![Page 1: Matakuliah Evolusi Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA ...staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo/files/2016/10/11102016-Variasi-dan... · staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022040312/5e04153bd5e4505b3066bc6b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Matakuliah Evolusi Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Lampung
![Page 2: Matakuliah Evolusi Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA ...staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo/files/2016/10/11102016-Variasi-dan... · staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022040312/5e04153bd5e4505b3066bc6b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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OVERVIEW
• Populasi
• Gene Pool
• Variasi
• Frekuensi Alel dan Frekuensi Genotipe
• Kesetimbangan Genetik
• Perubahan Frekuensi Alel dan Genotipe
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POPULASI
• Populasi adalah kumpulan organisme sejenis yang hidup dalam tempat dan waktu yang sama serta dapat melakukan perkawinan yang menghasilkan filial yang fertil.
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GENE POOL
• Gene pool jumlah total gen pada seluruh individu dalah sebuah populasi.
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VARIASI
• Variasi merupakan keanekaragaman yang ada dalam populasi
• Variasi gen merupakan sumber variasi fenotipe yang dipengaruhi oleh variasi lingkungan
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
• Frekuensi alel menyatakan perbandingan alel suatu gen dalam populasi
• Frekuensi genotipe menyatakan perbandingan macam genotipe yang dapat muncul dari suatu sifat dalam populasi
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
• For an autosomal locus with two alleles, the Hardy-Weinberg law can be stated as follows: • Assumptions—If a population is large, randomly mating,
and not affected by mutation, migration, or natural selection, then:
• Prediction 1 —The allelic frequencies of a population do not change;
• Prediction 2 —The genotypic frequencies stabilize (will not change) after one generation in the proportions p2 (the frequency of AA), 2pq (the frequency of Aa), and q2 (the frequency of aa), where p equals the frequency of allele A and q equals the frequency of allele a.
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
• When genotypes are in the expected proportions of p2, 2pq, and q2, the population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
p the frequency of the dominant (A) allele q the frequency of the recessive (a) allele
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
• Calculated: 1. Prediction of allele frequencies
2. Prediction of genotype frequencies
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
500 mahasiswa Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unila diketahui 196 orang bergolongan darah A, 73 golongan B, 205 O, dan 26 AB.
Tentukan frekuensi masing-masing alelnya!
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FREKUENSI ALEL DAN GENOTIPE
• Frekuensi Alel O O2 = 205/500 = 0,41 O = √ 0,41 = 0,64
Jumlah Golongan Darah A dan O = 196 + 205 = 401
(A+O)2 = 401/500 = 0,802
A + O = √ 0,802 = 0,9
A = 0,9 – O = 0,9 – 0,64 = 0,26
A + B + O = 1 B = 1 – A – O = 1 – 0,26 – 0,64 = 0,1
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KESETIMBANGAN GENETIK
• Kesetimbangan genetik menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi alel dan genotipe akan tetap dari generasi ke generasi
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KESETIMBANGAN POPULASI
• Frekuensi alel dan genotipe dalam sebuah populasi dapat berubah apabila terjadi:
– Populasi kecil
– Nonrandom mating
– Mutasi
– Genetic drift
– Gene flow
– Natural selection
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POPULASI KECIL
• Gene pool kecil
• Peluang inbreeding tinggi
• Variasi genetik rendah
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MUTASI
• Perubahan acak dari materi genetik
– Gen
– Kromosom
• Menyebabkan munculnya alel baru atau hilangnya alel tertentu
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GENETIC DRIFT
Original population
Bottlenecking event
Surviving population
Bottleneck Effect
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NATURAL SELCTION
• The Hardy-Weinberg principle requires that all individuals in a population be equally adapted to their environment and thus contribute equally to the next generation – This rarely happens
• Natural selection acts to select the individuals that are best adapted for survival and reproduction
• Natural selection acts on organism’s phenotype and changes allelic frequencies
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KESETIMBANGAN GENETIK
• Alam selalu berubah
• Kesetimbangan genetik juga berubah seiring perubahan yang terjadi