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PleurotusProblema-chediproduzioneedireddito
PLEUROTUS:MOLTOPIU’CHEUNFUNGODIQUALITA’
PROF.PAOLOSAMBO
UNIVERSITÀDEGLISTUDIDIPADOVA
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velenosiepsicrotropi
dileDeradibosco
digiardino,campoeceppaie
conaDvitàmedicinali
MOLTINONCOLTIVABILI(micorrize) MOLTICOLTIVABILI
h#p://www.gmushrooms.com/posters/
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Produzionemondialedifunghi>3milioniditonnellate
Valoreeconomico>10miliardididollari
Agaricus bisporus è il fungo piùcol=vato.
In Europa e USA è preferito il consumofresconeiconfron=delconservato.Maggiori Paesi esportatori: Olanda, Polonia,IrlandaeBelgioLa Cina è il principale esportatore di funghiconserva= (41,8% del mercato), poi Olanda(25,1%)eSpagna(7,3%)
1011
11
1730
6
15
%consumodifunghi
Italia
Francia
Inghilterra
Germania
USA
Canada
Restodelmondo
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INITALIA????
Agaricusbisporusbianco
Agaricusbisporuscrema
Pleurotusostreatus
Agrocybeaegerita
Pleurotuscornucopiae
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InteresseperPleurotusostreatus
CrescenteinteresseperilP.ostreatusnegliul=mianni:• elevatovalorenutrizionale• accumulodimetaboli=secondari,alcunideiqualipresentanoa[vitàbiologica• proprietàterapeu=che• applicazionibiotecnologicheedambientaliLapiùimportantespeciecoltvatadiPleurotusèP.ostreatuseP.polmonariusFinorasonostateinves=gateoltre200specieIlPleurotusèconsideratounanotevolefonterinnovabileefacilmenteaccessibiledicompos=funzionali/nutraceu=ciconfunzionean=ossidante,an=microbica,an=infiammatoria,an=tumoraleeconeffe[immuno-modulatoriIcomponen=maggiormenteinteressan=sono:• polisaccaridi• fenoli• terpeniesteroli
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NUMERODIPUBBLICAZIONISUPLEUROTUS
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PRINCIPALIAREEDIRICERCASUPLEUROTUS
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isolamentoecaraUerizzazionedicompos-bioaDvi
isolamentoecaraUerizzazionedicompos-bioaDvi,produzionedi
enzimi,nanopar-celle
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EffeUodelsubstratodi
col-vazionesulprofilodegliacidigrassi
nanopar-celle
Biotrasformazionedi
inseDcidisinte-ci
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Produzionedienzimie
nanopar-celled’oro
Col-vazionediP.ostreatusericiclodella
carta
Miglioramentocapacitàan-oxeproprietàreologichedelloyogurt
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EffeUoan--ipertensione
EffeUoan--ipertensione
EffeUoan--infiammatorioepotenzialean-tumorale
EffeUoan--ossidanteinvitroeinvivo
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Mannitoloeoligo-pep-diconeffeUo
an--ipertensionePolisaccaridiconaDvitàan-tumorale
PolisaccaridiconaDvità
an-microbica
Beta-glucaniconaDvitàimmuno-
modulatoria
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Pleurotusequalità?
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(kcal/100gpf)
Valoreenerge-co
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(%pf)
Fibraalimentaretotale
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(%pf)
Lipidi
LL
L
00.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(%pf)
Proteinetotali
L
53%
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(%)
Sostanzasecca
0123456789
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mScm
-1)
ConducibilitàeleUrica
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(°Brix)
Solidisolubili
<valoreenerge-co
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
Ph
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(%ac.citrico)
Acidità-tolabile
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(mg100g
-1pf)
VitaminaC
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(mgFe
2+Ekg-
1 pf)
Capacitàan-ossidantetotale
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
champb champc cornucg pioppino pleurotus
(mgGAE
kg-
1 pf)
Polifenolitotali
Valoriespressisukgdipesofresco
Capacitàan-ossidantetotale Polifenolitotali
Pomodoro 2000 250
LaUuga 2500 250
Radicchio 6000 900
Mir-llo 18000 1700
COMPOSTIANTIOSSIDANTI
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cloruri nitri= bromuri nitra= fosfa= solfa=champb 67,2 1,80 0,61 4,15 149 14,9champc 89,5 0,96 0,72 5,30 160 19,2cornucg 6,33 0,26 19,0 1,30 141 7,36pioppino 17,0 0,16 0,94 0,78 145 22,2pleurotus 4,51 0,43 8,32 0,71 94,2 6,29
sodio ammonio potassio magnesio calciochampb 7,23 23,8 283 14,4 36,4champc 9,30 22,5 297 16,3 40,6cornucg 10,1 25,6 331 26,0 69,2pioppino 7,46 23,9 335 20,0 43,6pleurotus 7,56 15,7 214 16,3 41,5
CONTENUTODIANIONIECATIONI(mg/100gpf)
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0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Cadmio
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Piombo
Regolamentovigentesulcontenutodicontaminan=neiprodo[alimentari
