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ORIENTASI
TUBUH
MANUSIABy. Paryono
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Allah SWT berfirman :Allah SWT berfirman :QS AtQS At--Tiin (95) : 4Tiin (95) : 4
“Sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya”.
“Dialah yang membentuk kamu dalam rahim sebagaimana dikehendaki-Nya tak ada tuhan (yang berhak di sembah) melainkan
Dia, yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana”.3Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska
PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIAAllah menciptakan Manusia dalam 4 model
� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Adam AS
� Proses Penciptaan Bunda Hawa
� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Isa AS
� Proses Penciptaan Kebanyakan Manusia
QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14
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PENCIPTAAN MANUSIAQS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14
Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari
suatu sari pati (berasal) dari tanah.
Kemudian Kami jadikan sari pati itu air mani (yang disimpan)
ditempat yang kukuh (rahim).
Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu
segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan
segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang
belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging . Kemudian kami
jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain. Maka Maha
Sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik.
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Dari sudut medis, anatomi terdiri dari berbagai
pengetahuan tentang bentuk, letak, ukuran, dan
hubungan berbagai struktur dari tubuh manusia sehat
sehingga sering disebut sebagai anatomi deskriptif atau
topografis.
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APAKAH ANATOMI ITU ?
• Anatomi (Greek: ana: apart; temmein: to cut)
»“Memotong bagian-bagian tubuh” (Latin
equivalent: dissecare � diseksi)
AnatomyAnatomy((DiscplineDiscpline/field of /field of
scientific study)scientific study)
DissectionDissection(One of the methods/ (One of the methods/
techniques used in techniques used in
studying the body)studying the body)
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ANATOMI
• Bagian ilmu biologi yang mempelajari tentang
struktur dan fungsi tubuh
• Mempelajari struktur kehidupan manusia
»Cannot be learned completely by
studying the bodies of dead persons
• Dasar dari ilmu-ilmu kesehatan
APAKAH ANATOMI ITU ?
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Bagaimana mempelajari ANATOMI ?
• Mempelajari etimologi (derivation of words)
» Helps remember anatomy and find the process enjoyable
• Cecum � caecus (Lat.): blind• The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal
portion of ileum (Lat.: roll up/twist)» The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small
intestines
MEMORISINGMEMORISING(New language:4500 (New language:4500
words)words)
UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGThe links between structure & The links between structure & functionfunctionIntellectually more satisfyingIntellectually more satisfyingIt makes its long term It makes its long term retention easierretention easier
vs
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SEJARAH ANATOMI• Ilmu dasar medis paling tua dipelajari (500 thn S.M
• Pertama kali ditulis oleh Papyruses antara 3000-2500 S.M.
• Diajarkan oleh Hippocrates Thn 460-377S.M.sekaligus disebut sebagai bapak kedokteran
• Aristoteles (384-322 SM)
• sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah anatomi
• Andreas Vesalius’s 1514-1564) mempublikasikan anatomi & era baru. Anatomi menjadi disipline ilmu yang obyektif. Dasar pertama seni ilmu kedokteran
• Williem Harvey di era Hieroniymus Frabiceus (1537-1619) menemukan katub vena.
• 1628 publikasi buku Harvey’s “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Anamalibus”.
• Abad 17 diseksi manusia menjadi pembelajaran anatomi di sekolah-sekolah Eropa
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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
• MACROANATOMY Naked eyes
(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)
Included: SURFACE Observation,
ANATOMY palpation, percussion,
auscultation
• MICROANATOMY MicroscopeCYTOLOGY cells
HISTOLOGY tissues
• EMBRYOLOGY Development of the
structures
• COMPARATIVE Examine
ANATOMY the structures
of other animals
AA
NN
AA
TT
OO
MM
YY
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METHODS OF METHODS OF
STUDYING STUDYING
ANATOMY ANATOMY
•DISSECTION (Cadaver)
•SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body)
(observation, palpation, percussion,auscultation)
•ENDOSCOPY (Living body: internal
structures)/invasive
•ORGAN IMAGE (noninvasive, nondestructive)
RADIOLOGY
X-ray
(radiographs, contrast
media, tomography,
computer-assisted
tomography/CAT/CT)
ULTRASONO-
GRAPHY
(USG)
ultrasound
wave
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
IMAGING(MRI)*
electromagnetic
wave
RADIOISOTOPE
IMAGING
uptake of
isotope
radioactive
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PENDEKATAN BELAJAR ANATOMI
• ANATOMI REGIONAL
– Topografi tubuh manusia sebagai segmen-segmen
(kepala, leher, badan, anggota dll)
– Mempelajari tubuh manusia yang memfokuskan
pada bagian tertentu
– Anatomi regional dapat dilihat dari :
• Anatomi permukaan >>>pemeriksaan dng palpasi
• Anatomi viceral>>>dengan radiografi
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Lanjutan
• ANATOMI SISTEMIK
– Mempelajari anatomi berdasarkan sistem
(Integumen, skeletal, artikuler, muskuler,nervous,
sirkulasi, digestivus, respiratorius, urinarius,
reproduksi, endokrin)
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 1
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 2
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
AtomsCellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 3
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 4
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissueSmooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 5
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissueSmooth
muscle
tissueConnective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 6
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissueSmooth
muscle
tissueConnective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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H
U
B
U
N
G
A
N
A
N
T
A
R
S
I
S
T
E
M
T
U
B
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Istilah-istilah Anatom• Batasan khusus yang digunakan untuk
menghindari kesalahan dalam pemahaman
anatomi
• Istilah-istilah anatomi terkait :
– Position
– Regions
– Direction
– Structures
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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Menjabarkan tubuh berdasarkan asumsi posisi anatyomi
* Arah
* Hubungan antar bagian tubuh
A person in anatomical position is
standing errect with the head, eyes
and toes directed foreward, heels
