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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB
FACULTY OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MODULES English language 1 & 2 - English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
Study courses: Food Technology, Biotechology, Nutrition
1stand 2ndyear students
Author: Dijana Njer, lecturer
GRAMMAR for students of Food
Technology, Biotechnology and Nutrition
THEORY AN !RA"T#"E
Contents:
Unit 1 Verb tenses: Present Simple / Present Continuous
Unit 2 Verb tenses: Past Simple / Past Continuous
Unit 3 Verb tenses: Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous
Unit 4 Tense contrasts
Unit 5 Passive
Unit 6 Conditional and if clauses
Unit 7 Modal verbs
Unit 8 Questions
Unit 9 Numbers and quantity
Unit 10 Adjectives (Compound adjectives & Comparison of adjectives)
Unit 11 Adverbs
Unit 12 Relative clauses
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PREFACE
Working with the students of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Nutrition I have
noticed that they are not exactly keen on either learning or revising grammar. However,
after having observed them for some time, I am now able to say that they respond muchbetter and participate more actively in class when we deal with grammar problems in
context. They seem genuinely interested in solving problems when there is contextual
background present.
Therefore I have tried to do my best and made it possible for them to do grammar
and at the same time read about the topics from their field of interest. It does not only
contribute to their grammar awareness, but it also enhances their vocaulary and gives
them a complete picture of what language learning is actually all about. They get the
insight into how language for specific purposes works and it encourages them in their
own studying autonomy. It is my hope but also conviction that after studying the
language of science and technology in this way at the faculty, they will becomeindependent members of the academic community and they will be able to find answers
to all questions that they might ask themselves.
Eventually it is our goal as lecturers to provide our students with knowledge and to give
them access to all sources of knowledge available or in other words to teach them where
to look and to teach them how to think. Once we achieve that, we are free to think that
our mission as lecturers is done.
Topics offered to students in these grammar exercises are chosen from different fields
ranging from medicine and ecology to biology and food science. The topics are:
Problems that students might face regarding studying conditions, tuition fees etc; Food
supply during World War 1; The nature of human intelligence; The problem of ageing
and life expectancy; Climate change; What would happen to our planet if humans asspecies disappeared; The extinction of the dinosaurs; Environmental issues; Salt
consumption and its influence on our health; The world health crisis at the beginning of
last century; Are men better at maths than women etc.
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Unit 1 Present Simple / Present Continuous
basic uses of present simple and present continuous
Use present simple for facts, or things that always happen.Waterfreezesat 32 degrees Fahrenheit and 0 degrees Celsius. Sea
watercontainson average 2.7% salt by weight.
Use present simple for routines and habits.
Fiddler crabsturnred when they become angry.
The birdsreturnto the island every spring.
Use present continuous for actions happening at the momentof speaking, and not finished.
Sorry, I'm busy at the moment.I'm workingon my report.
Present continuous is also used for actions happeninggenerally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the
same time.
I'm readinga really interesting book.
state and action verbs
Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have
meanings which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form,
or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.
state verbs normally in present simple
belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, matter, own, possess,
believe, imagine, know, prefer, realize, understand, mean, seem, cost, regret
Does thisbelongto you?
Fresh fruitcontainsa range of vitamins.
Some people stillbelievethat the Earth is flat.
Thisseemsto be the solution.
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Do you understandwhat I'm saying?
Some lab workersdon't realizehow dangerous these researches are.
verbs with state and action meanings
state
do
action
Whatdoyoudo? (=what is your job)
be, have
Whatare you doing? (=explain
your actions)
This house isover 100 years old. He is beingsilly!
oyouhavea car?
think, expect
'm havinga great time here.
Whatdoyouthink(=have an opinion) 'm thinkingof changing jobs.
(=considering)
Idon't expecthim to understand.
enjoy, love
reyou expectingsomeone?
I enjoy / lovegoing for long walks. reyou enjoyingthe party?
appear
I'm lovingevery minute of studying
at this faculty.
