Download - Paradigma Keperawatan Rev
NURSING PARADIGM
Kusman Ibrahim, Ph.D.
Faculty of Nursing, Padjadjaran University
Definition (wikipedia)
• It comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample“ from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose" and that from "παρά" (para), "beside, by"+ "δείκνυμι" (deiknumi), "to show, to point out"
• a dynamic field or "world" of concepts —such that it represents a union between intelligent inquiry and some particular kind of world view
Definition of paradigm
• “a way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical assumptions and that guides one's approach to inquiry" (Polit & Hungler, 1997: 463).
• “ a world view or general perspective for viewing some complexity of the real world that becomes embedded in the orientation of those who subscribe to the paradigm” (Chaska, 1990:167)
• “Ways of looking at (Conceptualizing a Discipline (ex.Nursing) in a clear, explicit term that can be communicated to others” (Kelly 2003:194)
Mataparadigm in nursing
• "is a statement or group of statements identifying its relevant phenomena" (Fawcett, 1984, pg. 84).
• The most abstract component in the structural hierarchy of contemporary nursing knowledge: identify the phenomena of interest of a discipline and describe the relationships among the phenomena (Khun, 1977)
• The phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing is represented by four concepts: PERSON, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, and NURSING
COMPONENTS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE
LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
MOST ABSTRACT
MOST CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
METAPARADIGM
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
THEORIES
EMPIRICAL INDICATORS
PHILOSOPHIES
Function of the metaparadigm
• Provide the general parameters of the field and give scientists a broad orientation to work
• Summarize the intellectual and social missions of a discipline and place a boundary on the subject matter of the discipline
• Distinguish a discipline from others
Example
• Nursing focus on “the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with environments (Donaldson & Crowley, 1978)
• Medicine focus on “diagnosis and treatment of diseases”
Τhe meta-paradigm concepts
PersonPerson
Health Health
Environment Environment
Nursing Nursing
Metaparadigm Concepts
PERSON ENVIRONMENT
NURSING
HEALTH
NURSING
SOCIETY/ENVIRONMENT
Person
HEALTH
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CONCEPTS
NURSING THEORY
Person
The recipient of nursing, including individuals, families, communities, and other groups.
Environment
The person’s significant others and physical surroundings, as well as to the setting in which nursing occurs- person’s home-clinical agencies- society.
Environment
All the local, regional, national, and worldwide cultural, social, political, and economic conditions that are associated with the person’s health.
Health
The person’s state of well being high-level wellness to terminal illness
Nursing
The definition of nursing, the actions taken by nurses on behalf of or in conjunction with the person, and the goal or outcomes of nursing actions.
Nursing actions: systematic process of assessment, labeling, planning, intervention, and evaluation
Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring: Metaparadigm
Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring: Metaparadigm
By: Sheldon HubertBy: Sheldon Hubert
THE PERSON (PATIENT)THE PERSON (PATIENT)• Is subjective and unique, not objective,
predictable and calculating.• Has distinct human needs, which are
biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial and interpersonal.
• Is to be valued, cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted.
• Is a functioning whole, there is no division among the mind, body and spirit (George/2002).
• Is directly influenced by their external environment.
THE ENVIRONMENTTHE ENVIRONMENT• Is crucial to the holistic healing (mental, physical,
social, emotional, spiritual, developmental, protective, supportive environments), which is conducive to a patients health and wellbeing.
• Affects both patients and nurses within a caring-healing model. (Bernick, 2004).
• Is usually designed as a home-like environment but these “systems still fall short as healing spaces” (Watson/1999).
• Contains “noise, privacy, light, access to nature, color, space and smells that can have an impact on the caring-healing process” (Watson/1999).
HEALTHHEALTH• Is viewed holistically, as the unity
between the physical, social, mental and spiritual self, with all parts working together in harmony and functioning to their full capacity.
• Is a perceived by the patient and is influenced by their own unique life experiences (Bernick/2004).
• Entirely includes a individuals physical, social, aesthetic and moral realms, not just their behaviour and physiology (George/2002).
NURSINGNURSING• Is a caring, meaningful and
harmonic connective bond that is shared between the nurse and the patient (George/2002).
• Is providing caring, professional and thoughtful interactions to restore and promote holistic health and to prevent illness.
• Is a holistic practice that is complementary to medicine.