Download - Nuclear Chemistry
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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FACT!1. A Transmutation is any alteration in the
nucleus2. There are no stable isotopes above
element #831. Elements that are unstable will emit energy in the
form of Radiation2. Called Radioisotopes
3. Stability is based on the P:N Ratio
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TYPES OF PARTICLES THAT ARE EMITTED
ParticleType
Symbol Mass Charge Penetrating
Power
Alpha 2He4 α 4 2 Low
Beta -1e0 , β- 0 -1 Moderate
Positron +1e0 , β+
0 +1 Moderate
Gamma 0γ0 0 0 HighX-ray
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The Effects of an Electric field on Charged Particles
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2 TYPES OF TRANSMUTATIONS
1. Natural
Artificial
A type of Decay that occurs naturally therefore you will see only 1 reacting nuclei that will undergo a change
1. Alpha ( )Decay2. Beta ( )Decay3. Positron ( ) emission4. Gamma ( ) decay
A type of Decay that does not occur naturally, therefore you will see 2 nuclei reacting
2 Types1. Fusion2. Fission
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NATURAL DECAYAND WRITING NUCLEAR EQUATIONS
Alpha
Notice several things about it: 1) The atom on the left side is the one that splits into two pieces. 2) One of the two atoms on the right is ALWAYS an alpha particle.3) The other atom on the right ALWAYS goes down by two in the atomic number and four in the mass number.
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MORE EXAMPLES OF ALPHA DECAY
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MORE EXAMPLES OF ALPHA DECAY
Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides. Then click the link to see the answers.
Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides. Then click the link to see the answers.
Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides.
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BETA DECAY AND WRITING EQUATIONS
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BETA DECAY PRACTICEHere's your first set of exercises. Write out the full beta decay equation. Then click the link to see the answers.
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BETA DECAY PRACTICEHere's your first set of exercises. Write out the full beta decay equation. Then click the link to see the answers.
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POSITRON EMISSION B+, +1E0
-1e0 + 19K37 ------> 18Ar37
Side Note:K Capture (capture and
electron) yields the same results
19K37 ------> +1e0 + 18Ar37
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PET SCAN (POSITRON EMISSION)
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GAMMA DECAY No change in Mass or
Charge
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ARTIFICIAL DECAYTHE CONVERSION OF MATTER INTO
ENERGYFusion Fission
A reaction where 2 lite nuclei (alike) are joined together to make a heavier nuclei.
Ex: Reactions on the Sun Good: Yields A lot of
Energy Bad: Requires a lot of
energy to run Fuse 2 like nuclei (repel) Need particle accelerators
to inc. KE Synchroton Cyclotron
The splitting of heavy nuclei (bombard with high energy Neutrons 0N1) into a smaller nuclei
Good: Yields a lot of energy
Bad: Produces a lot of Radioactive waste (disposal issues and half life)
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FUSION
1H1 + 1H1 -----> 1H2 + +1e0 + energy1H1 + 1H2 -------> 2He3
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FISSION0n1 + 92U235 ------> 56Ba142 + 36Kr91 + 3 0n1 + ENERGY0n1 + 92U235 ------> 54Xe143 + 38Sr90 + 3 0n1 + ENERGY
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HALF-LIFEThe time that it takes for a substance
(radioactive) to lose ½ its mass.A. Determine the Age of rocks
(Carbon Dating)
During Half-Life ProblemsRemember:1. the longer the half-life, the SLOWER
the decay (Dangerous)2. The shorter the half-life, the faster the
decay(used in medicine)
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CALCULATING THE HALF-LIFE
You will need to know 5 things1. Total time2. ½ life time3. # of half life4. Initial Mass5. Final Mass
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If starting with Initial Mass
If asked what fraction remains?
Always start with (1)
128g
64g
32g
16g
8g
4g
2g
1g
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
# of Half lifes
1
1/2
1/4
1/8
1/16
1
2
3
4
# of Half lifes
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HALF-LIFE
Total Time½ life time=# of
½ lifes#
Initial Mass
Final Mass2
2
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1) The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.4 minutes. If one had 100.0 g at the beginning, how many grams would be left after 7.2 minutes has elapsed? 12.5g remaining
2) Os-182 has a half-life of 21.5 hours. How many grams of a 10.0 gram sample would have decayed after exactly three half-lives?
8.75g decayed, 1.25g remain
3) At time zero, there are 10.0 grams of W-187. If the half-life is 23.9 hours, how much will be present at the end of one day? Two days? Seven days?
1 day = 5.00g, 2 days = 2.50g, 7 days = .078g
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USES OF RADIOISOTOPES Carbon Dating – C14 no longer taken in
by a dead organism Ratio of U238/Pb206 to date rocks I131 – used to study thyroid conditions Co60 – emits large amounts of gamma
radiation. Used in treating cancers like Prostate
Co60 and Cs137 – emit gamma rays, used to kill Anthrax Bacilli
Tc43 –used to treat cancerous tumors, absorbed by cancer cells