and the toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by sides with the palms facing anteriorly
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TERMINOLOGI ANATOMI
• Posisi anatomi
• Posisi bidang (median, sagital, frontal, transversa)
Contoh:
• Superficial, intermediate & deep (lapisan)
• Medial, lateral, external & internal (lokasi)
• Posterior, anterior, inferior, superior, proksimal,
distal (arah)
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BIDANG TUBUH
• A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
• A median, or sagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
• A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
• A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
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Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.6
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RONGGA BADAN
• Dorsal body cavity
– Cranial cavity houses the brain
– Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
• Ventral body cavity
– Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
– Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system
and most urinary system organs
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Regional Tubuh
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Regional TubuhRegional Tubuh
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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP(Arah)
Menjelaskan:
• Hubungan antar bagian-bagain tubuh dalam posisi anatomi
• Menjelaskan letak struktur tubuh dalam posisi anatomi
• Membanding keterkaitan posisi antar dua struktur yang berbeda
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
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TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy is concerned with living body, hence
there are various terms to describe the different
types of movement of the limbs and other parts
of the body.
Movements take place at certain joints where
two or more bones meet one another
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FLEXION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
OPPOSITION
REPOSITION
Bending or making a decreasing angle between the
bones or parts of the body
(-dorsiflexion: flexion in dorsal direction (in the ankle)
-lateroflexion: lateral bending (of the trunk)
Straightening of a bent parts of the body
(-hyperextension: movement beyond the extension)
-plantarflexion (at the ankle joint)
Moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane
(-abduction of the fingers and toes: spreading away)
Moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane
(-adduction of the fingers: moving the fingers toward the
middle finger -adduction of the toes: moving the toes
toward the second toe)
The movement during which the thumb pad is brought to
a finger pad
The movement of the thumb from the position of
opposition back to anatomical position
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PROTRACTIONPROTRACTION
RETRACTIONRETRACTION
ELEVATIONELEVATION
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
Movement anteriorly (forward)Movement anteriorly (forward)
((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)
Movement posteriorly (backward)Movement posteriorly (backward)
((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)
Lifting, raising or moving a part superiorlyLifting, raising or moving a part superiorly
((--elevating the shoulder when shruggingelevating the shoulder when shrugging
--raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)
Letting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorlyLetting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorly
((--depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs
when standing at ease)when standing at ease)
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CIRCUMDUCTIONCIRCUMDUCTION
ROTATIONROTATION
Circular movement (to draw around or to form a Circular movement (to draw around or to form a
circle).circle).
The combination of successive movements of The combination of successive movements of
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in
such a way that the distal end of the part being such a way that the distal end of the part being
moved forms a circle.moved forms a circle.
(This sequence of movements results in a cone of (This sequence of movements results in a cone of
movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist, movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist,
and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers:
the movement of the thumb and index finger)the movement of the thumb and index finger)
Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its
long axislong axis
((--rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and
the femur at the hip joint)the femur at the hip joint)
Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane
of the body.of the body.
Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median
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EVERSION OF THEEVERSION OF THE
FOOTFOOT
INVERSION OF THEINVERSION OF THE
FOOTFOOT
SUPINATIONSUPINATION
PRONATIONPRONATION
The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or
sole of the foot away from the median plane sole of the foot away from the median plane
(the foot faces laterally)(the foot faces laterally)
The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or
sole of the foot toward the median plane of the sole of the foot toward the median plane of the
body (the sole faces medially)body (the sole faces medially)
The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the
forearm laterally around its long axis, so that forearm laterally around its long axis, so that
the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and
the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in
the anatomical position.the anatomical position.
The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the
forearm medially around its long axis so that forearm medially around its long axis so that
the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its
dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb
is by the side in the anatomical position.is by the side in the anatomical position.51Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska
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TUTORIAL
Setelah mengikuti pertemuan materi ini, Anda
dipersilahkan untuk menyebutkan bagian-bagian
yang ditunjuk pada gambar-gambar berikut
dengan benar, tanpa melihat uraian materi di
atas.
Setelah mengisi item-item latihan tersebut, cocokan dengan materi untuk
mengetahui kebenaran jawaban Anda!!!
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A
B
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C
D
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E
F
J
I
H
G
K
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L M
N O
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P
Q
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