Your passportappearsto be out of date.
see, hear
Tom is appearingin Tarantino's
new movie.
Ididn't hearany noises.
weigh, measure
Youare hearing
things!(=imagining)
The bag weighs more than 25 kilos. 'm weighingthe parcel to make
sure it is not too heavy.
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more uses of present simple
Present simple is also used
in newspaper headlines to describe eventsMPssayno to green laws.
Ministry of Agriculturebanspesticides.
for verbs such as: apologize, dare, accept
Iagreewith you.
Isee.
Iacceptyour offer.
in jokes it is used for narrative events
A mangoesto see his psychiatrist. Hesayshe is having problems because he
imagineshe is a pair of curtains. The psychiatristtells him to pull himself
together.
Present continuous is also used
for actions which continue for some time
It's raining.
The childrenare playingupstairs.
for actions which describe a changing situation
It is gettingdark.
Car designsare changing all the time.
with an adverb such as continually, constantly,always to criticize actions that we feel are irritating or
annoying
Youarecontinually interrupting!
He isalwayscriticizingmy work!
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I. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of
the verb in brackets.
Students now taking longer to finish studies
In the USA some university students nowadays (spend) __________ more and more
time in university before graduating. In American universities, many students (pay)
__________ their own school fees, and this (mean) __________ more time woring
and less studying.
Alan !hester is a "#$year$old %ournalism student from &hio who (tae) __________
si' years to complete his undergraduate degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other
e'penses he (wor) __________ four days a wee in the university itchen, while in
the university holidays he (do) __________ a full$time %ob.
I (find) __________ it difficult at the moment to study and pay my bills at the same
time, he (admit) __________. *ut I (try) __________ my best and I (manage)
__________ to eep the wolf from the door.
Alan+s parents (understand) __________ his decision to tae longer to graduate. hey
(now) __________ what I (go) __________ through, and they (help) __________
me as much as they can. It+s hard, but I (learn) __________ to loo after myself, and I
(e'perience) __________ stuff that might be useful one day when I+m a %ournalist. -e
(point out) __________ that some students (tae) __________ more time to graduate
because they (not really now) __________ what they (want) __________ to study.
ew courses of study (develop) __________ all the time, new sub%ects (appear)
__________ on the curriculum. Some students (spend) __________ time
e'perimenting with different courses before choosing their ma%or. So it+s not all about
money. I (thin) __________ universities (go) __________ through a period of
change lie everything else, and students have to adapt this changing situation.
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II. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous formof the verb in brackets.
a) his product (contain) __________ no added chemicals of any ind.
b) I+m sorry, but I (not understand) __________ you/
c) 0hat+s the answer1 2 0ait a moment, I (thin) __________.
d) At birth a baby elephant (weigh) __________ about 34 g.
e) here+s nobody else to do the %ob, so I (suppose) __________ I+ll have to do it.
f) In this country more than a million people (live) __________ in poverty.
g) his cheese (smell) __________ terrible/
h) I (hear) __________ you did really well in your e'ams. 0ell done/
i) (you do) __________ anything at the moment1 I need some help with the test
tubes.
%) In career terms, having a good degree (appear) __________ to mae little
difference.
) o wine for me/ I (tae) __________ antibiotics for an ear infection.
l) Scientists now slowly (begin) __________ to understand more about how the brain
wors.
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Unit 2 Past Simple / Past Continuous
basic use of past simple
Use past simple for finished events in the past which have a definitetime
In 1969 the first men landedon the Moon.
in narrative
The dooropenedand two boyscameinto the room.
for past habits and routines
Few people in Victorian timestooka bath every day.
Past simple is also used in conditional sentences and in expressions like:It's
timeandIt's high time...
It's time we left.
basic use of past continuous
Use past continuous to describe a continuing unfinished action in the
past.
I looked out of the window and I saw it was raining.
