Pertemuan 12 Systems Analysis and Design of a Business Event Driven System
Matakuliah : M0034 /Informasi dan Proses Bisnis Tahun : 2005
Versi : 01/05
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menjelaskan tahapan dalam menganalisa dan merancang aplikasi TI
Outline Materi
• Model-model tahapan Analisis & Perancangan Sistem Informasi– Data Flow Diagrams– Kamus Data– Logical Models– Data Modeling
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STEP I-B: Systems Analysis - Structuring Systems Requirements Using Process Modeling
Some analysis methods create several versions of data flow diagrams, including context data flow diagrams, data flow diagrams of the current physical system, data flow
diagrams of the current logical system, and data flow diagrams of the proposed logical system.
Often, each data flow diagram includes a thorough description of each data flow.
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Exhibit 4-4Christopher Inc., Context Diagram
OSales /
collectionsystem
Christopher Inc. needs a system that enables communication with customers several times during
the process (e.g., customers send in order data as well as payment data, and Christopher Inc. sends back shipping, sales, billing, and
payment data).
Customers
Order
Shipping/Bill
Payment
Decision Makers
DesiredInformation
Christopher Inc. needs a system that allows them to send shipping data to their
carriers and receive shipment confirmations
from their carriers.
Carriers
Shipping Data
Confirmation
Finally, Christopher Inc.’s systems should allow
access by internal agents (such as management and other decision-makers) to
critical data and information.
the circle represents computer processing
A context diagram shows the sources and destinations of the data that are outside the boundaries or scope of the system being analyzed. You do not show the data stores and data flows within the boundaries of the system.
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Exhibit 4-5 Christopher, Inc. Level 0 Data Flow Diagram
1.0 Processcustomer
orders
2.0 Processshipments
tocustomers
3.0 Process payments from
customers
CustomersDecisionmakers
Orders
Bill
Payment
DesiredinformationShipping request data
Payments duedata
Desired
informati
on
Desiredinformation
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Exhibit 4-6 Christopher Inc., Level 1 Data Flow Diagram
1.1 Approve
and record customer order data
Customer order data
1.2 Generate
information about orders
Order Approved Order
Order data
ShippingRequestData
Desired information
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Context Dictionary Some analysts like to add more detail to context and
other data flow diagrams, by providing the data elements that comprise the data flows on the diagram. We will refer to these data flow details as the context dictionary. Each entry in the context dictionary is separated from its definition by an equal sign (=) and is defined using the following set of symbols:
– + To connect elements of the definition
– {} To identify repeating elements of the definition
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Sample Context Dictionary Entries Sales-Invoice = Invoice # + Sale-Date + Register # + Customer
Name + Salesperson Name + {Merchandise Name + Qty-Sold + Price + Item-Total} + Sale-Total
Customer-Profile = Report-Date + Name + State + Birth date + Telephone + {Merchandise Description + Qty-Sold}
Product-Sales = Report-Date + {Merchandise # + Merchandise Description + Qty-Sold + %Margin + $ Contribution}
Accounting-Revenue = Report-Date + Reporting-Period + Revenue for Reporting-Period
Sales-by-Salesperson = Report-Date + {Salesperson Name + {Merchandise-Description + Qty-Sold + $ Contribution} + Total Sales + Total Contribution
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When you are creating data flow diagrams or work-flows for a business process, how do you know how many recording, maintaining, and reporting processes you need for an IT application?
You can use your REAL model and the context diagram as a guide.
