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LINE SPECTRUM OF ATOMS DIFFERENT TYPES(BOHR’S ATOMS THEORY)

Muh. Ihsanul Amri *), Hasnita Asnur, Tiara Purnama, Yusran Anri Saputra

Modern Physics Laboratory o Physics !epartement o mathematics and scienceState "ni#ersity o Ma$assar

Abstrak. Has been done e%perimentally di erent types o atomic spectral lines. This e%periment aims todetermine the &a#elen'th o spectral line noble 'as atoms He, (e and (a metal. This e%periment is done to put'as in the tube then electri ied so it &ill emit li'ht !i erent characteristics o each di erent 'ases. ased onobser#ations, the li'ht discrete spectral lines emitted by a ro& o purple, indi'o, blue, 'reen, yello&, oran'e, red.The analysis o data obtained in accordance &ith the theory o &a#e yaitupan an' each di erent color spectrum+di erent. olor spectrum &ith the lon'est &a#elen'th is red spectrum and spectrum o color &ith the shortest&a#elen'th is #iolet color spectrum 'enerated o He and (e atoms. As or the obser#ation inter#al yello& linespectra produced by (a atoms rom analysis o the data obtained. nm D -.)/ =∆ λ

Ke !"r#$ olor Spectrum, l ine spectrum, &a#elen'th

INTRODUCTION

(iels Hendri$ !a#id ohr /-001+-23 ) is oneo the e& physicists &ho ha#e a stron'scienti ic in luence o the other physicists ohis day. In the all o -2--, ohr, thescholarship stipend post+doctoral studies,

oined the 'roup 4. 4. Thompson at ambrid'e.Ho&e#er, ohr did not eel at home. A ter

meetin' &ith 5uther ord, he decided to &or$&ith him in Manchester durin' the second halo his stay in 6n'land. This is &here ohr

became amiliar &ith the concept o the atomicnucleus by 5uther ord de#eloped in early-2--. Ha#e $no&n at the time that the5uther ord atomic model is inconsistent &ithclassical physics. This model can7t e%plain&hy an atom is stable. 8rom here, ohr $ne&that a 9ne& physics9 should be used too#ercome this problem. 9(e& physics9 isPlanc$:s ;uantum theory.Spectrometer is an instrument used todetermine, deri#e the, and identi y thespectrum o li'ht due to the distribution patterno &a#e di raction e ects. !i raction patterno the spread o the &a#e is due to the narro&'ap in the medium obstacle the &a#e

propa'ates. The smaller the obstacle, the'reater the spread o the &a#e. This could bee%plained by the Huy'ens principle. Seen theli'ht and dar$ pattern o li'ht, this is due to thene& &a#elet + &a#elet is ormed in the narro&slit inter ere &ith each other mutually.Spectrum lines orm a ro& o color li'ht &ithdi erent &a#elen'ths. 8or the hydro'en 'as

that is the simplest atom, the &a#elen'th othis series turns out to ha#e certain patternsthat can be e%pressed in the orm omathematical e;uations is raised by almer.8or this reason, it is necessary &e can pro#ethe #alue o Planc$:s constant< 3.3= % ->+=? 4s

by indin' the &a#elen'th o each spectrumcolor in ad#ance usin' the concept o utili@in'a spectrometer and di raction 'ratin'.

b ecti#e to determine Planc$:s constant pricesin the trial, to compare the &a#elen'ths o eachcolor spectrum seen in the e%periment.

.

THEORY

I a 'as is placed in the tube and thenelectric current is applied to the tube, the 'as&ill emit li'ht. The li'ht emitted by each 'as isdi erent and is a characteristic o the 'as.Li'ht is emitted in the orm o a line spectrumand not a continuous spectrum. The act thatthe 'as emits li'ht in the orm o a linespectrum is belie#ed closely related to atomicstructure. Thus, the atomic line spectra can beused to test the correctness o a model o theatom.I the noble 'ases and lo&+pressure metal#apor under atmospheric pressure 6%citation,the emitted radiation has a spectrum thatcontains only certain &a#elen'ths. 6achelement o the spectrum sho&s a uni;ue line.

