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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY-2
Oleh: Nur HayatiBagian Anatomi dan Histologi FK UMY
AKAR KATA (ROOT) YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN
DALAM MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
1. JARINGAN (TISSUE)
Medical term untuk jaringan kadang-kadang berbeda untuk keadaan normal
dan abnormal (penyakit). Untuk keadaan normal biasanya menggunakan Bahasa
Latin, sedangkan untuk keadaan abnormal sering menggunakan Bahasa Yunani.
Words rootLatin Yunani
Arti Contoh Medical Term
Testis Orch/o Testis OrchitisUterus Metr/o Uterus EndometritisVagina Colp/o Vagina Colpitis
VaginitisOvarium Oophor/o Ovarium Oophoritis
Nasus Rhin/o Hidung RhinitisOris Stomat/o Mulut StomatitisRen Nephr/o Ginjal NephritisCor Cardi/o Jantung Carditis
Pulmo Pneum/o Paru-paru Pneumonitis
PneumoniaCornea Kerat/o Kornea KeratitisAuris Ot/o Telinga Otitis
Cerebrum Encephal/o Otak (besar) EncephalitisAdipose
tissue
Lip/o Lemak Lipolysis
Lipogenesis
LipodystrophyOsseus/os Oste/o Tulang Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteoblast
OsteomyelitisNervus Neur/o Saraf Neurogenic bladder
Neuropathy
Neuritis
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Musculus My/o
Mys/o
Otot Myopathy
Myositis
MyoglobinCartilago Chondr/o Tulang rawan Chondrodysplasia
AchondroplasiaCutis
Cutane/o
Dermis
Dermat/o
Kulit Dermatitis
Leukoderma
Dermabrasi
DermatologyVasa
Vascul/o
Angi/o Pembuluh darah Angiopathy/ vasculopathy
Angiography
Angiogram
VasculitisHem/o
Em
Hemat/o
Darah Hematology
Hematopoiesis
Anemia
Cholesterolemia
Hemoglobin
2. WARNA
Words root Arti Contoh medical termsLeuk/o White Leukocyte
Leukocyturia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia
Leukoderma
Leukodystrophy
Leukoplakia
LeukorrheaMelan/o Hitam Melanocyte
Melanoblast
Melanoma
Melanuria
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Melasma
MelenaErythr/o Merah Erythroblast
Erythrocyte
Erythroclast
Erythematous
Erysipelas
Erythremia
ErythrodermaCyan/o Biru Cyanotic
Cyanosis
Cyanophil
Cyanopsia
CyanolabeChlor/o Hijau Chloroma
Chlorophyll
Chloropsia
ChlorolabeXanth/o Kuning Xanthochromic
Xanthochromia
Xanthelasma
Xanthoma
Xanthopsia
3. SISTEM TUBUH
a. SISTEM SIRKULASI
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Cardi/o = heart Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis (inflammation of the lining, the muscle layer, the outer layer of the heart)
Brady/tachy = slow/fast Bradycardia (rate100)
Angi/o = vessel Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)
Veno/phlebo = vein Venogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
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-stasis = to stop Hemostasis (to stop bleeding), hemostat (a clamp-like instrument)
-cyte = cell Erythrocytes, leucocytes (red, white blood cells)
Hem/o, -emia = blood Hypoxemia (low oxygen), hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tubes)
Penyakit sistem sirkulasi
Nama penyakit ArtiAtherosclerosis Myocardial infarctionMitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitationAngina pectorisArrhythmia/dysrithmiaIschemia
Prosedur Medis Sistem Sirkulasi
Prosedur ArtiCardiologist Hematologist Electrocardiogram Echocardiography Cardiac scan Cardiac cathetherizationPhlebotomist/venipuncturist
b. SISTEM NERVOSUM
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Cephal/o Head Cephalgia (a headache)
Encephal/o Inside the head (brain) Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
Anencephalic (born without a brain)
Mening/o Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes)
Myel/o Spinal cord Myelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord)
Neur/o Nerve Neuroma (tumor)
Neuritis (inflammation)
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Dys Difficult, painful, abnormal
Dyslexia (difficulty reading)
-cele Hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position
Meningomyelocele (protrusion of membranes and spinal cord)
-pathy Disease, abnormality Encephalopathy (disease of the brain)
Neuropathy (disease of the nerves)
-plasia Development, formation, growth
Aplasia (no development)
Hyperplasia (over development)
-plegia Paralysis Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body)
Quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs)
Penyakit pada Sistem Nervosum
Nama Penyakit ArtiMultiple sclerosisCerebrovascular Accident (CVA)Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)Epilepsy Aphasia
