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Materials developed under the European programme:
INTERNATIONALBUSINESS
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BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY
SYLLABUS
1. Dlaczego narody handlują ze sobą? Teorie wymiany międzynarodowej.
2. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki geograficzne.
3. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki polityczne. Czynniki prawne.
4. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki kulturowe.
5. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.
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BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY
SYLLABUS
6. Handel zagraniczny. Definicje podstawowe.
7. Pośrednicy w obrocie międzynarodowym.
8. Organizacja obrotu. INCOTERMS 2000.
9. Organizacje międzynarodowe.
10.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.
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Materials developed under the European programme:
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
International Trade Theories
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MercantilismAbsolute AdvantageComparative AdvantageHecksher-Ohlin TheoremInternational Product Life Cycle
Why do nations trade?
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MercantilismOne of first economic doctrines (1550 to 1800)Wealth measured in gold.
accumulate gold by exporting more than importing
Since amount of gold is finite, trade is zero-sum
Assumes governments can control tradeFrance and Japan are modern “neomercantilist”
examples
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Absolute AdvantageAdam Smith in Wealth of NationsProduce and export goods at which each nation is
most efficientLabor is primary cost factor
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Comparative Advantage
Ricardo in 1817Trade success although no absolute
advantage in trade goodsProduce and export goods at which
each nation is relatively most efficientLabor is primary cost factor
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Heckscher-Ohlin TheoryDifferences in production factorsAdds land and capital to labor as
production factors that add valueConcentrate on goods requiring most
abundant factorDoesn’t account for
transportation coststaste preferencesavailable technology
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Related to product life cycle theory in marketing
Intro. Growth Maturity Decline
Uni
t Sal
es
Time
International Product Life Cycle
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Uni
t Sal
es
time
Domestic Sales
Domestic Production
ExportsImports
Domestic Exports
Foreign Production
Foreign Competition
Import Competition
International Product Life Cycle
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Newer Explanations
Economies of Scale/Experience CurveLindler Theory of Overlapping DemandPorter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations
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Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand
Focused on manufactured goodsTrade between nations with similar per capita
incomeConsumers’ demands are similar (overlapping)
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Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations
Four variables in competitive advantagedemand conditionsfactor conditionsrelated and supporting industriesfirm strategy, structure, competition
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Trade Restrictions
National defenseInfant industriesProtection of domestic jobsRetaliationDumpingExport subsidies
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Types of Restrictions
Tariff BarriersAd ValoremSpecificCompound
TaxesValue Added TaxImport/Export
TaxesExcise duty
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Quantitativequotas, orderly marketing arrangements, countertrade
Non Quantitativegovernment subsidiesstandards
Non-Tariff Barriers
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Economic DevelopmentDeveloped nationsNewly industrialized economies (NIEs)Developing nations
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Developed Nations
Western European nationsUnited StatesJapanAustraliaNew ZealandCanada
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Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)
BrazilMexicoMalaysiaThailandChile
South KoreaTaiwanHong KongSingapore
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GNP/Capita as Indicator
Widely used to compare nationsValues are estimatedSome GNP unreportedBarter trade not reportedExchange rates may not reflect actual valueAssumes equal distributionInclude other measures
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Characteristics of Developing Nations-1
GNP/Capital less than $2,000Unequal distributionTechnological dualismMajority earn income from agricultureUnproductive agricultureLarge unemployment figures
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Health problems and malnutritionHigh illiteracyHigh population growthReliance on few products for exportDifficult topographyLow savings ratePolitical instability
Characteristics of Developing Nations-2