ptical spectrometer can be used to determinethe &a#elen'th o the line spectra o noble 'asatoms and metal #apor. Bratin' is used to



separate the spectral lines. !i racted li'ht inthe lattice, e%periencin' the same &a#elen'thsuperposition and produces ma%imumintensity. The relationship bet&een di ractionand &a#elen'th is linear /sin C D E) on thenormal spectrum. Fe can determine the&a#elen'th o the li'ht that comes throu'h thelattice usin' a spectrometer. The e;uation ordeterminin' the &a#elen'th o the linespectrum is

GCsin

E n.(

=

&ith< n spectrum order, GC the amount othe an'le bet&een the ri'ht and le t spectrallines, ( number o 'rid lines used, and E &a#elen'th

F%&'re . Schematic dia'ram or thede inition o an'le GC

To calculate the inter#al t&o line, an e%ampleis 'i#en di raction e%perimental data on n -and n or the line+! Sodium as ollo&s<

Tab e . Sodium !+Lines, di ractionmeasurements or n - and n

L%*e N + ,- /012

*2

! - - =2.=>>>

102.==0?.1? > 102.?-

!- =2. 1> > 100.3-

0?.? 1 > 100. ?

ased on Table -, the inter#al bet&een t&o$no&n yello& Sodium !+Lines &ith #alue GE

>. nm /measured at n -) and GE >.3nm /measured at n ). Its a#era'e #alue isE/!-) + E /! ) >. > nm.

E3PERIMENT METHOD

Ability ohr atomic theory to e%plain theori'in o the spectral lines is one result thatstands out, so this theory &ill be applied to theatomic spectrum.

Apparatus and Materials :-. ptical Spectrometer

. Lattice 5o&land=. Spectrum Lamp He, (a, (e, d, H'J d

and Ti?. Trans ormer, 3 K A , - K A1. "ni#ersal ho$e, => K, 1> H@

Equipment and Work Adjustment ProceduresSpectrometer settin's , Put a lamp spectrumHe on the tube, then on+ri'ht on "ni#ersalcho$e. Loo$ at the telescope and ma$e sure

you see a #ertical li'ht line. Position the prism 'ratin' at the table and ali'n thetelescope so that li'ht passes throu'h the slitand 'ratin' spectrum can be obser#ed in thetelescope.Observation

Measures the Line pectrum !e , Ali'n thecollimator and the optical spectrometertelescope, Ali'n the li'ht lines are #isible inthe telescope &ith #ertical threads on thetelescope, 5otate the telescope to one direction/ri'ht) and ma$e sure the line spectra obser#ed.So also in the opposite direction /le t). 5eturnthe telescope to its normal position. 5otate

bac$ to the ri'ht slo&ly so that the obser#ed

color o the irst line on the order o - /n -).Ali'n the mar$ on the #ertical threadstelescope &ith the irst color line and read thescale on the spectrometer appointment as ri'ht, Turn the telescope to the le t so that theobser#ed color o the irst line on the order o -/n -) and read the scale on the spectrometerappointment as le t, 5epeat acti#ity / ) and/=) or the ne%t color stripes on the same order,5epeat acti#ity / ) and /=) or the ne%t colorstripes on the ne%t order, 5eplace li'ht He

bulbs &ith (e, then repeat the action /-) to / ).

Determine the interval bet"een t"o lines o# $a%D, 5emo#e the lamp and replace it &ith the



li'hts (e (a. 8ind t&o yello& (a+! line o theirst di raction ma%imum on either side o the

main. Ali'n the mar$ on the #ertical threadstelescope &ith yello& lines and read the scaleon the spectrometer appointment as 5i'ht ,Turnin' the telescope to the le t so that theobser#ed yello& lines on the order o - on thescale and see the appointment as aspectrometer Le tist , 5epeat acti#ities / ) to/?) on the ne%t order.

E3PERIMENTAL RESULTS ANDANALYSIS DATA

Obser4at%"*0 2eas're2e*ts

(ST Spe$trometer <mmline>

3>- >.,>

Lattice< nmline J->%3lineJmm3>> +?=TABLE . Spectrum o He lines

"r#es5e1tr'2

S5e1tr'21" "r

6r%&7t( )ᵒ

8 e9t( )ᵒ

:; ( ")

Kiolet -1, > -1,20 =-,30

lue !ye -3,>> -3,0- = ,0-

lue -3, > - ,=> =?,>>

Breen - ,1> - ,0= =1,==

Yello& >,3? >,3> ?-, ?

