Haryo Tomo
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Air Toxics
PM
Acid Rain
Visibility
Ozone
Modeling Framework
Mobile
Sources
Industrial
Sources
Area
Sources
(Cars, trucks, planes,
boats, etc.)
(Power plants, refineries/
chemical plants, etc.)
(Residential, farming
commercial, biogenic, etc.)
NOx, VOC,
PM, Toxics
NOx, VOC,
SOx, PM,
Toxics
NOx, VOC,
PM, Toxics
Chemistry
Meteorology
Atmospheric
Deposition
Climate
Change
Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural
events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful
Two categories Primary Air Pollutant
▪ Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere
Secondary Air Pollutant ▪ Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
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Diasumsikan sebagai “one point” secara geografis
Arah vektor kecepatan vertikal Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara
horizontal. Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan pada hasil
pengukuran stack. Why? Adakah cara lain? Industrial Type
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Diasumsikan sebagai sumber continuous yang bergerak secara horizontal.
Arah vektor kecepatan dominan horizontal Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara
vertikal Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan kecepatan
gerakan objek penghasil emisi. Transportation type
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Diasumsikan sebagai “area” (berdimensi luas) secara geografis.
Arah vektor kecepatan dominan vertikal Terdapat distribusi kecepatan dan distribusi
konsentrasi pencemar Besarnya exit velocity berdasarkan
perbedaan temperatur dengan udara di atas “area” tersebut.
Urban type
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Jelaskan menggunakan model matematik sederhana tentang kepulan advektif dari ketiga jenis sumber pencemar!
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Acid Rain (NO3- deposition)
Water Quality
(Nitrogen deposition,
Lake Acidification)
NOx
Visibility (Fine PM)
(NOx + VOC + hv) -->
Ozone
(NO3-, NH4+)
PM
NOx-Related Air Quality Issues
Acid Rain (SO42- deposition)
SOx
(Fine PM)
Visibility (SO42-, NH4+)
PM
SOx-Related Air Quality Issues
Water Quality (Lake acidification,
Toxics deposition)
Air Toxics
Ozone
Acid Rain
Visibility
PM2.5
Water Quality
.OH
.OH role in pollutants formation
NOx + VOC + OH + hv ---> O3
SOx [or NOx] + NH3 + OH ---> (NH4)2SO4 [or NH4NO3]
SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4
NO2 + OH ---> HNO3
VOC + OH ---> Orgainic PM
OH <---> Air Toxics (POM, PAH, Hg(II), etc.)
Fine PM (Nitrate, Sulfate, Organic PM)
NOx + SOx + OH (Lake Acidification,
Eutrophication)
Formation of Secondary PM :
Sulfate PM formation: H2SO4 + 2 NH3 ---> (NH4)2SO4 (s)
Gas Phase: O2,H2O
SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4
Aqueous Phase: H2O
SO2 + H2O2 ---> H2SO4 (Dominate over low pH)
SO2 + O3 ---> H2SO4
Nitrate PM formation: HNO3 + NH3 <---> NH4NO3 (aq,s)
Gas Phase : (daytime)
NO2 + OH ---> HNO3
Gas &Aq Phase : (nighttime)
N2O5 + H2O ---> HNO3
Oraginc PM formation:
Gas Phase :
VOC + OH ---> Organic PM(semi-
volatile)
(Long-chain VOCs, Aromatics, Biogenic VOCs)
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