Whenever I visited him, he was workingin his garden.
for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden pastaction.
While I was gettingready for bed, the doorbell rang.
for two continuing events happening at the same time.
While Jim was paintingthe outside of the house, Sarah was decoratingthe
bedrooms.Past continuous can also be used:
to emphasize that an action was still continuing.
They started producing the car in 1946 and werestillproducingit thirty years
later.
with forever, continually, always etc to criticize actions we feelannoying or which we wish to exaggerate.
At school he was alwaysgettinginto trouble.
She wasalwaysfallingin love with the wrong kind of man.
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I. Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb
in brackets.
Fight against a flu pandemic
In 5une "443 hundreds of children from across the 6ast !oast of the U.S. ___________
(arrive) at !amp 7odin in *elgrade, 7aine, carrying flip$flops, sleeping bags and swimsuits.
*ut they also __________ (carry) something new. 8irst there __________ (be) one fever,
then si', then nine campers __________ (fall) ill in a single day. *y the end of the wee,
do9ens of ids __________ (sleep) in a specially :uarantined cabin with a pandemic flu
virus. Across the Atlantic, *ritain+s ational -ealth Service __________ (spend) most of
5uly recording ;44,444 new cases a wee.
5ust a few wees after the 7odin :uarantine, senior officials from across the U.S.
government __________ (gather) in the basement of the 0est 0ing to begin planning for
the siege to come. And throughout history1 7ore than ?4,444 deaths __________ (result) from the Asian flu in
;3#?> and there __________ (be) @,444 deaths after the -ong Bong flu __________
(hit) in ;3
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II. Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb
in brackets.
;. wo people __________(die) of heart attacs yesterday morning.
". She __________ (watch) a documentary on E, when suddenly we __________
(go ) out of power. I __________ (wor) on the computer at the time. I
__________ (lose) a whole hour+s wor.
@. -e __________ (sit) in the garden when a wasp __________ (sting) him on the
nose.
. -is hair __________ (catch) fire, when he __________ (coo) a tomato soup.
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Unit 3 Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous
basic use of present perfect
Use present perfect simple to refer to events connected to the present
Someonehas stolenmy bike!
I'vejusthad an idea.
to refer to indefinite events that happened at an unknown time in the
past
Archaeologistshave discoveredan Anglo-Saxon palace in London.
to refer to indefinite events with a result in the present
My carhas brokendown.
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Underline the correct form.
The nature of intelligence
8or many years scientists tried / have been tryingto define the nature of human
intelligence. -owever, they were / have been unable to agree on whether there is one ind
of intelligence, or several inds. In the early "4thcentury, psychologist !harles Spearman
came up / has come upwith the concept of +g+ or +general intelligence+. -e gave / had
givensub%ects a variety of different tests and found / has foundthat the people who
performed / have performedwell in the tests used / have usedone part of the brain,
which he called / has called +g+, for all the tests.
7ore recently, research found / has foundthat this idea may well be true, as one part of
the brain (the lateral prefrontal corte') shows increased blood flow during testing. -owever,
some scientists believe that intelligence is a matter of how much people learned / have
learned rather than some ability they are born with. hey believe that environment also
matters.
The ageing population
he number of men and women in the US aged
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Unit 4 Tense contrasts
Underline the best verb form.
The arguments about climate change
According to all the measurements, climate change happens G is happening, but science
appears G isappearingto be split on what to do about it. Unfortunately, scientists do not
all agree G are not all agreeingabout the causes of global warming. In a recent boo, two
scientists 2 8red Singer, a climate physicist, and Fennis Avery, a biologist 2 argue G are
arguingthat the warming currently observed around the world is part of a ;,#44$year cycle
in solar energy. Singer, an outspoen critic of the idea that humans warm G are warming
the planet, and Avery, believe G are believingthat a well$established, ;,#44$year cycle in
the 6arth+s climate can e'plain most of the global warming that taes place G has taen
placein the last ;44 years.
