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Section B – Psychological aspects that optimise performance

Aspects of PersonalityLesson 1

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Learning Outcomes:By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

• define personality• explain and evaluate the 3 main theories of

personality• explain how performance and behaviour of

sports performers may be affected by their personalities

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What is Personality?

• Use 5 words to describe yourself.• How did you get your personality?• Does your personality effect the way you

behave?• Does your personality effect the

sport/position that you play?

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Is there a winning personality?

Athletics Men's 100m Final Full Replay - London 2012 Olympic Games - Usain Bolt – YouTube

Play at 3:10Play at 5:00Play at 9:18

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DefinitionsPersonality is the sum total of an individuals characteristics which make him or her unique. (Gill, 1997)

Personality is the underlying relatively stable psychological structures and processes that organise human experiences and shape a person’s actions and reactions to the environment.(Lazarus and Mowat, 1979)

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Personality Theories

• The Trait Approach (Eysenck, Cattell)

• The Situational Approach (Bandura)

• The Interactional Approach (Hollander)

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The Trait ApproachTraitsRelatively stable and enduring characteristics which could be used to predict our behaviour in a variety of situations.

• we all have these traits but to limiting degrees• they are long lasting and stable• they are frequently evident in our behaviour• they enable us to predict a person’s behaviour• emphasises the person and not the situation

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Identifying Personality Traits:

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Identifying Personality Traits:

Aggressive Careful

Calm

Carefree

ReservedMoody

Outgoing

Impulsive

Active Leader Thoughtful

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Eysenck’s Trait TheoryEysenck believed that personality was inherited through characteristics/traits.

He devised a Personality Questionnaire (1975) and a Personality Inventory (EPI, 1964) in an attempt to measure these characteristics.

He identified 2 major dimensions:Introvert – ExtrovertNeurotic – Stable

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Examples from Eysenck’s Questionnaire• Does your mood often go up and down?• Are you a talkative person?• Would being in debt worry you?• Are you rather lively?• Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything?• Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects?• Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault?• Do you always practice what you preach?• Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules?• Do you often feel ‘fed-up’?• Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else?• Would you call yourself a nervous person?• Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with?• Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party?• Are you a worrier?• Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions?• Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work?• Have you ever cheated at a game?• Do you suffer from ‘nerves’?• Have you ever taken advantage of someone?• Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people?

A reliable test?

What are the limitations?

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He concluded that most people are not found at the extremes of the 2 dimensions but somewhere in the middle.

He calculated that 75% was a genetic influence and 25% was environmental influence i.e. it is difficult to change or modify these personality traits.

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Eysenck and SportWhat claims do you think he made about Introverts and Extroverts?……………. are more likely to take part in sport……………. cope better in competitive and stressful situations……………. cope better with distractions

(audience, noise)……………. cope better with pain……………. are more likely to be distance runners……………. are more likely to be games players

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Eysenck and SportWhat claims do you think he made about Introverts and Extroverts?Extroverts are more likely to take part in sportExtroverts cope better in competitive and stressful situationsExtroverts cope better with distractions

(audience, noise)Extroverts cope better with painIntroverts are more likely to be distance runnersExtroverts are more likely to be games players

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Cattell’s Trait TheoryCattell also adopted a trait approach to personality but believed that more than 2 or 3 dimensions were needed to create a whole picture of personality.

He developed a personality profile that measured 16 personality factors (16PF Questionnaire, 1965).

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Cattell's 16 Factors of Personality

                                                   1   2   3    4    5   6   7   8

                   reserved                   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    outgoing                    less intelligent                                            more intelligent                    affected by feelings                                    emotionally stable                    submissive                                                  dominant                    serious                                                          happy-go-lucky                    expedient                                                      conscientious                    timid                                                          venturesome                    tough-minded                                        sensitive                    trusting                                                          suspicious                    practical                                                         imaginative                    forthright                                                       shrewd                    self-assured                                                  apprehensive                    conservative                                                  experimenting                    group dependent                                           self-sufficient                    uncontrolled                                                  controlled                    relaxed                                                           tense

How would you score?

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Evaluation of Trait Theories• Cattell realised that personality was more dynamic

than Eysenck had suggested and could fluctuate according to the situation.

However: • too simplistic• trait theories do not take into account the nurture or

personal development of an athlete• they are an unreliable predictor of behaviour• they do not take into account the environment or

situation

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The Situational Approach(Social Learning Theory)

• Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory – YouTube

Personality is built up out of our experiences of the social world.(Bandura, 1977)

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Bandura’s Situational Approach

Bandura believes that we learn through 2 different types of experience – modelling and reinforcement.

As we grow up we observe what other people do and imitate it (modelling).

If we are rewarded (reinforcement) when we do something, we are likely to do it again.

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The 4 Stages of Observational Learning

Attention

Retention

Motor Reproduction

Motivational Response

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Sporting Examples

Attention

Retention

Motor Reproduction

Motivational Response

A 10 year old boy is keen on tennis. He is sat watching the men’s Wimbledon finals. Both players become models for the boy because he sees them as powerful (well-known, on TV) and similar to him (male and tennis players). One player has lost the first 2 sets and is behind in the 3rd. The boy pays particular attention to the losing player because he knows what it is like to be in a losing situation.

He notices how the player closes his eyes and seems relaxed. His stance shows confidence and he bounces the ball twice before he serves to win with an ace serve.He remembers how the player closes his eyes and seems relaxed and confident. He associates this with the player winning.

The next time the boy is in a losing situation – he imitates the behaviour – eyes closed, confident stance, bouncing the ball twice.

If he feels more confident and improves his game, this rewards his behaviour and makes him more likely to repeat it.

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Evaluation of Situational Theories

• Bandura realised that a performer may appear confident/aggressive in a specific situation but may appear very differently in another environment .

However: • criticised for going too far in the opposite

direction of the trait theories.• still an unreliable predictor of behaviour

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The Interactional ApproachHollander’s theory states that behaviour is a combination of both inherent (built-in) personality traits and environmental factors through this equation:

B = F (P.E)

Behaviour is the Function of Personality and Environment

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Hollander’s Model, 1971Psychological Core

Typical Responses

Role Related Behaviours

Social Environment

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Hollander’s Model• 1 : The Psychological Core:

– the ‘real you’ – attitudes and values, self concept– private, relatively permanent

• 2 : Typical Responses:– usual way we respond to the environment– learned & stored experience– responses may indicate the nature of the core.

• 3 : Role-related behaviour:– determined by our perception of the environment– can be changed at any time depending on situation– action may not be a typical response but uncharacteristic action

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Overview

• The Interactional approach suggests that we base behaviour on inherent traits that we then adapt to the situation we are in.

• It takes into account personal factors, the situation in which the behaviour occurs and the interaction of these 2 factors.

• A games player might be loud, extrovert & dominant manner in the game because that is the best way to succeed, but would be more quiet & focused when in a training session designed to improve individual technique.

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Review of Learning Outcomes:

You should be able to:

• define personality• evaluate the Trait Approach• evaluate the Situational Approach• evaluate to Interactional Approach• explain how performance and behaviour of

sports performers may be affected by their personalities

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Home LearningTake an online personality test – how can we make an accurate measure of someone’s personality?

Exam Style Questions

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Who would be your sports personality of the year 2012?

Smithy at Sports Personality of the Year - BBC Sport Relief Night 2010 - YouTube


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