Prosedur pada Sistem Nervosum
Nama Prosedur ArtiNeurologist Lumbar (spinal) punctureBrain scanElectroencephalography Computed TomographyMagnetic Resonance Imaging
c. SISTEM DIGESTI
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Gastr/o Stomach Gastritis, Gastrectomy
Chol/e Gall, bile Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)
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Cyst/o Bladder, sac (see above)
Emes/o Vomit Emesis (vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting)
Lith/o Stone Cholelithotomy (removal of gall stones)
Lapar/o Abdominal wall Laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)
-centesis To puncture Abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)
-tripsy To crush Cholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves)
-rrhea Flow, discharge Diarrhea
-iasis(-osis)
Abnormal condition
Cholelithiasis (presence of gall stones causing symptoms)
Penyakit pada Sistem Digesti
Nama Penyakit ArtiGastroesophageal Reflux Disesase (GERD)Jaundice Diverticulosis/diverticulitisCirrhosis Dysphagia Peritonitis
Prosedur pada Sistem Digesti
Nama Prosedur ArtiGastroenterologist Proctologist Liver scanGuaiac test (hemoccult, fecult)Endoscopy Ultrasonography
d. SISTEM RESPIRATORIUS
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Rhin/o Nose Rhinitis, rhinorrhea (inflammation of and "runny" nose)
Laryng/o *Larynx, "voice box" Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing
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the larynx)
Trache/o Trachea, "windpipe" Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)
Bronch/o Lung air passageways Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)
Pne/u, -pnea Breath, air, lung Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)
Pulmo/o Lung Pulmonary artery
-ptysis Spitting (coughing) Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)
-plasty Reconstruction Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)
Penyakit pada Sistem Respiratorius
Nama Penyakit ArtiPneumoconiasis Epistaxis Cystic FibrosisEmphysemaAtelectasis
Prosedur pada Sistem Respiratorius
Nama Prosedur ArtiPulmonologist Respiratory terapistPulmonary angiographyLaryngoscopy Endotracheal intubation
e. SISTEM URINARIUS
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Nephr/o, ren/o Kidney Nephritis, renal artery
Hydro/o Water Hydronephrosis (abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney
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Cyst/o Bladder Cystitis, cystectomy (inflammation of , removal of bladder)
Pyel/o Renal collecting ducts Pyelogram (X-ray of the collecting ducts)
Ur/o, -uria Urine Polyuria, anuria (frequent urination, no urine formation)
Olig/o Scanty, less than normal Oliguria (reduced urine formation)
-pexy To surgically reattach, fix in normal position
Nephropexy (surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position)
Penyakit pada Sistem Urinarius
Nama Penyakit ArtiNephrosis NephrolithUrethritisNocturia Enuresis Glomerulonephritis
Prosedur pada Sistem Urinarius
Nama Prosedur ArtiNephrologist UrologistCystoscopy Intravenous pyelogramRetrograde pyelogramDialysis Lithotripsy
f. SISTEM REPRODUKSI LAKI-LAKI
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Orchid/o, test/o *Testes (male gonad)
Orchiditis, orchidectomy, testicular artery, testosterone (male sex hormone)
Balan/o Head of the penis Balanitis
Andr/o Male Androgenic (stimulating maleness),
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androgynous (characteristics of male and female appearance)
Prostat/o Prostate Prostatitis, prostatectomy
Vas/o Vessel, duct Vas deferens, vasectomy (duct carrying semen from testes, cutting the duct)
-rrhaphy To suture Herniorrhaphy (surgical correction of inguinal hernia)
Penyakit dan Prosedur pada Sistem Reproduksi Laki-laki
Nama Penyakit.Prosedur ArtiHypospadia Hydrocele VaricoceleChryptorchidisme Benign Prostatic HypertrophyTransurethral Resection of the ProstateProstate Spesific Antigens
g. SISTEM REPRODUKSI PEREMPUAN
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Hyster/o, metr/o
Uterus Hysterectomy, endometritis (inflammation of the lining of uterus)
Salping/o, -salpinx
Uterine tube Salpingitis, hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tube)
Colp/o Vagina Colporrhaphy (suturing a tear), colpoplasty (surgical reconstruction), colposcopy (viewing the interior)
Oophor/o Ovary Oophorectomy, oophoropexy (surgery fixation, reattachment)