0e are currently on an upswing, getting warmer after the Dittle Ice Age, but in a few
hundred years will be G arebac on the downswing, and getting colder again. hey say G
are sayingthat efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing emissions of
greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically damaging. his, of course,
is not what the fourth assessment report of the U Intergovernmental Canel on !limate
!hange (IC!!) has said G saida few wees ago. hat report from the U climate science
woring group has concluded G concludedthat it is G has beenliely that rising
greenhouse gas concentrations have caused G causedmost recent warming and that,
depending on our actions now to slow down the growth of emissions, warming by ";44 will
probablybe G is probablybetween about ;.#H! and
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Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
ife expectancy
&ur country _______________ (go) through a period of accelerating change. oday, there
_______________ (be) around @.? million people aged over
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Unit 5 Passive
Passive forms
The basic formation is be + past participle. All tenses and simple or continuous
forms are possible, but some are more common than others.
Present simple passive All studentsare taughtcomputer skills.
Present continuous passive The research is being conducted.
Future simple passive The new faculty building will be completednext
year.
Past simple passive The new laboratory was openedby the dean lastmonth.
Past continuous passive The machine broke down while the product was
beingtransported.
Present perfect passive The lecturehas been cancelled.
Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can form the passive.
Passive is used: to move important information to the beginning of the sentence
The new research deparmenthasjustbeen opened.
to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process
The plastic casingsare producedin China.
when the performer of the action is general (people) or obviousfrom the context, or unimportant, or is intentionally not mentioned
The examhas been postponed.
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Complete the text with a passive or active form of the verb in brackets, in a
suitable tense according to the context.
ocal cheeses
raditional cheeses (produce) ______________ in many regions of the UB and (name)
_______________ after the area in which they (first develop) _______________.
!heddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and (now mae)
_______________ all over the world. A true !heddar must come from the counties of
Somerset, Forset or Fevon in southwest 6ngland or specifically from the Somerset village
from which it (tae) _______________ its name. 0ensleydale (come)
_______________ from the orshire Fales (valleys) in northern 6ngland. &riginally made
from sheep+s mil, it (base) _______________ on a recipe introduced by the !isterian
mons in the ;;thcentury and has a mild refreshing flavour.
raditional Dancashire, from northwest 6ngland, has a light, salty flavour. Furing the
Industrial Jevolution (around ;?
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Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets.
Wangari !aathai
0angari 7aathai (award) _______________ the obel Ceace Cri9e in "44. She
(praise) _______________ by the obel committee as a source of inspiration for everyone
in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace. 0hen she started her
Kreen *elt movement in ;3??, Benya was suffering from deforestation and desertification.
housands of trees (cut down) _______________
and many families (leave) _______________ in poverty as a result. Since then, her
successful campaign to mobili9e women to plant some @4 million trees (copy)
_______________ by other countries. Furing that time the movement (transform)
_______________ into a campaign on education, nutritiona nad other issues. -er
campaign has not always been popular. 7rs 7aathai (arrest) _______________ several
times for campaigning against deforestation in Africa, and once she (beat)
______________ unconscious by heavy handed police. *ut in elections in "44", she
(elect) _______________ as an 7C as part of an opposition coalition which swept topower, and she (appoint) _______________ as a deputy environment minister in "44@.
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Unit 6 Conditional and if-clauses
Real conditions (first conditional)
This shows the results in the present or future of a real situation, with possible orlikely results.
if + present simple + present simple
future simple
imperative
If (when) Irun out ofpetrol, Igoto the petrol station.
If you eatall the ice-cream, you'll besick!If youarehot,openthe window!
Unreal conditions (second conditional)
This shows the results which would follow from an imaginary situation, with
impossible or unlikely results.
if + past simple + would (do)
If we all workedtogether, we would solvethe problem faster. If
there wasno Moon, there wouldn't beany tides.
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Complete the sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.