an'e =, = =, 3 ?2,>2

5ed 1, 1 1,=3 1>,3-

Kiolet = , = ,0- 31,10

lue !ye =?,0 =?,11 3 ,3-

lue = ,0= =3,3 ?,1>

< Breen =0, = ,3 1, =

Yello& ? ,0= ?1,>1 01,00

an'e ?1, > ?1,3= 2-,==

5ed ?0, 1 ?0,10 2 ,==

TABEL <. Spectrum o (e lines"r#e

s5e1tr'2S5e1tr'2

1" "r6r%&7t

( )ᵒ

8 e9t( )ᵒ

:; ( ")

Kiolet -3,>> -3,30 = ,30

lue !ye - ,- -0,3> =1,

lue - ,2 -2,1> = ,?

Breen -0,-2 -2,21 =0,-?

Yello& >,>? =,>= ?=,>

an'e -,== =,20 ?1,=-

5ed ,1> 1,=0 ? ,00

Kiolet = , =1, -,>?

lue !ye =3,3 = ,>1 =,

lue = ,1> =0, = 32, =

< Breen = ,2> =0, 1 3,31

Yello& ?-,= ? ,-1 0=,?

an'e ?=,?1 ??,-0 0 ,3=

5ed ?1, ?3,=3 2-,3=

TABLE = . Yello& spectrum o (a lines"r#e

s5e1tr'2S5e1tr'2

1" "r6r%&7t

( )ᵒ

8 e9t( )ᵒ

:; ( ")

- Yello& >,>2 ,>> ? ,>2

Yello& ? ,0> 1-,=1 2?,-1

!ata Analysis,!etermine the &a#elen'th.

GCsin

E n.(

=

&here,)/ nm"avelen&th=λ

)/ >le#t ri&ht

θ θ α +=∆toorden =

nlatticenumber&apo $ =!etermine uncertainty o &a#elen'th.

+= sin le#t ri&ht θ θ

λ

le#t le#t

ri&ht ri&ht

θ δθ

δλ θ

δθ

δλ λ ∆+∆=∆

le#t le#t

ri&ht ri&ht θ

θ θ

θ ∆+∆=

.cos

.-

.cos

.-

because, θ θ θ ∆=∆=∆ le#t ri&ht

θ θ θ

∆

+

=.

cos.- ri&ht ri&ht

λ θ θ

θ

θ θ

+

∆

+

=

.sin

.cos.

-

le#t ri&ht

le#t ri&ht

M->>λ

λ ∆= '(

nmλ λ λ ∆±=

)irst activit*

a) Li'ht o He



Order 1

• #iolet

n

nmlines +

mmlines +

o

?1?,2-22->3

0?,-1sin

)->3/.-

0,=-sin

?

?

>

==

=

−

−

λ

nm

o

o

o

o

-=,3.0I=

?1?,)>-I,>/0?,-1sin

0?,-1cos.-

?1?,)>-I,>/

..0,=-

sin

..0,=-

cos.-

=

=

=∆λ

M22,.

M->>2-22,?1?

-=,3.0I=

=

= + '(

nm-=?1? ±=λ

• blue dye

nm

'(nmnm

-=?I>

M00,.

1022=,-=?I>,I>03

±=

=

=∆=

λ

λ λ

• blue

nm

'(nm

nm

-=?0I

MI0,.

1?I31,-=

?0I,.03.

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• 'reen

nm

'(nm

nm

-=1>1

M33,.

?203I,-=

1>1,I1-0

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• yello&

nm

'(nm

nm

-=103

M.1,.

.12-,-=

2?I=,103

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• oran'e

nm

'(nm

nm

-.32.

M03,-

0031,-.

32.,=?3=

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• red

nm

'(nm

nm

-.I-.

MI2,-

0>I=-,-.

I-.,=2?3

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

Order 2

• #iolet

nm

nmlines +

mmlines +

o

?1-,=>-->-

I2,=sin

)->3/

10,31sin

?

?

>

==

=

−

−

λ

nm

nm

nm

o

o

o

o

1,21?30=

?1-,=>-.)>-I,>/I2,=.sin

I2,=.cos.-

?1-,=>-.)>-I,>/

.10,31

sin

.10,31

cos.-

=

=

=∆λ

nm

+ '(

1?1-

M=-,-

M->>=>-.,?1-

1,21?30=

±=

=

=

λ

• blue dye

nm

'(nm

nm

1?3=

M.3,-001I23,1

3?>-,?3=

±=

==∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• blue

nm

'(nm

nm

11>?