•context diagram•inflows and outflows to
Record event dataMaintain resource, agent, location dataReport source documents, queries, reports
You need one recording process in your IT application for each business event object in the application’s REAL model
You need one recording process in your IT application for each business event object in the application’s REAL modelYou need one maintenance process in your IT application for
each resource, agent, and location object in the application’s REAL model
You need one maintenance process in your IT application for each resource, agent, and location object in the application’s REAL model
The number of reporting processes required for an application is a function of the number of views required by information customers. You will need one reporting process for each required output view. To help you plan, determine how many of the following three types of reporting output views your information customers need:- Source documents:
printed or electronic transmission of event data documentation- Preformated reports:
reports that are regularly used by information customers-Ad hoc reports:
reports that information customers design and request to provide a new view or a view that is rarely used
The number of reporting processes required for an application is a function of the number of views required by information customers. You will need one reporting process for each required output view. To help you plan, determine how many of the following three types of reporting output views your information customers need:- Source documents:
printed or electronic transmission of event data documentation- Preformated reports:
reports that are regularly used by information customers-Ad hoc reports:
reports that information customers design and request to provide a new view or a view that is rarely used
Additional Prototyping Steps
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McKell's Retail Sale Store Case Checkpoint
Using our retail sale example, the IT application would have:•One recording process (i.e., Record Sale Data) to record the one event of interest
Four maintenance processes •Maintain Customer Data, •Maintain Merchandise Data, •Maintain Salesperson Data, and •Maintain Register Datato keep our resource, agent, and location data up to date and valid
Reporting processes to handle key management functions: • Sales Invoice - the customer's bill; • Customer Profile - a report that provides information about customers and their purchasing habits; • Product Sales - a report that provides the margin and contribution for each merchandise items type sold; • Accounting Revenue - a report that provides a calculation of sales revenue for a specific period; • Sales by Salesperson - a report that details the merchandise and contribution to sales revenue for each salesperson)
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Step 1-C Structuring Systems Requirements Using Logical Models
After completing data flow diagrams that graphically show the flow of data to fulfill the system requirements, many analysts use logic models to represent the logic of the information processes denoted in the data flow diagram(s).
Their objective is to produce structured descriptions and diagrams that enumerate the logic contained in each process denoted in the data flow diagram(s).
Techniques used during this step include structured English, decision tables, decision trees, and state-transition diagrams or tables.
We will overview just one of these techniques: Structured English.
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Structured English Structured English is used to plan and document the steps of a
computer instruction set (a program) without using a programming language. Structured English is used to define the detailed logic of each information process (Exhibit 4-7).
Structured English focuses on conciseness and clarity to document the essence of an information process and eliminates: Adjectives. Adverbs. Compound sentences. Non-imperative expressions. All but a limited set of conditional and logic structures. Most punctuation. Footnote type details.
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Exhibit 4-7 Structured English Example
ProcessInput
Output
DataFor each Customer-Order do the following:1. Search for Customer-Name
if foundConfirm customer info with customerif not foundEnter customer data
2. Check for availability of inventory requestedif availableConfirm ship-to-informationif not availableInform customer with Order-Confirmation
3. Provide customer with Order-Confirmation4. Send notification to packing agents
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Business Event Risks In addition to including the logic for completing a desired task,
this step provides an opportunity for thinking about ways information technology can be used to help reduce business and information risks An operating event occurring at the wrong time or sequence. An operating event occurring without proper authorization. An operating event involving the wrong internal agent. An operating event involving the wrong external agent. An operating event involving the wrong resource. An operating event involving the resource amount. An operating event occurring at the wrong location.
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Information Event Risks Information event risks include the risks associated with
incomplete, inaccurate, or unauthorized recording, maintaining, and reporting information activities: Recording risks - Recording risks include recording incomplete,
inaccurate, or invalid data about an operating event. Incomplete data results in not recording all of the relevant characteristics about an operating event in the data stores. Inaccuracies arise from recording data that does not accurately represent the event. Invalid refers to data that are recorded about a fabricated event.
Maintaining risks - Maintaining risks are essentially the same as recording risks. The only difference is that the data maintained relates to resources, agents, and locations rather than operating events.
Reporting risks - Reporting risks include data that are improperly classified, improperly summarized, provided to unauthorized parties, or not provided in a timely manner.
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STEP I-D: Systems Analysis: Structuring Systems Requirements Using Conceptual Data Modeling
To focus on the specific data you want to capture to describe reality and generate needed outputs we use a conceptual data model.
Conceptual data models represent the entities or objects you want to collect data about, and rules about the meaning and interrelationships among these data objects.
To complete this step, most analysts use one of two modeling techniques: Entity-Relationship (E-R) or Object Oriented (OO).