The "arth after humans
If all people on 6arth (disappear) _______________ tomorrow, nature (begin)
_______________ to reclaim the planet. 8or a start, if people no longer (pollute)
_______________ the atmosphere, the air soon (become) _______________ clean
again. If there (be) _______________ no people to maintain buildings, they (soon begin)
_______________ to decay, but more solid parts (tae) _______________ thousands of
years to disappear. In general, if the
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The extinction of the dinosaurs
he dinosaurs probably became e'tinct after a giant asteroid hit the 6arth about
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Unit 7 Modal verbs
must
Use mustto give an order Youmust bemore careful!
to describe a duty Everyonemust recycleas much as possible.
to make a strongrecommendation
have to
Use have to
You reallymust goand see that exhibition.
for a necessary action Youhave to bethere by six.for a rule Wehave to weara uniform at our school.
in question forms oyouhave to go?
(it is used more commonly than must)
must not, don't have to
must not (mustn't) describes what is not allowed.
Youmustn't startuntil I tell you.
don't have to describes what is not necessary.Tonydoesn't have to goto his lectures this afternoon.
Should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)
Use should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)
to make a recommendation, when we say what we think is a good idea.
Youshould cometo work by bike. It will be much quicker.
to say that something is correct or incorrect
Youshould writeyour name at the top of the letter.
informal writing
All studentsshould reportto the examination room by 8.30.
Need, need to
The meaning is similar to have to.
Sarahneeds to bemore patient.
Youdon't need to worry.
DoIneed to fill inthis form?
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Be able to, can, could
Could describes a general past ability.
Shecould swim200 metres when she was a child.
Was able to describes having the ability and doing something successfully.
She was able to liftthat heavy load.
Complete the text with one word in each gap.
#efuse
Jubbish 2 or refuse as we _________ really call it 2 is big news at the moment. 8or many
years, people in *ritain ___________ had to pay a local ta' (council ta') which includes a
charge for refuse collection. In many parts of the country people have also been
__________ to as their local council to remove unwanted household items, such as
furniture and electrical appliances. -owever, in recent years, as a result of 6U legislation,
councils have __________ to reconsider how they collect rubbish, and what they do with it.
In the past, householders simply __________ to put out their dustbins once a wee, a ndthe council collected the rubbish. ow the emphasis is on recycling, and householders
__________ to separate recyclable waste (papaer, plastic, cans and bottles) from organic
waste (food and garden waste) and other items. Jeally we __________ have started
doing this years ago, e'plained Baren Kraham from recycling consultants 0asteot. 0e
__________ to stop filling up holes in the ground with rubbish and loo at what other
countries have __________ able to do. &ne liely change is that soon householders
__________ have to pay for their rubbish collections. Ceople __________ pay according
to how much rubbish they produce, and we __________ to reward people who recycle and
consume less. Ceople in *elgium, for e'ample, ___________ had to get used to this
system 2 and it seems to have wored. And if you thin that weighing your rubbish is a
strange idea, you had ___________ get used to it. *efore long, an electronic chip in your
dustbin will be weighing the bin and calculating how much you __________ to pay.
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Unit 8 Questions
Complete the text with one word in each gap.
$lobal warming arguments
It+s easy to suppose that we all feel the same way about global warming. After all,
everybody wants to save the world, don+t they1 0e all want to mae acontribution, however
small, and we do our best. ou aren+t one of those people who wastes water, __________
you1 &f course not/ And I+m sure you+ve got low$energy light bulbs in your house,
__________ you1 ou bet/ ot everyone is so enthusiastic, of course. Some people
wonder __________ they can do to help, and don+t really now what to do. Until they find
out by paying attention to what the world+s scientists are saying. At least, we all hope this is
true, __________ we1 Still, there are :uite a lot of people who %ust hope that the problem
will go away. 0hy do they do this, we might as. __________ they want to mae a
difference1
heir ususal response is we don+t really now whether the climate is changing.__________ we1 0ell, of course we do. here is plenty of evidence of climate change,
isn+t __________1 0e now that we are wasting energy and polluting the planet, don+t
___________1 It+s all :uite simple really. And if you do now anyone who is still uncertain
about whether to save the world or not, your message to them should be clear. 0hat are
you waiting __________1 If you thin this is %ust somebody else+s problem, it will, very
soon, be your problem as well. *elieve it.