Men/o Menstruation Menarche (first), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
Mamm/o, mast/o
Breast Mammogram, mastectomy
-pareunia, coitus
Intercourse Dyspareunia (painful intercourse), precoital, postcoital (before and after intercourse)
Penyakit pada Sistem Reproduksi Perempuan
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Nama Penyakit ArtiEndometriosis Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseProlapsed uterus
Prosedur pada Sistem Reproduksi Perempuan
Nama Prosedur ArtiObstetricianGynecologistEpisiotomyHysterosalpingogramColposcopyMammographyPudendal block
h. SISTEM MUSCULOSKELETAL
Words root Arti Contoh Medical Term
Oste/o Bone Osteitis, osteoma, osteocyte
Chondr/o Cartilage Chondritis, chondroma, chondrocyte
Arthr/o Joint Arthritis, arthroplasty
Myel/o Bone marrow Myeloma
Ten/o, tendin/o
Tendon (binds muscle to bone)
Tendonitis, tenorrhaphy
Ligament/o Ligament (binds bone to bone)
Ligamentous injury
Burs/o Bursa, "bag", (shock absorber between tendons and bones)
Bursitis
My/o, myos/o
Muscle Myoma, myositis
-malacia Softening Osteomalacia, chondromalacia
-porosis Porous Osteoporosis
-asthenia Weakness, loss of strength
Myasthenia gravis
-trophy Development, Atrophy (shriveling of muscles),
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stimulation, maintenance hypertrophy (increase in size and strength of muscles)
-algia, algesia
Pain Myalgia, arthralgia, analgesia (take away pain
Penyakit pada Sistem Musculoskeletal
Nama Penyakit ArtiArthritisOsteoporosisOsteomalaciaCarpal tunnel syndromeTendonitis BursitisMuscular dystrophyMyasthenia gravis
Prosedur pada Sistem Musculoskeletal
Nama Prosedur ArtiOrthopaedistRheumatologistPhysical therapistArthroscopyBone scanElectromyography
4. PLURAL vs. SINGULAR
Bentuk plural (jamak) dalam medical term diperoleh dengan cara memodifikasi
suku kata terakhir.
Suku kata
terakhir
Singular Diubah menjadi Plural
is anastomosis
metastasis
epiphysis
prosthesis
es anastomoses
metastases
epiphyses
prostheses
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um bacterium
diverticulum
Ovum
a bacteria
diverticula
ovaus calculus
bronchus
bronchiolus
nucleus
i calculi
bronchi
bronchioli
nucleia vertebra
bursa
bulla
ae vertebrae
bursae
bullaeex/ix apex
varix
ices apices
varices
PREFIX DAN SUFFIX YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN
DALAM MEDICAL TERM
PREFIX
1. Prefix of location/positions
(dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)
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2. Prefix of description (dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)
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3. Prefix of colour
Abu-abu
glauc(o)
glaucoma
Merah
erythr(o)
erythrocyte
Hitam
melan(o)
melaninPutih
leuc(o), leuk(o)
leukomyelitis
Biru
cyan(o)
cyanopsia
Kuning
cirrh(o)
cirrhosis
Hijau
chlor(o)
chloroma
4. Prefix of number
Prefix Arti ContohA/an
Nulli
Tanpa
Kekurangan
Defisien
Nol, 0
Anemia
Aplastic anemia
Analgesia
NulliparaHemi
Semi
Setengah,
Sebagian
1/2
Hemiparesis
Hemiplegia
Hemihypertrophy
Semicomatose
Uni
Mono
Satu,
1
Monoclonal antibody
Monoparesis
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Mononuclear cells
UnicellularBi
di(plo)
Dua,
2
Bicuspid valve
Bisceps
Bifurcatio
DiplococcusTri Tiga,
3
Tricuspidalis,
Tri in dieTetra Empat,
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Tetrapareses,
TetraplegiaPenta Lima,
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Pentamer
Primi Pertama
1stPrimipara,
Primiparous
Primigravida
Primitive
Primordial germ cellsMulti Banyak, beberapa Multipara,
Multinuclear giant cells
5. Prefix of measurement (dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)
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6. Prefix of negative sense
Prefix Arti ContohAnti (ant): Melawan terhadap,
berlawananAntibiotic
Antihistamine
AntitoxinDys Kesulitan, nyeri,
abnormalDysmenorrhea
Dyspepsia
Dystrophy
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(duchenne musculodystrophy)
7. Hypo dan hyper
Hypo: di bawah, kekurangan, di bawah normal
Contoh: Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism, Hypotensi, Hypodermic
Hyper: di atas normal, berlebihan, lebih dari
Contoh: hyperglycemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypertensi
SUFFIX
Dalam medical terminology, suffix dapat memberi informasi mengenai arti suatu
kata/istilah. Berikut ini adalah daftar suffix yang memiliki arti/informasi:
