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BUILDING
LINGKUNGAN
TEKNOLOGI
IKLIM
TEKNOLOGI
BUDAYA
MATERIAL
ATURAN
ESTETIKA
MANUSIA
BUILDING
LINGKUNGAN
TEKNOLOGI
IKLIM
TEKNOLOGI
BUDAYA
MATERIAL
ATURAN
ESTETIKA
MANUSIA
ANALISISSINTESIS
IKLIM
TEKNOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
ESTETIKA
MANUSIA
MATERIAL
TEKNOLOGI
BUDAYA
TEKNOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
ESTETIKA
MANUSIA
EKONOMI
TEKNOLOGI
KEAMANAN
ROBERT G. HERSBERGER
ISSUES
BUDAYA
TEKNOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
ESTETIKA
MANUSIA
EKONOMI
TEKNOLOGI
KEAMANAN
PALMER
FACTORS
HUMAN FACTORS PHYSICAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS
ActivitiesBehaviourObjective / GoalsOrganization-hierarchy-groups-position-classification-leadershipCharacteristics (Demographics)Social ForcesInteractions-communication-Relationship-Transfer of materials, etc.Policies / CodesAttitudes / ValuesCustoms / BeliefsPerceptionsPreferencesQualities-compfort-productivity-efficiency-security-safety-acces-privacy-territory-control-convenience
Location-region-locality-community’-vicinitySite ConditionBuilding / FacilityEnvelopeStructureSystems-engineering-communications-lighting-securitySpace-types-dimensions-relationshipsEquipment / FurnishingMaterial / FinishesSupport Services-storage-parking-acces-waste removal-utilities (water, sewag, telephone)UsesFunctionsBehaviour / Activity SettingOperationsCirculationEnvironment-comfort-visual-acousticalEnergy Use / ConservationDurability / Flexibility
Legal Restrictions (Codes/standard/regulation)-building-land use-system-energy-environment-materials-safety-solar accesTopographyClimateEcologyResources AvailabiliytEnergy supplies / Prices- convensional- solar- AlternativeEconomyFinancingTime -schedule-deadlines-operationsCosts / Budget-constructions-materials-services-operationsCosts / Benefits
GOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEM
FUNCTIONPeopleActivitiesRelationship
MissionMaximum numberIndividual identityInteraction/privacyHierarchy of valuePrime activitiesSecurityProgressionSegregationEncountersTransportation / parkingEfficiency’Priority of relationship
Statistical dataArea parametersPersonel forecastUser characteristicCommunity characteristicOrganizational structureValue of potential lossTime-motion studyTraffic analysisBehavioural patternsSpace adequacyType/intensityPhysically challenged guideline
Service groupingPeople groupingActivity groupingPriorityHierarchySequential flowSeparated flowMixed flowFunctional relationshipscommunication
Area requirements By organization By space type By time By locationParking requirementsOutdoor space requirementsFunctional alternatives
Unique and important Performance requirements that will shape building design
FORMSiteEnvironmentQuality
Bias on site elementsEnvironmental responseEfficient land useCommunity relationCommunity improvementPhysical comfortLife savetySocial / pshychological environmentIndividualityWayfindingProjected imageClient expectations
Site analysisSoil analysisFAR and GACClimate analysisCode surveySurroundingsPshychological implicationsPoint of reference / entryCost/SFBuilding or lay out efficiencyEquipment costArea per unit
EnhancementsSpecial foundationDensityEnvironmental controlsSafetyNeighborsHome base / officing conceptsOn-premise : fixed, free, group addressOff premise : satellite, telecommuting, virtual officeOrientationAccessibilityCharacterQuality control
Site development costsEnvironmental influences on costsBuilding costs / SFBuilding overall efficiency factors
Major form considerations thay will affect building design
ECONOMYInitial BudgetOperating CostLifecycle Cost
Extent of fundCost effectivenessMaximum returnReturn on investmentMinimizing of operating costsMaintenance and operating costsReduction of life cycle costssustainabilty
Cost parametersMaximum budgetTime-use factorsMarket analysisEnergy source costActivities and climate factorsEconomic dataLEED rating system
Cost controlEfficient allocationMultifunctional / versatilityMerchandisingEnergy conservationCost reductionrecycling
Budget estimate analysisBalance budgetCash flow analysisEnergy budgetOperating costsGreen building ratingLife cycle costs
Attitude toward the initial budget and its influence on the fabric and geometry of the building
TIMEPastPresentFuture
Historic preservationStatic / dynamic activitiesChangeGrowthOccupancy dateAvailability of fund
SignificanceSpace parametersActivitiesProjectionsDurationEscalation factors
AdaptabilityToleranceConvertibilityExpansibilityLinear / concurrent schedulingphasing
EscalationTime scheduleTime/cost schedule
Implication of change and growth on long-range performance
PENTAHAPAN DALAM DESIGN
INPUT PROSES OUTPUT
PROSES PERANC. HASIL PERANC.
PROGRAMMING DESAIN
IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH
PERUMUSAN MASALAH
PENYUSUNAN PROGRAM
TRANSFORMASI DESAIN PEMECAHAN
MASALAH
PROBLEM SEEKING PROBLEM SOLVING
A N A L I S I S S I N T E S I S
RASIONAL
INTUITIF/KREATIF
PROSES DESAIN
PENTAHAPAN DALAM DESIGN
INPUT PROSES OUTPUT
PROSES PERANC. HASIL PERANC.
