Paradigmatic Standpoints
of
Master’s and Doctoral THESIS
Saud Mossa Alsalahi
Professional Doctorate Candidate
TESOL, Exeter University
26th. April 2015
:سؤال
كم عدد طرق البحث؟
ومن يحدد اختيارك لطريقة جمع بيانات بحثك؟
للبـــاحثينإضاءات مهــــمة
Crotty language _____________ practical language!!!!
بــــحـــثـــيـــةإضــــــــــــــاءات
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
إضــــــــــــــاءات بــــحـــثـــيـــة
. يجب أن يلم بكل ما كتب عن موضوعة من بحوث مهمة: القراءة الواسعة1.
الدقة التامة في فهم أراء الغير 2.
.أال يؤخذ أراء الغير على أنها حقيقة مسلم بها، أن يقر ما يتضح صحته3.
.أن تنتج الرسالة ابتكارا وتضيف جديدا4.
.األسلوب، األدلة، الجمل والعبارات: التأثير في قارئهأن يكون البحث قوي 5.
.إجراءات البحثو الدراية العلمية بتصميم 6.
Research Development
1- Scientific Research
2- social Research
Researcher deals with:
1- Field
2- Archive
3- Lab
Who is a researcher?
A researcher perceives his/her personality differently from
other writers by being:
C……
S…..
To be a qualified researcher in academia:
- B
- D
- C
RESEARCH PARADIMS
what is Research?
What are Paradigms?
Research Contested Areas: dilemma, wars, mixed, multi,
compatibility, incompatibility, rigidity, Research catchment area
justifications, theories, practices, perspectives,
الباحث يتبناه الذي اإلطار أومعرفة الخلفية الفلسفية للبحث إلى تحتاج وتحليلها البيانات وجمع البحث تصميم إن.
Research Paradigm
الباحث يجب أن ينطلق من رؤية محددة، و واضحة فيما يتعلق بالنموذج(Paradigm)، أو
ألنها تُزود الباحث بالفلسفات، و النظريات، و المناهج، و األدوات (Worldview)رؤية العالم
األساسية التي تدعم نموذج بحثه، و بالتالي تُسهم في نجاح عملية البحث عموما، و
تحقيقه لألهداف المنشودة بشكل خاص
(Burrell & Morgan, 1985; Myers, 2000)
WHY?
As a back up
As a judgment
As a benchmark
As a justification
As a guideline
Do we study them as a matter of Choice or
Obligation?
Research Paradigms
Topic
Aim
Paradigm
Critical Interpretivist Positivist/Scientific
paradigm
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Method
•Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate
•Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify
•Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate
Patients in hospitals do not eat 30 million meals every year
POSITIVIST
POSITIVIST
Aim • Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate…..
Ontology
• Reality is singular(one truth), apart from the researcher (external reality, detached from the researcher and the participants(independent of them). Realism
Epistemology
• Objectivist; researcher is independent from that being researched; Value free and un-biased, objectivism.
Methodology
• Experimental studies, Quasi-experimental, correlational, Survey(Cross-sectional studies, Longitudinal studies)
Method • Closed Questionnaire, structured interview,………
Researcher
• Neutral
Terminology
• Hypothesis, validity, reliability, quantitative, variables, randomized control trial, causality, random sampling, generalization
INTERPRETIVIST
Aim • Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify …….
Ontology
• Reality is multiple( multiple perspectives of truth) and constantly changing (through the interpretations of participants and the researcher. Reality is socially constructed. (Relativism)
Epistemology
• Researcher interacts with that being researched; Value-laden and biased, Constructivism, Subjectivism.
Methodology
• Case Studies, Ethnography, Grounded Theory………..
Method
• Open-ended Interview, open-interview, observation, documents, audio-visual materials,……
Researcher
• A respectful listener or observer
Terminology
• Trustworthiness, triangulation, credibility, dependability, qualitative, purposive sampling
INTERPRETIVIST
CRITICAL
Aim • Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate, change, challenge,
Ontology
• Reality is constructed and affected by power.