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Unit 9 - Numbers and quantity
many, few, much, little
with countable nouns we usetoo many, not many, a few, few
There aretoo manymistakes here.
We have hadfewmistakes.
with uncountable nouns we can use too much, not much, a little, little
I needa littlehelp.
That requirestoo mucheffort.
We don't havemuchtime.
Put one suitable word in each space.
Salt consumption and health
-ealth e'perts believe that many people are consuming far too __________ salt, and that
this is a health ris. here are plenty __________ studies which show that increased salt
consumption raises blood pressure and can cause heart problems, and the recommendation
is that we should all be consuming __________ salt. 6ven if we add __________ any salt
to our food at the table, we may be consuming a __________ of salt without reali9ing. he
daily recommended amount is < grams, but many people are consuming twice as much
__________ this and the average daily consumption in the UB is over 3g per day. *read,
biscuits, etchup and ready made meals all contain __________ a lot of salt, so each time
we eat a slice of bread, for e'ample, we are adding to our daily intae. Kovernments are
encouraging food manufacturers to cut down on the __________ of salt they put into food,
and every food product should state clearly on the wrapper how __________ salt it
contains.
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Unit 10 -Adjectives
Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives can be formed in the following ways:
from adjective + noun
cheap-ratephone call
with numbers (plural s is never used)
atwo-hourmeeting
with a noun + adjective
aself-employeddesigner
anair-tightcontainer
Comparisons
To make the comparative and superlative of:
one-syllable adjectives - you add -er, -est
one-syllable adjectives ending in e - you addr, -st
two-syllable adjectives ending in y - change y to i and adder, -est.
longer adjectives put moreand the mostin front.
Irregular comparison
good better - the best bad worse - theworst far farther/further the
farthest/furthest
The + comparative, the + comparative
The sooner, the better.
The more, the merrier.
The earlierwe start,the soonerwe'll get there.
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Complete the text with a compound adjective from the list in each gap.
Supermarket food
freshly prepared much$reduced home$cooed
so$called time$saving far$reaching
traffic$clogged hard$woring ready$made
large$scale locally grown
8ew of us have the lu'ury of home$produced food fresh from our own garden, and
increasingly we live in a world where such food is becoming rare. Although supermarets
can sell fresh fruit and vegetables at __________ prices, not everyone buys them. 7any
people coo very little at home, and in some households few meals are __________.
8ro9en and __________ meals are __________ solutions for __________ people, and
__________ convenience foods sold in supermarets are beginning to replace more
traditional __________ meals in many households. he conse:uences of such changes are
__________. 8ood which might have a long %ourney from the other end of the country has
replaced __________ food, which also means that huge supermaret lorries are added to
__________ roads. Small farmers, who produce only small :uantities of food, also find that
supermarets prefer __________ production, and are often forced out of business.
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Complete the text with a word from the list in each gap.
Science news
aware be able clear hopeful
impossible possible surprised unwise
unusual unwilling
Scientists carrying out research in swamps in Sumatra have discovered the world+s smallest
fish. he female is only ?.3 mm. It was thought to be impossible that any living organism
should survive in the swamps, as the water is e'tremely acidic. It is also very low in
minerals and this is thought to e'plain why it is __________ for larger species to develop.
Jesearchers e'amining satellite data from the Antarctic have been __________ to find that
there are large laes and rivers beneath the ice sheets. It+s __________ that Antarctic ice
is moving much faster than we supposed, said Crofessor Susan Kraham from the Antarctic
Survey. She was __________ to say whether this would mean a more rapid rise in sea
levels due to melting ice. It+s __________ to predict at this stage e'actly what this
discovery means, but it maes us __________ that Antarctic ice could be melting faster
than we had thought.
