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NURSING PARADIGM
Kusman Ibrahim, Ph.D.
Faculty of Nursing, Padjadjaran University
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Definition (wikipedia)
• It comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample“ from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose" and that from "παρά" (para), "beside, by"+ "δείκνυμι" (deiknumi), "to show, to point out"
• a dynamic field or "world" of concepts —such that it represents a union between intelligent inquiry and some particular kind of world view
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Definition of paradigm
• “a way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical assumptions and that guides one's approach to inquiry" (Polit & Hungler, 1997: 463).
• “ a world view or general perspective for viewing some complexity of the real world that becomes embedded in the orientation of those who subscribe to the paradigm” (Chaska, 1990:167)
• “Ways of looking at (Conceptualizing a Discipline (ex.Nursing) in a clear, explicit term that can be communicated to others” (Kelly 2003:194)
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Mataparadigm in nursing
• "is a statement or group of statements identifying its relevant phenomena" (Fawcett, 1984, pg. 84).
• The most abstract component in the structural hierarchy of contemporary nursing knowledge: identify the phenomena of interest of a discipline and describe the relationships among the phenomena (Khun, 1977)
• The phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing is represented by four concepts: PERSON, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, and NURSING
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COMPONENTS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE
LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
MOST ABSTRACT
MOST CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
METAPARADIGM
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
THEORIES
EMPIRICAL INDICATORS
PHILOSOPHIES
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Function of the metaparadigm
• Provide the general parameters of the field and give scientists a broad orientation to work
• Summarize the intellectual and social missions of a discipline and place a boundary on the subject matter of the discipline
• Distinguish a discipline from others
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Example
• Nursing focus on “the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with environments (Donaldson & Crowley, 1978)
• Medicine focus on “diagnosis and treatment of diseases”
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Τhe meta-paradigm concepts
PersonPerson
Health Health
Environment Environment
Nursing Nursing
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Metaparadigm Concepts
PERSON ENVIRONMENT
NURSING
HEALTH
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NURSING
SOCIETY/ENVIRONMENT
Person
HEALTH
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CONCEPTS
NURSING THEORY
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Person
The recipient of nursing, including individuals, families, communities, and other groups.
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Environment
The person’s significant others and physical surroundings, as well as to the setting in which nursing occurs- person’s home-clinical agencies- society.
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Environment
All the local, regional, national, and worldwide cultural, social, political, and economic conditions that are associated with the person’s health.
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Health
The person’s state of well being high-level wellness to terminal illness
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Nursing
The definition of nursing, the actions taken by nurses on behalf of or in conjunction with the person, and the goal or outcomes of nursing actions.
Nursing actions: systematic process of assessment, labeling, planning, intervention, and evaluation
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Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring: Metaparadigm
Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring: Metaparadigm
By: Sheldon HubertBy: Sheldon Hubert
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THE PERSON (PATIENT)THE PERSON (PATIENT)• Is subjective and unique, not objective,
predictable and calculating.• Has distinct human needs, which are
biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial and interpersonal.
• Is to be valued, cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted.
• Is a functioning whole, there is no division among the mind, body and spirit (George/2002).
• Is directly influenced by their external environment.
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THE ENVIRONMENTTHE ENVIRONMENT• Is crucial to the holistic healing (mental, physical,
social, emotional, spiritual, developmental, protective, supportive environments), which is conducive to a patients health and wellbeing.
• Affects both patients and nurses within a caring-healing model. (Bernick, 2004).
• Is usually designed as a home-like environment but these “systems still fall short as healing spaces” (Watson/1999).
• Contains “noise, privacy, light, access to nature, color, space and smells that can have an impact on the caring-healing process” (Watson/1999).
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HEALTHHEALTH• Is viewed holistically, as the unity
between the physical, social, mental and spiritual self, with all parts working together in harmony and functioning to their full capacity.
• Is a perceived by the patient and is influenced by their own unique life experiences (Bernick/2004).
• Entirely includes a individuals physical, social, aesthetic and moral realms, not just their behaviour and physiology (George/2002).
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NURSINGNURSING• Is a caring, meaningful and
harmonic connective bond that is shared between the nurse and the patient (George/2002).
• Is providing caring, professional and thoughtful interactions to restore and promote holistic health and to prevent illness.
• Is a holistic practice that is complementary to medicine.
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