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EntityName
RelationshipName
ERD Data Entity
anything, real or abstract, about which we want to store data.
synonyms include entity type, entity class or object
Data relationship a natural association that exists between
one or more entities business activities or events that link one or
more entities
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Example
CustomerPlaces/ or
Is Placed By
Orders
Contains orIs Contained By
Supplies
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Entities
AGENTS Entities that describe roles played in a system. They
usually represent people or organizations. ACCOUNT, AGENCY, ANIMAL, APPLICANT,
BORROWER, CHILD, CLASS, CLIENT, CONTRACTOR, CREDITOR, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYER, INSTRUCTOR, MANAGER, OFFICE, SALESPERSON, SUPPLIER, TEAM, VENDOR
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Entities
RESOURCES Entities that describe tangible things. Most tangible
things are easy to identify because you can see them. BOOK, CHEMICAL, COURSE, DISK, EQUIPMENT,
MACHINE, MATERIAL, METAL ,PART, PRODUCT, PROGRAM, SERVICE, SUBSTANCE, VEHICLE
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Entities
EVENTS Most events are easy to identify because the business
records data on forms or files. Events are characterized by the fact that they happen or
have duration AGREEMENT, APPLICATION, APPOINTMENT, ASSIGNMENT,
BACKORDER, BUDGET, CLAIM, CONTRACT, DEPOSIT, DISBURSEMENT, FORECAST, INVOICE, JOB, LICENSE, PAYMENT, PURCHASE ORDER, REGISTRATION, RESERVATION, RESUME, SEMESTER, SHIPMENT, STEP, TASK, TEST, WORK ORDER
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Entities
LOCATIONS Entities that describe locations
BRANCH, BUILDING, CAMPUS, CITY, COUNTRY, COUNTY, ROOM, ROUTE, SALES REGION, SCHOOL ZONE, PROVINCE, STORAGE BIN, VOTER DISTRICT, WAREHOUSE ZONE
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Entities and Entity Classes or Groups
Entities of a given type are grouped into an entity class Thus, the EMPLOYEE entity class is the collection of all
EMPLOYEE entities Entity classes are described by their structure An instance of an entity is the representation of a particular
entity such as Customer 1234 and is described by its values of the attributes
Name entities with nouns that describe above (singular) INVOICE
Instances of the entity are referred to in the plural - Invoices
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Attributes
Data attributes are characteristics that are common to all or most all instances of a particular entity.
Synonyms include: properties, data elements, descriptors, and fields
Attributes take on values for each occurrence of an entity. An attribute must have more than one legitimate value otherwise it is a constant.
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Identifier
Identifier is an attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies one, and only one occurrence of an entity.
Synonyms include key or primary key For example, Employee instances could be identified by a
SocialInsuranceNumber, EmployeeNumber or EmployeeName
Identifiers of an entity instance consists of one or more of the entity’s attributes
An identifier may be either unique or non-unique Identifiers that consist of two or more attributes are called
composite identifiers
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RelationshipsRelationships
Entities can be associated with one another in relationships. A relationship can include many entities; and the number of
entities in a relationship is a degree of the relationship. Degree 2 relationships are common and are called binary
relationships 1:1 one to one AUTO-ASSIGNMENT 1:N one to many DORM-OCCUPANT N:M many to many STUDENT-CLUB
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Relationship DegreeRelationship Degree
SALESPERSONSALESPERSON
ORDERORDER
SP-ORDER
Degree 2
MOTHERMOTHER FATHERFATHER
CHILDCHILD
PARENT
Degree 3
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Three Types of Binary RelationshipsThree Types of Binary Relationships
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE AUTOAUTO
AUTO-ASSIGNMENT
1:1
DORMITORYDORMITORY STUDENTSTUDENT
DORM-OCCUPANT
1:N
STUDENTSTUDENT CLUBCLUB
STUDENT-CLUB
N:M
These areoften called
HAS Arelationships