• Reality has been interpreted in ways that preserve structures of dominance. (critical idealism)
Epistemology
• Subjectivist (socially constructed & Emancipatory….
Methodology
• Action Research, Critical ethnography, Critical discourse analysis
Method • Critical interview, critical observation, critical discourse,……..
Researcher
• A social activist
Terminology
• power relationships, social justice, resistance, innovation, domination, oppression, emancipation
CRITICAL
Positivist Interpretivist Critical
Aim:
Prove, refute, measure, examine, investigate, evaluate…..
Explore, understand, discover, recognize, find out, identify …….
Criticize, improve, develop, emancipate, change, challenge, elevate, raise awareness..
Ontology: what is the nature of reality?
- Reality is singular(one
truth), apart from the researcher (external reality,
detached from the researcher and the participants(independent of them)
Reality is multiple( multiple perspectives of truth) and constantly changing (through the interpretations of participants and the researcher. Reality is socially constructed.
Reality is constructed and affected by power. Reality has been interpreted in ways that preserve structures of dominance.
Epistemology: How do we know about reality?
Objectivist; researcher is independent from that being researched; Value free and un-biased, objectivism.
Researcher interacts with that being researched; Value-laden and biased, Constructivism, Subjectivism.
Subjectivist (socially constructed & Emancipatory….
Methodology: (Approach to knowledge)
•Experimental •Quasi-experimental •correlational • Surveys
•Case Studies • Ethnography • Grounded Theory
• Action Research • Critical ethnography • Critical discourse analysis
Method: (Instruments &Tools)
Closed-Questionnaire, structured interview,………
Open-ended Interview, observation, documents, audio-visual materials,……
Critical interview, critical observation, critical discourse,……..
Role Of Researcher: Neutral A respectful listener or observer
A social activist
Related Terminology:
Hypothesis, validity, reliability, quantitative, variables, randomized control trial, causality, random sampling, generalization
Trustworthiness, triangulation, credibility, qualitative, purposive sampling
power relationships, social justice, resistance, innovation, domination, oppression, emancipation
Research Paradigm Map
Research Design
Data Collection
Method
Methodology
Area of Research
Research Questions
Interpretivist
Case Study
NNEST and NEST in
Teaching English as a FL
Do policy recruitments in the university prefer native
or non-native English teachers? And why?
Do Saudi female students prefer native or non-native
English teachers? And why?
Do Saudi female students perceive any differences in
teaching practices between native and non-native
English teachers? If yes, what are they? If no, why?
observation
s,
students’
reflective
interviews
Multi-methods design
Research Paradigm
http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie1.gif
Research Structure
Introduction
Nature of the problem
Research gap
Rationale for the study
Significance of the study
Contribution to knowledge
Research questions/hypothesis
Structure/ organization of the thesis
Context of the study:
Description of the context of the study
Cultural issues
Educational issues
Socio-economic issues
Political issues
Description of the population of the study
Any relevant information that illuminates the
background of the study
Literature review
Theoretical constructs in the research
questions
Research studies relevant to your topic-
Be critical not descriptive
Formulate a conceptual framework as a
result of your review of theories and
practices in the area of your study
Methodology
Research theoretical framework
Research questions
Research design + theoretical justification Research
methods + theoretical justification Research
procedures: sampling and data collection methods
Research Design: (con…. expl..,explo…,mi….,mu..)
Validity and reliability=Credibility and
trustworthiness
Ethical dimensions
Challenges and Limitations of the study
Results and discussion
The main research questions are answered in this
chapter
Your analysis is supported by data: quantitative and
qualitative
Discussion and interpretation to be added at this level
Conclusion
Summary of main findings
Implications Recommendations
Suggestions for further research
Personal reflection on the thesis journey
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