M--,-

3=0=?0,1

?--I,1>?

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• 'reen



nm

'(nm

nm

11--

M>2,-

12.>>=,1

1>.3,1--

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

•

yello&

nm

'(nm

nm

113I

M2-,>

-01?I0,1

32=?,13I

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• oran'e

nm

'(nm

nm

?123

M0=,>

21>.>?,?

>11,123

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• red

nm

'(nm

nm

?3.1

MI?,>

3I0.3.,?

I-I?,3.1

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

b) li'ht o (eOrder 1

• #iolet

nm

'(nm

nm

-=?30

M02,.12??3,-=

02?1,?30

±=

==∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• blue dye

nm

'(nm

nm

-=1--

M3=,.

?0.>3,-=

0?10,1--

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• blue

nm

'(nmnm

-=1=?

M1>,.

?-0>.,-=

3=>1,1=?

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• 'reen

nm

'(nm

nm

-=1??

M?1,.

=02.,-=

1=01,1??

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• yello&

nm

'(nm

nm

-=3--

M-1,.

-III?,-=

I0.1,3--

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

•

oran'e

nm

'(nm

nm

-=3?-

M>=,.

>I=10,-=

2302,3?-

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• red

nm

'(nm

nm

-.3I3

M2-,-

2?I2.,-.

.223,3I3

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

Order 2

• #iolet

nm

'(nm

nm

1?0?

M-2,-

I31.-1,1

-112,?0?

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• blue dye

nm

'(nm

nm

1?22

M-=,-33I?>-,1

00?0,?22

±=

==∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• blue

nm

'(nm

nm

1?I3

M..,-

0--00?,1

=I>3,?I3

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• 'reen

nm

'(nm

nm

11-3

M>I,-

1132-I,1

I3I0,1-3

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• yello&

nm

'(nm

nm

111?

M21,>

.010>0,1

I=03,11?

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• oran'e



nm

'(nm

nm

11I3

M00,>

----01,1

2?=?,1I3

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

•

red

nm

'(nm

nm

?12I

M0.,>

2=32.=,?

1II3,12I

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

second activit*• rder -

nm

'(nm

nm

-=120

M.>,.

..-I=,-=

1>-0,120

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

• rder

nm

'(nm

nm

?3->

MI2,>

0.?>=3,?

.>?0,3->

±=

=

=∆

=

λ

λ

λ

So, the inter#al is <

nm-.

-=120?3->.-

=±−±=

−=∆ λ λ λ

DISCUSSION

6%perimental spectrum o di erenttypes o atom done &ith use spectrometer toobser#e the line spectra produced by He and

(e atoms, and inter#al determines the colorline spectrum yello& produced by the (a atom,

rom the results obser#ation o li'ht emitted by

each atom #aries. Li'ht emitted in the orm oa line spectrum. The resultin' spectral lines oatoms the orm o discrete line spectra. asedon the results o data analysis obtainable todetermine lon' each color spectrum &a#es,accordin' &ith the theory that each atom emitsspectrum o di erent colors accordin' &ithcharacteristic the atom, &here there aredi erent &a#elen'ths produced by each ro& ocolor on line spectra are obser#ed or the Heatom (e and (a. Line spectra are obser#ed aspectrum o discrete lines &here color red

&a#elen'th lon' and purple &ith lon' . &hile&a#e obser#ation inter#al to the color

spectrum yello& atoms 'enerated by (a romresults analysis o data obtained

nm D -.)/ =∆ λ .

CONCLUSION

ased on the e%perimental results,obtained that the spectrum o each line atom,#aries accordin' to the characteristics o Theatom types, this is in accordance &ith the thedi erent &a#elen'ths produced by each ro&color on the spectrum lines obser#ed in noble'as atoms He, (e and (a metal. Spectrumlines obser#ed a spectrum o discrete lines&here red color &ith a &a#elen'th &hereas thelon'est purple &ith the shortest &a#elen'ths

BIBLIO>RAPHY

Nrane, N.S. -22 . 8isi$a Modern /ter emahan).4a$arta< "ni#ersitas Indonesia

Leybold Physics Lea lets O p1. . .-,Measurin' the line spectra o inert 'asesand metal #apors usin' a 'ratin'spectrometer, Manual ASSY.

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