These areoften called
HAS Arelationships
ShowsMAXIMUMcardinality
ShowsMAXIMUMcardinality
may or may notmay or may not
must exist
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Other relationshipsOther relationships
DORMITORYDORMITORY STUDENTSTUDENT
DORM-OCCUPANT
1:N
Minimum cardinality
Recursive relationship
STUDENTSTUDENT 1:N
ROOMS-WITH
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE DEPENDENTDEPENDENT1:N
Weak Relationships
BUILDINGBUILDING APARTMENTAPARTMENT1:NID Dependent
entity
ERD:
CUSTOMERCUSTOMER SALESPERSONSALESPERSON
SALES-ORDERSALES-ORDER
LINEITEMLINEITEM
ITEMITEM
I:N N:1
I:N
I:N
Semantic Object Model (SALSA)
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Access Database RelationshipsAccess Database Relationships
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REAL DiagramREAL Diagram
Customer(Agent)
Customer(Agent)
Take Order(Event)
Take Order(Event)
SalesPerson(Agent)
SalesPerson(Agent)
Product-Item(Resource)
Product-Item(Resource)
List Items Ordered (Event)
List Items Ordered (Event)
(1,1)
(1,1)
(1,*)
(1,1) (0,*) (0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
CUSTOMER (Customer#, CustomerName, Street, City, State, Zip)
SALESPERSON (SalesPerson#, SalesPersonName)
SALES-ORDER (Order#, Date, [Customer#], [SalesPerson#],Subtotal, Tax, Total)
ITEM (Item#, Name, Description)
(LineItem#, [Order#],Quantity, [Item#], ExtendedPrice)ITEMS-ORDERED
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Exhibit 4-8 Recursive Relationship Example
Employee manages
Employee
manages
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Relationships
Described by verbs or verb phrases Multiple relationships are possible between two entities
COURSE STUDENT
Was Taken by
Is Being Taken by
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Ordinality
Defines whether the relationship between entities is mandatory or optional.
Ordinality determines the minimum number of occurrences of one entity relative to another.
Ordinality must be defined in both directions
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Cardinality
Defines the maximum number of occurrences of one entity for a single occurrence of the related entity
This is the number to the right of the colon below. Ordinality is the number to the left of the colon.
Customer
Places
Order
Contains
Products
1:10:M
0:M
1:M
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Relationships That Can Be Described by Data
Normally relationships are not described by data attributes
However if Cardinality is many in both directions, the relationship itself is frequently described by data attributes.
“Many to Many” relationship An associative entity is a data entity whose attributes
describe a relationship between two or more fundamental entities
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Ordered Product
Many to Many
Service
Product
Order
IsPlaced
For
Is Placed
For
Shipment
Invoice
Requested
Service
1:M
1:M
OR
0:M
0:M
AND
1:1
1:1
0:M
0:M
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Create a separate table that includes the key attributes
from both object tables.
Create a separate table that includes the key attributes
from both object tables.
Linking Objects with Many to Many (*:*)
Relationships
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Linking Objects with One to One (1:1) Relationships
Put the key attribute
of either object in the table of the other
Put the key attribute
of either object in the table of the other
Create a separate table that includes
the key attributes from both objects
Create a separate table that includes
the key attributes from both objects
When you are linking two events with a 1:1 relationship,either put the key of the prior event table
into the subsequent event table or create a third table.
OR
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Post the key attribute of the object with the 1 side of the cardinality
into the table of the many (*) side of the cardinality.
Post the key attribute of the object with the 1 side of the cardinality
into the table of the many (*) side of the cardinality.
If you follow the specified rule and find that you would post the key of the event that occurs
second into the table of the event that occurs first, create a separate table that includes the key attributes
from both event tables.