Scientists at ASA believe that they may __________ to detect earth:uaes from space
before they happen. It+s __________ to monitor the build up of energy in the 6arth+s crust,
and scientists are __________ that this information can be interpreted by computer
programs which will give appro'imate predictions of future :uaes.
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Choose the best option A, B or C to complete the sentence.
Me$ory
It+s :uite common to hear someone complain that their memory is __!__ as it used to be,
or that the more things they try to remember, _____ :uicly they seem to forget. -owever,
memory is _____ complicated than we usually thin. 8or e'ample, remembering facts is not
at all _____ remembering how to perform an action, and it seems that we don+t forget how
to ride a bicycle or drive a car. 8or some people, it may be _____ to remember what they
have %ust read _____ recall where they left their car eys. &f course, _____ interesting a
topic is, the more we remember about it, and we are almost certainly _____ to recall
something we have read or seen recently, because it remains active in our memory. 0here
studying is concerned, there are certainly ways of maing the memory _____. It+s _____ to
remember disorgani9ed information, so note$maing and summari9ing are important, and
the learner, not the teacher, has to do this. Jegular reviewing of what has been learned is
_____ ways of strengthening memory. Some learners have _____ visual than a verbal
memory, and may remember more by associating ideas with visual images. here are plenty
of boos on the maret which illustrate these techni:ues, always assuming that you can
remember to buy one/
a) %less good &worse not as good
b) %not nearly as &the more it+s %ust as
c) %by far &easily a lot more
d) %the same as &lie as if
e)%probably &much easier nowhere near as
f) %as &than to the more
g)%%ust about as much & more and more the more
h)%faster and faster &far and away more liely
i) %more efficient &as good as every bit as
%) %%ust as easy ¬ so easy easier and easier
) %as important &more and more important one of the best
l) %%ust as good &easily the best a better
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Unit 11 Adverbs
We use adverbs to say how something happens or is done.
He spokekindlybutshyly.
He closed the doorangrily.
We also use adverbs before adjectives, past participles, other adverbs and
prepositional expressions.
It'sterriblycold.
He wasmadlyin love with her.
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Choose the correct form.
;. his 8rench cheese you bought is __________ (really, utterly, completely) tasty.
". ony can+t ___________ (:uite, really, surprisingly) decide what he wants to study
at university.
@. 0e __________ (really, entirely, hardly) didn+t e'pect this result.
. If you wor __________ (hard, hardly, e'tremely) I+m sure you+ll be a success.
#. he answer is __________ (considerably, very, perfectly) obvious.
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Unit 12 - Relative clauses
Defining relative clause
A defining relative clause gives information about a person or thing. It comesimmediately after the thing it defines, and is not separated from it by a comma.
It is crucial to the meaning of the sentence and cannot be removed without
changing the meaning.
There are only one or two American statesthatI haven't visited.
Non-defining relative clause
A non-defining relative clause gives extra information which does not define theperson or thing it follows. It is separated from the main clause by commas.
GlaxoSmithKline, which I work for, is one of the leading pharmaceutical
companies.
Prepositions and relative pronouns
which, that, who, whom, whose
Leaving out the relative pronoun
In defining object clauses it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
This isn't the book (that/which)I ordered.
In a non-defining clause it is not possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
This book, which I bought secondhand, was really cheap.
Reduced relative clauses
In defining clauses we can leave out the relative pronoun and part of the verb
phrase so that the participle is acting as an adjective defining the noun.
Tell the students (who are) waitingoutside to come in.
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Underline the best word or blank (-) for no word.
%re men better at maths than women?
