Solar Syngas from Oxides
1/δCeO2 1/δCeO2-δ + 0.5 O2(g)High T (1500 °C):
Lower T
CO & H2
Fischer-Tropsch fuelsTask: max. δ
oxygen vacancies (Vo..)
H2O(g) + 1/δCeO2-δ1/δCeO2 + H2(g)
CO2(g) + 1/δCeO2-δ1/δCeO2 + CO(g)
1000 °C
1. Nature
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Outlook
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• Engineering@ETH Zurich (Prof. Aldo Steinfeld)
W. C. Chueh, C. Falter, M. Abbott, D. Scipio, P. Furler, S. M. Haile, A. Steinfeld, Science 2010 (330) 1797.
OUR TASK:High performance oxide reactor for present heliostat
infrastructure
Solar Power through Oxide Materials
1. Nature
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Outlook
STF (4kW) = 5.25%PV-Emax = 6.25%PECmax = 2%
D. Marxer, P. Furler, M. Takacs, A. Steinfeld, Energy Env. Sci. 2017 (10) 1142.
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Ceria: Dopant Screening
Cm
Screening of all potential tetravalent dopants in
the PSE (Shannon radii)
Tetravalent dopants
• Reversible oxygen vacancies
• Ce3+ is larger than Ce4+
Initial redox cycle Oxidation
R. Jacot, R. Moré, R. Michalsky, A. Steinfeld, G. R. Patzke, J. Mater. Chem A 2017 (5) 19901.
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
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Ceria Dopant Optimization Strategy
VMoW
Cm
TbW
Zr
First selection(thermal stability)
→ Hf-, Zr- & Nb doped ceria remains stable after prolonged TGA cycling
Before 50 cycles After 50 cycles
→ Homogeneous dopant distribution: Key factor! 1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
OutlookR. Jacot, J. M. Naik, R. Moré, R. Michalsky, A. Steinfeld, G. R. Patzke, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 5807.
Zr
Hf
Nb
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Outlook
www.sunfire.deCO2 & Water electrolysis (solid oxide cell stacks)
www.skytree.eu
CO2 capture from airwww.climeworks.com
www.dimensionalenergy.net
Solar thermal CO2 conversion to methanol
www.opus-12.com
CO2 electrolysis to CO for on-site generation
www.catalytic-innovation.com
Water oxidation for corrosion resistance
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1. Nature
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Outlook
(4) Final capital investment & life cycle analysis for PV?
T. Bolsen, J. N. Druckman, F. Lomax Cook, Chem 2016 (1) 515.
S. Ardo et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, DOI: 10-1039/c7ee03639f.
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1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook S. Sheehan et al., Chem 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.06.003
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ACS Catal. 2013 (3) 1486.
2. Nanoscale & Solid Catalysts
In situ formation monitoring &
Analytical tracking
1. Molecular Catalysts
Principles of Photosystem II
H2 evolution with Quantum Dots
3. Concentrated Solar Power
Doped ceria vs. perovskites
Cooperation: Prof. Aldo Steinfeld, ETH Zurich
25 °C
1500 °C
1. Nature
2. Science
3. Markets
Outlook
tinyurl.com/y8m27mak
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Karl-Heinz Ernst (EMPA)H2 Formation and CO2 Reduction
David TilleyPhotoelectrocatalysisMolecular Approaches to Renewable Energies
Andreas Borgschulte (EMPA)trMOKEAdvanced Analytical Technologies
Jürg OsterwalderCatalysts on SurfacesUltrafast Electron Dynamics and Scattering
Roger AlbertoWater Reduction Catalysts & PhotosensitizersMetals in Medicine / Molecular Imaging
Greta R. PatzkeWater Oxidation CatalystsSolids, Oxoclusters & Molecules
Peter HammUltra-fast Spectroscopy & MechanismsFemto Second and 2D-IR Spectroscopy
Jürg Hutter Sandra LuberElectronic Structures and Reaction Pathways of WOC/WRCAdvanced Electronic Structure Methods
Devices
Theory
Catalysts Mechanisms
UZH Priority Program: www.lightchec.uzh.ch
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Acknowledgements
www.lightchec.uzh.ch
GROUP:
Dr. Fabian von RohrDr. Carlos TrianaDr. Sima HeidariDr. Christos MavrokefalosJingguo LiFangyuan SongSimona ContiRobin GüttingerKarla LienauRafael MüllerEsmael BalaghiLukas ReithMadhusudhan JarplaYonggui ZhaoDevi Prasad A SGiann WiprächtigerKeyuan MaDorota WalickaCatherine Witteveen
UZH Special Research Program:LightChEC: Profs. Roger Alberto, Jürg Osterwalder,Peter Hamm, Jürg Hutter, David Tilley, Sandra Luber, Karl-Heinz Ernst, PD Dr. Andreas Borgschulte
Prof. Dr. Aldo Steinfeld (ETH Zurich)PD Dr. Davide Bleiner (Empa Dübendorf)Prof. Dr. Richard Walton (University of Warwick/UK)Dr. Shan Yu, Prof. Ying Zhou (Southwest Petrolum U/Chengdu)
https://tinyurl.com/y7799dc2