PROGRAMMING DESAIN
IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH
PERUMUSAN MASALAH
PENYUSUNAN PROGRAM
TRANSFORMASI DESAIN PEMECAHAN
MASALAH
PROBLEM SEEKING PROBLEM SOLVING
R A S I O N A L KREATIF /
INTUITIF
LANGKAH TIM Mc.GINTY R.WHITAKER H.RITTLE J.C.JONES AIA
IPERMULAAN /
KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN
PENGENALAN
DEFINISI
IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH GAGASAN
II PERSIAPAN
PERSIAPAN
ANALISIS
KUMPULKAN
ANALISIS
INFORMASI
INFORMASI
ANALISIS
JASA-JASA PRADESAIN
III PENGAJUAN USUL
SINTESIS
LOMPATAN
KREATIF
PEMECAHAN
SINTESIS
DESAIN SISTEMATIS PENGEMBANGAN
DESAIN
IV EVALUASI
EVALUASI
KOMUNIKASI DAN
TINDAKAN
EVALUASI
V TINDAKAN
EVALUASI
REEVALUASI
OPTIMASI DOKUMEN KONTRAK
BEBERAPA CONTOH PENTAHAPAN DALAM DESIGN
“Synthesis on the other hand is characterised by an attemp to move forward and create a response to the problem. Essentially, synthesis, is the generating of solution. ( Bryan Lawson 1980 : 27)
Problem Solution
WE CONTEND THAT PROBLEM SOLVING IS A VALID APPROACH TO DESIGN; THEREFORE,PROBLEM DEFINITION SHOULD BE THE FIRST
STEP IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
Analysis Synthesis
SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMMING RELIES ON ANALYSIS. SUCCESSFUL DESIGN RELIES ON SYNTHESIS
Problem Solution
WE CONTEND THAT PROBLEM SOLVING IS A VALID APPROACH TO DESIGN; THEREFORE,PROBLEM DEFINITION SHOULD BE THE FIRST
STEP IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
Analysis Synthesis
SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMMING RELIES ON ANALYSIS. SUCCESSFUL DESIGN RELIES ON SYNTHESIS
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5Algorithmic Heuristic
PROGRAMMING IS HEURISTIC : STEPS ARE NOT RIGOROUSLY SEQUENTIAL, AND INFORMATION IS HARDLY EVER PRECISE OR COMPLETE
PROGRAMMING NEED ABSTRACT THINKING-KEEPING PART MALLEABLE, JELLYLIKE,AND LOOSE UNTIL DESIGN SYNTHESIZES THE PHYSICAL
SOLUTION
IDEALLY,WE SHOULD HAVE BOTH FEEDFORWARD AND FEEDBACK. THE BUILDING PROGRAM,AS INFORMATION FEEDFORWARD, FORMS THE BASIS
OF DESIGN. THE EVALUATION, AS INFORMATION FEEDBACK, OFFERS REFINEMENT OF DESIGN
AS PROGRAMMERS, WHEN WE SEARCH FOR A CLEAR,RASIONAL STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM, OUR MINDS MUST THINK OBJECTIVELY
Feedforward Feedback
Program Design Design Evaluation
Art
ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES EMPHASIZE INTUITIVE,SUBJECTIVE THINKING. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES EMPAHASIZE LOGICAL,OBJECTIVE THINKING.
ARCHITECTURE DEALS WITH BOTH
UNLESS EMPATHIC TO OTHER VIEWS-TO HOW OTHER SPECIALIST THINK-AN INDIVIDUAL PROBABLY WON’T MAKE A GOOD MEMBER OF THE TEAM AS
EITHER A PROGRAMMER OR AS A DESIGNER
Problem Solution
PENTAHAPAN DALAM DESIGN
INPUT PROSES OUTPUT
PROSES PERANC. HASIL PERANC.
PROGRAMMING DESAIN
IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH
PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENYUSUNA
N PROGRAM
TRANSFORMASI DESAIN PEMECAHAN
MASALAH
PROBLEM SEEKING PROBLEM SOLVING
R A S I O N A L KREATIF /
INTUITIF
DESIGN P R O B L E M DESIGN S O L U T I O N
PROBLEM DISAIN TIDAK DAPAT DIUNGKAPKAN DALAM SATU PERNYATAAN YANG KOMPREHENSIF (design problems cannot be comprehensively stated)
KARAKTER DESIGN PROBLEMperkuliahan Minggu ke-7
1
PROBLEM DISAIN MEMBUTUHKAN INTERPRETASI YANG SUBYEKTIF (design problems require subjective interpretation)
2
3 PROBLEM DISAIN CENDERUNG MUNCUL DAN DISUSUN SECARA BERJENJANG (design problems tend to be organized hirarchically)
TERDAPAT SOLUSI YANG TIDAK TERHINGGA UNTUK SETIAP PERMASALAHAN (there are an inexhaustible number of different solutions)
1
2 SULIT UNTUK MENDAPATKAN SOLUSI DISAIN YANG BETUL-BETUL OPTIMAL DALAM PEMECAHAN SUATU PERMASALAHAN DISAIN (there are no optimal solution to design problems)
KARAKTER DESIGN SOLUTION
KARAKTER DESIGN PROCESS
1
2
3
4
PROSES DISAIN TIDAK PERNAH BERAKHIR (the design process is endles)
TIDAK ADA PROSES DISAIN YANG BENAR ATAU SALAH SECARA MUTLAK (there is no infallibly correct process)
DALAM PROSES DISAIN PADA HAKEKATNYA TERDAPAT PROSES PENCARIAN SEKALIGUS PENYELESAIAN MASALAH (the process involves finding as well as solving problems)
KEPASTIAN SUATU HASIL AKHIR DISAIN MENYANGKUT PENILAIAN YANG SUBYEKTIF (design inevitably involves subjective value judgement)
5
6
DESIGN MERUPAKAN KEGIATAN PRESKRIPTIF (design is a prescriptive activity)
PERANCANG BEKERJA DALAM KONTEKS KEBUTUHAN AKAN AKSI (designers work in the context of a need for action)