&ne of the stereotypes about the differences between men and women, who G which G $
seems to be supported by some research, what G $ G whereis that men are better at
maths. According to brain research, levels of grey matter, it G who Gwhichcreates
processing centres in the brain, are higher in men than they are in women. &n the other
hand, it is women who G $ G theyhave more white matter, $ Git G whichcreates the lins
between processing centres in the brain. Foes G0hich G 0hatthis seems to suggest is
that while the male brain $ G that G itcontains more areas for processing information, which
G what G whomeans that the male brain has more capacity to solve maths problems, it is
the female brain it G that G andhas the greater ability to perceive patterns. In other words,
it is brain structure what G itG thatmaes men better at maths, but whose G which G
wherealso maes women better at communicating. -owever, other researchers argue that it
is the stereotyping itself it G $ G thatcauses the difference in performance in maths, rather
than any innate ability. 0omen $ G who G whichbelieve they are inferior at maths,
especially when they tae maths tests in rooms where G whose G whichmen are present,
tend to produce the ind of results $ G and G theye'pect to produce. Jesearch $ G which
G whatanalyses maths test results on a large scale suggests that the results attained by
women are %ust as good as those attained by men.
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Fill in the gaps with appropriate relative pronouns (who, which, whom etc.).
In ;3#, a man named Jay Broc, ______ made his living selling the 7ultimi'er milshae
machine, began hearing about a hamburger stand in San *ernardino, !alifornia.
A potato ________ has too great a percentage of water will come out soggy at the end of
the frying process.
*efore the fifties, it was impossible, in most American towns, to buy fries of consistent
:uality. Jay Broc was the man ________ changed that.
&ils _______ are rich in monosaturated fats aren+t nearly as bad for you as saturated fats.
Write your own ending.
;.he whisy you dran last night...
".0e moved to the country so that we would have a garden...
@.0e have tested three hundred types of wheat flour,...
.Universal Agroplastics, ...... has made a loss of three million pounds this year.
#.Smallpo', .... has now been wiped out.
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Translate the following sentences.
;. e mogu se s%etiti nioga oga bih htio po9vati na proslavu povodom mo%e diplome.
". &na %e vo9ila bicil od Klasgowa do Dondona, Mto %e priliNno dobro, budui da ima
?# godina.
@. Criliom prOen%a rumpira u ul%u, toplina ul%a pretvara vodu, o%a %e sadrOana u
rumpiru, u paru, Mto u9rou%e bubren%e i omeMavan%e Mrobnih granula.
. Samo rumpir o%i se Nuva neolio t%edana u toplim uv%etima ao bi pretvorio
Meer u Mrob, moOe dati hrsav prOeni rumpiri.
#. U moNvari na Sumatri pronaena %e na%man%a riba na svi%etu o%a %e dugaNa samo
?.3 mm. o %e 9apravo Nudno %er se mislilo da u moNvarama nema Oivih bia 9bog
vode o%a %e i9u9etno isela.
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;. httpLGGwww.dailymail.co.uGsciencetechGarticle$"#?=#=;G!an$women$math$ew$
study$finds$se'es$believe$men$better$reality$no$difference.html(accessed 7ay @;,
"4;;)
". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine Vol. 81, No. 1, March2004 2004 The New York Academy of Medicine - A Social Model for Health Promotion for
an Aging Population: Initial Evidence on the Experience Corps Model
3. http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/memory(accessed June 10, 2011)4. http://www.britishcheese.com/(accessed June 23, 2012)5. www.globalissues.org/issue/168/environmental-issues(accessed January 09,2012)6. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/salt-and-sodium/(accessed January 09,2012)7. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/(accessed February 02,2012)8. www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai(accessed April 15,2011)9. teachingcenter.wustl.edu/.../student-attention.aspx (accessed January 19, 2012)10. www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/(accessed March 24, 2011)
11. www.englishpage.com/grammar/(accessed March 25, 2011)12. www.perfect-english-grammar.com/verb-tenses.html(accessed March 20, 2011)