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Facilities and Legal Reform Projects
Presentation for the
Core Course on Legal and Judicial Reform for World Bank
Staff January 11-14, 2005
.
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Gerald Thacker
• Administrative Office, US Courts– Assistant Director for Facilities, Security, and
Administrative Services
• US General Services Administration– Commissioner, Public Buildings Service– Head, Public Buildings Service, Atlanta
Region
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Gerald Thacker (cont.)
• Consultant on Judicial support systems, primarily on court facilities program– Architectural firms– US Federal Courts Administrative Office– US State Courts– International Courts
• World Bank– Venezuela, Guatemala, Philippines
• USAID– Montenegro
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The US Federal Courts Model
Not a good model for International courts• An adversarial system• Extensive use of juries• US not a unified system• Resource rich• Mature legal and internal governing system • Mature support system • Centrality of courthouses in US towns and cities
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• A necessary tool
• Appropriate Facilities are Essential to the Administration of Justice– Impact of Facilities on Efficient, Effective
Judicial Operations– Independent Judiciary
• Judicial Involvement is Essential to Obtaining Appropriate Facilities
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Appropriate Facilities Contribute to Judicial Reform Objectives
• Protection of human rights• Foundation of Economic Development• Independence of the judiciary • Timely, consistent, legally-correct resolution of
legal disputes • Reduction of case backlogs • Transparent, open, responsive and accountable
functioning of the courts • Capacity of the judiciary to formulate and
implement changes in court organization, practices and performance over the longer term
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• Courtroom– Adequate space for jurors– Adequate space for public observers– Separation of litigants for privacy
• Courthouse– Adequate space for consolidated clerks office– Adequate space for records– Adequate space for evidence storage– Separated circulation patterns– Appropriate environment for automation
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Integrated Courthouse Automation
• Current and Future Needs
• Design Implications/Costs and Alternatives
• Courthouse
• Courtroom
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Automation in the Courthouse
• Business Processes• Electronic Filing• Case Administration• Recordkeeping• Public Access• Security• Telecommunications• Building Operating/Fire & Life Safety
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Automation in the Courtroom
• Presentation of Testimony
• Presentation of Evidence
• Taking the Record
• Access to Ancillary Information
• In-Court Case Administration
• Public Access
• Security
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The Smart Courthouse
• Equipment• Communications
– Cabling– Equipment
connections– Outside Access– Control Switching
• Infrastructure– Conduit– Power– Lighting– Sound Reinforcement– Accommodation– Lines of Sight– Flexibility
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• Demonstration projects
• Master Plans for System-wide upgrades
• Allocation of resources
• Alternatives
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
Inevitably controls the project’s critical path
• Long lead time
• Relative expense
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• Construction is the last choice
• Not the First
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Timeframes
• Up to 2000 M2 : 9 to 14 months– 2 to 3 months to develop scope of work and contract
for design– 3 months to design– 2 months to contract for construction– 6 months to construct
• 10,000 M2 and up: 3 to 5 years – 3 to 6 months to develop scope of work and contract
for design– 6 months to design– 3 months to contract for construction– 24 to 36 months to construct
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TYPICAL COURTHOUSE BUILDING PROCESS
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Land AcquisitionOff-Site ConstructionPlanner/Programmer Selection 3 MoPre-Design Phase 3 MoProgramming 4 MoA/E Selection 3 MoSchematic Design 2 MoDesign Development 3 MoConstruction Documents 5 MoBidding/Award 3 MoConstruction 36 MoCommissioning 2 Mo
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Timeframes
• Multiple projects can’t always proceed concurrently– Limits of courts– Limits of design and construction community– Availability of construction materials– Weather– Topography
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Timeframes
• Successful techniques– Limit major new construction– Design Build– Pattern designs– Multiple construction awards
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• Just a tool– IT– Training– Human Resources– Case Management– Court organization/administration– Budgeting and financial management– Facilities
• Supports other project goals—not a project goal itself
• Facilities component should be tied directly to other project goals
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Example: Linking Facilities Investments to Reform Goals
PILOT COURTS INITIATIVES: KOTOR AND BERANE
JUDICIAL REFORM GOALSHuman rights X X X X X XEconomic Development X X X XJudicial Independence X X XDispute resolution XReduction of case backlogs X X X X X X XTransparency X X X X XOpenness X X X X X X X XResponsiveness X X X XAccountability X X X XFuture practice/organizationl improvements X X X X X X X X
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
Pre-Project Program Assessment
• General condition of facilities to support reforms
• Ability of court/government to implement facilities component
• Current resource allocation
• Support for on-going maintenance and operations
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Comprehensive Facilities Program
• Functional Assessment/Profile• Design Guide • Document Current Conditions • Long Range Facility Plans• Multi-year Capital Plan (prioritization)• Yearly Revisions to Long Range Facility
Plans and Capital Plan • On-going maintenance and oversight
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Design Guide Purpose and Use
• Describes the unique characteristics of courthouses in the Judicial system
• For Judges, court staff, architects, engineers
• Directly applicable for new construction
• Useful for renovations
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Design Guide Elements
• Types of spaces• Activities/functions• Typical furniture/sizes• Appropriate office
sizes• Appropriate
adjacencies
• Any requirement different from other government buildings– Lighting/Electrical– Security– Wall/floor
finishes/telecommunications
– Location– Landscaping– Handicapped access– Façade design/appearance– Built-in furniture– Signage– Heating/air conditioning
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Design Guide Spaces Described
• Courthouse exterior• Interior spaces
– Main Entrance/Public Lobby
– Courtroom– President Judge’s office– President Judge’s
secretary’s office– Judge’s office– Intake offices
• Civil• Criminal• Executing
• Interior spaces (cont.)– Court Archive– Typists’ office– Accountant office– Special spaces
• Housekeeper's office• Coffee Bar• Conference Room• Server/computer wiring
room• Telephone switching room• Holding cell• Evidence/seized property
room
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Long Range Facility Plans for Each Facility
• Document Current conditions
• Identify needed repairs• Determine future
plans/needs
• Create inventory of “projects” – Maintenance
– Repairs
– Alterations
– New facilities
• Estimate costs for each project
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Develop a Multi-Year (3-5) Capital Plan
• Prioritize projects• Assign to budget years
– Priorities– Costs– Available funding
• Reorder/revise plan based on– Government action on previous budget year’s
plan– New Information about facility needs
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Suggested Criteria for Prioritizing
• Health and safety of employees
• Overall building structural integrity
• Security of employees and judicial process
• Operating efficiencies and economies
• Caseload impacted
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Priorities and Relative Importance
ImmediateNeed
Long-termNeed
Maximum
Score
Health & Safety 35 25 35
Building Structure 25 15 25
Security 15 10 15
Operating Efficiencies
15 10 15
Impact on Caseload 10 5 10
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Facilities in Legal Reform Projects
• Architecturally attractive
• Prominent siting
• Appropriate indigenous materials
• Durable construction materials
• Interior functionality and flexibility
• Local participation in design
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San Luis Indigenous Court
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San Jose JP Court
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Office Interior Libertidad
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Natural Ventilation San Andrus
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Some Useful Websites
• Americans with Disabilities Act www.ada.gov
• Serviceability/functionality – International Centre for Facilities
www.icf-cebe.com
• Standards, reference documents, etc.– Whole Building Design Guide www.wbdg.org
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Thank you.
Questions?