1. Penyakit/perubahan dalam tubuh.
Suffix Arti Contoh
-algia Nyeri talalgiaankle
-cele Hernia gastrocelestomach
-dynia Nyeri, pembengkakan urodyniaurine
-ectasis Pelebaran, perluasan bronchiolectasisbronchus
-(a)emia Darah leuk(a)emiawhite
-gen Menghasilkan, memulai
carcinogencancer
-iasis Kondisi abnormal, pembentukan, adanya
cholelithiasisgall stone
-itis Inflamasi/peradangan hepatitisstomach
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-malacia Perlunakan osteomalaciabone
-megaly Pembesaran splenomegalyspleen
-oid Resemble fibroidfibres
-oma Tumor adenomagland
-osis Kondisi abnormal dermatosisskin
-pathy Penyakit nephropathykidney
-penia penurunan, kekurangan
erthyropeniared (cell)
-phagia makan, menelan dysphagiadifficult
-phasia Ucap, eja aphasiawithout
-plegia kelumpuhan,stroke
hemiplegiahalf
-phobia Ketakutan acrophobiaheights
-ptosis jatuh, fallingdropping
blepharoptosiseyelid
-rrhage burst forth haemorrhageblood
-rrhea discharge,flow of watery stools
diarrhea
-rrhexis Pecah enterorrhexisintestines
-sclerosis Pengerasan artheriosclerosisjoints
-spasm Kontraksi tidak sadar,twitching
bronchospasmbronchus
2. Suffix untuk diagnosis
Suffix Arti Contoh
-gram rekaman data encephalogrambrain
-graph Alat untuk merekam data
cardiographheart
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-graphy Tindakan merekam data
radiography
-meter Alat untuk mengukur craniometercranium
-metry Pengukuran sesuatu audiometryaudio (hearing)
-scope Alat untuk melihat laryngoscopelarynx
-scopy Pemeriksaan terhadap
laparoscopyabdomen
3. Bedah dan incisi
Suffix berikut ini mendeskripsikan berbagai jenis incisi/irisan bedah:
Suffix Arti Contoh-ectomy Membuang mastectomy
breast-centesis tap, tusukan thoracentesis
chest-stomy Mulut, membuat lubang colostomy
colon-tomy Incisi, memotong tracheotomy
trachea
Suffix berikut ini mendeskripsikan tindakan bedah: memperbaiki,
membentuk, rekonstruksi dan mengikat.
Suffix Arti Contoh-desis mengikat ,
stabilisasipleurodesis
pleural membrane (lining of the lung)
-rrhapy jahitan arteriorrhaphyartery
-pexy fiksasi,suspensi
gastropexystomach
-plasty pembentukan,(bedah plastik)
rhinoplastynose
-clasis memecah, refracture
osteoclasisbone
-lysis longgar, membebaskan
dari adhesi,
enterolysissmall intestine
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destruksi-tripsy Memecahkan cholelithotripsy
gallstone
4. Keterangan medis lainnya
a. Suffix yang membentuk kata sifat (adjectives)
Suffix Contoh-ac Cardiac
heart-al skeletal
skeleton-ary salivary
saliva-ic pelvic
pelvis-ical surgical
surgery-ous venous
vein-tic paralytic
paralysis-ar muscular
muscles
b. Suffix yang membentuk kata benda (Noun).
Suffix Arti Contoh-iac Menunjukkan orang yang
menderita suatu penyakit atau kondisi tertentu
hemophiliac
-ia Keadaan tidak sehat anesthesia-is Membentuk kata benda dari
akar katacutisskin
-ism Keadaan, state of being alcoholismalcohol
-ist Dokter specialis radiologistradiology
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-y kondisi, proses neuropathynervous system
disease
c. Suffix yang menunjukkan istilah lebih kecil dari suatu benda
(diminutive suffix).
Diminutive Suffix Contohculus.
icle
venter
vasa
vesica
part
ventriculus,
ventricle
vasculus
vesiculus,
vesicle
particleole,
olus,
ule
arteria
alveus
vein
Arteriole
Alveolus
veinule
ulus Calcis
globus
Calculus
Globulus, globule
Illa fibril fibrillaEllum cerebrum cerebellum
d. Suffix berikut ini menunjukkan kata benda singular atau plural.
Singular Plural Contoh
Singular
Contoh
Plurala ae patella patellaeax aces thorax throracesen ina lumen Lumina
ix,ex ices index Indicessis ses diagnosis diagnoseson A ganglion Gangliaum A ovum Ovaus I digitus Digitiy ies deformity deformities
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ma mata carcinoma carcinomata
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