Linking Objects with One to Many (1:*) or
Many to One (*:1) Relationships
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Exhibit 4-9 Christopher Inc. REAL ModelResources Events Agents
Order personnel
CustomerInventory
Receivecustomer
orderincludes
takes
places
Cashier
Collectpayment
CashBank
is keptat increases
takes in
sends
Shippingpersonnel
Shippingfirm
ShipOrder
is made
up of
goes to
executes
carried by(1,*)
(1,*)
(1,*)
(0,*)(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(0,*)
(1,1)
(1,1)(1,1)
(1,1)
(1,1)
(1,1)
(1,1)
(1,1) (1,1)
(1,1)
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Exhibit 4-10 Different Notations to Represent Relationships Cardinalities
(1,1)
(1,*)
(0,1)
(0,*)
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Exhibit 4-11 Entity Attributes in an ER diagram
Inventory
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
InventoryItem #
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Exhibit 4-12Example Relational Database Table
Customer # LastName
FirstName
Address Telephone
1001 Mays Willie 112 Say Hey Ave. 242-42421002 McCovey Willie 147 Fencebuster Way 999-99991003 Bonds Bobby 301 Out-of-here Blvd. 123-4567
Customer Table
SALES table (without a separate table for the sale-inventory *:* relationship):
SalesEvent # Date
Termsof Sale
SalespersonID
CustomerID
InventoryItem #
InventoryQuantity
Priceeach
1 2/5 2 10,net 30
4 3654 987 5 2.50
1 2/5 2 10,net 30
4 3654 785 4 1.75
1 2/5 2 10,net 30
4 3654 562 15 1.99
2 2/5 2 10,net 30
6 746 998 27 2.95
2 2/5 2 10,net 30
6 746 624 94 1.05
3 2/5 COD 8 2956 847 18 9.99
3 2/5 COD 8 2956 112 29 5.75
3 2/5 COD 8 2956 413 8 3.00
3 2/5 COD 8 2956 335 57 7.50
Sales Event TableSalesEvent # Date Terms
SalespersonID
CustomerID
1 2/5 2 10, net 30 4 3654
2 2/5 2 10, net 30 6 746
3 2/5 COD 8 2956
(*:*) Sale-Inventory Table
SalesEvent #
InventoryItem #
InventoryQuantity
Priceeach
1 987 5 2.50
1 785 4 1.75
1 562 15 1.99
2 998 27 2.95
2 624 94 1.05
3 847 18 49.99
3 112 29 15.75
3 413 8 16.00
3 335 57 17.50
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Exhibit 4-13 Christopher Inc. Event Logical Structures - Order Taking
CUSTOMER Customer #, Name,Street Address,City, State, Zip, Telephone#Credit Rating,Credit Limit
RECEIVE CUSTOMER ORDER Sales Order #, [Customer #],[Customer Order Representative Employee #], Date, Time, Instructions, Cancel by Date, Location or order
EMPLOYEE,Employee #,Name, AddressTelephone #,BirthDateStart date, Salary,
ORDER/INVENTORY [Sales Order #], [Inventory item #], Quantity Ordered
INVENTORY Inventory Item #,Description,Product Specification,Reorder Point,Current Price,Beginning Quantity,Beginning Quantity Date
LegendRELATION
Primary Key
[Foreign Key]
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Exhibit 4-13 Christopher Inc. Event Logical Structures - Shipping
SHIP ORDER Invoice #, [Sales Order #], [Customer #], [Shipping Personnel Employee #], [Shipping Firm ID #], Date, Time, Shipment tracking #, Sales TaxSHIPPING FIRM,
Shipping Firm ID#,Shipping Firm Name, AddressTelephone #,Contact PersonRate Information
SHIP/INVENTORY [Invoice #],[Inventory Item #], Quantity Shipped, Price Each
Inventory
Customer
Employee
Sales Order
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BANKBank #,Bank Name, Address
COLLECT PAYMENT Cash Receipt #, [Cash Account #], [Customer #], [Cashier Employee #],Date, Time, Amount Received, Electronic Funds Transfer #
Exhibit 4-13 Christopher Inc. Event Logical Structures - Cash Collection
SHIP/COLLECT PAYMENT[Invoice #],[Cash Receipt #], Amount applied to this Invoice
CASHCash Account #,[Bank #],Type of AccountBeginning BalanceDate
Customer
Employee
Shipping Order
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Exhibit 4-14 Linking the Order Recording Process with the Data Repository
RecordSale
Order-Data
INVENTORY
ORDER
CUSTOMER
ORDER PERSONNEL
ORDER-INVENTORY
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Exhibit 4-15 Sample Maintenance Processes and Data Access
Update BankData
Register-Data
Update Customer
Data
Customer-Data
Update Shipping
firmData
Salesperson-Data
Update Inventory
Data
Merchandise-DataINVENTORY
BANK
CUSTOMER
SHIPPING FIRM
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Exhibit 4-16Example fo Generating a Sales-by-Salesperson
Report
ReportSale
Request Sales-by-Salesperson report
MERCHANDISE
Sales-by-Salesperson = Report-Date + {Salesperson Name + {Merchandise-Description + Qty-Sold + $ Contribution} Total Sales + Total Contribution
Sales-by-Salesperson
SALE
SALESPERSON
SALE-MERCHANDISE
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