Reg.CEn°.1881/2006
LIMITE:0,30mg/kgpf
METALLIPESANTI
AggiornamentodelRegolamentovigentesulcontenutodiCADMIOneiprodo[alimentari
Reg.UEn°.488/2014
LIMITE:0,20mg/kgpf
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0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Cromototale
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Rame
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Nichel
0123456789
champb champc cornucg pioppino Pleurotus
(mg/kgpf)
Zinco
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02468
10s.s.%
Ph
EC
Brix
Ac.Titvalore
energe=cofibre
alimentari
lipidi
an=ox
polifenoli
vitC
champb
02468
10s.s.%
Ph
EC
Brix
Ac.Titvalore
energe=cofibre
alimentari
lipidi
an=ox
polifenoli
vitC
champc
02468
10s.s.%
Ph
EC
Brix
Ac.Titvalore
energe=cofibre
alimentari
lipidi
an=ox
polifenoli
vitC
cornucg 02468
10s.s.%
Ph
EC
Brix
Ac.Titvalore
energe=cofibre
alimentari
lipidi
an=ox
polifenoli
vitC
pioppino
02468
10s.s.%
Ph
EC
Brix
Ac.Titvalore
energe=cofibre
alimentari
lipidi
an=ox
polifenoli
vitC
pleurotus
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Inthisstudy,themushroomyield,chemicalcomposi-onandnutri-onalvalueofPleurotusostreatus(Jacq.)P.Kumm.cul-vatedinwheatstalk(WS),milletstalk(MS),soybeanstalk(SS)andcoUonstalk(CS)weredetermined.Freshmushroomyieldamounts(100gofsubstrate,70%moisture)obtainedfromWS,CS,MSandSSsubstratemediawere17.9,14.3,22.7and31.5g,respec-vely.Samplesofmushroomcul-vatedondifferentculturemediumswereanalysedforprotein,energy,ash,fat,dietaryfibre,carbohydrate,moisture,vitamins(thiamin,riboflavin,pyridoxinandniacin)andaminoacidcontents.
QUALITA’ESUBSTRATO
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CONCLUSIONS:Compostsupplementa-onwithdefaUedpistachiomealinA.bisporusconcernsmainlythequan-ta-veparameters(size,texture,dryweightandprotein).Basedontheresultsobtained,thistechniquehasgreaterpoten-alofdevelopmentforP.ostreatuscommercialcrops,basicallyduetoexpectedincreasesinproduc-on,withadirectimpactonbenefitsandcropprofitability.
QUALITA’ESUBSTRATIADIZIONATI
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=
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SpentPleurotusmushroomcompostandrubbersawdustwereusedasasubstrateforacul=va=onofAgrocybecylindracea.Thefivemixedra=osforspawningmediawereen=relyspentmushroomcompost,spentmushroomcompostandrubbersawdust(ra=o3:1,1:1and1:3respec=vely)anden=relyrubbersawdust.Thecomparisonswereevaluatedonnumberofdaysforfullcoloniza=onofthemycelia,=metofirstflush,numberofbasidiocarpandyieldon850ginplas=cbag.TheaveragehigheryieldofA.cylindraceafortheformulaspentmushroomcompostalonewereobtained135.63g/bagwerenotsignificantdifferentwhentheywerecomparedwithrubbersawdustonlyyieldobtained56.46g/bag.
?
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?
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The carbohydrate distribu=on in mushrooms is reported changingreatlyinitsdifferentregionsduringgrowthandfrui=ng.Inthisstudy,the carbohydrate distribu=on in the compost and frui=ng bodies ofPleurotusostreatuswasanalysed.Sugar,polyol,polysaccharide,and chi=n content during different growth phases and in differentregions of the mushroom were determined. Results indicate thattrehalose, mannitol, and glucose were first accumulated in thecompost and then decreased during differen=a=on and growth offrui=ng bodies. Meanwhile, trehalose, mannitol, and glucose alsoaccumulated in the frui=ng bodies and primarily distributed in thes=pe,base,andpileusregion,respec=vely.Polysaccharidesmainlyaccumulatedwithinthepileusands=peregions,andchi=nwasmainly observed in the base region. These findings provide insightsintocarbohydratefunc=onandu=lisa=onduringmushroomgrowth.
QUALITA’ESTADIODISVILUPPO/ACCRESCIMENTO
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Our exper-iments indicated that POP reduces hyperglycemia andhyperlipidemia levels, improves insulin resistance,and increases glycogenstoragebyac=va=ngGSK3phosphoryla=onandGLUT4transloca=on.More-over, POP reduces the risk of oxida=ve damage by increasing superoxidedismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),andglutathioneperoxidase(GSH-Px)ac=vi=esand decreasing malonaldehyde(MDA) level. These resultssuggest that POPexertsan=diabe=ceffectonSTZ-induceddiabe=crats.
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Enzymeproduc=onisanexpandingfieldofbiotechnology.Laccase(E.C.1.10.3.2,p-benzenedial:oxygenoxidoreductase)isabletocatalyzetheoxida=onofvariousaroma=ccompounds(par=cularlyphenol)withtheconcomitantreduc=onofoxygentowater[1].Althoughtheenzymeispresentinplants,insectsandbacteria,themostimportantsourcearefungiandpar=cularlybasidiomycetes[1,2].Thewhite-rotfungiarethemostefficientmicroorganismscapableofextensiveaerobiclignindegrada=on.Duetothehigherredoxpoten=aloffungallaccasecomparedtoplantorbacteriallaccase,theyareu=lizedinseveralbiotechnologicalapplica=ons[3].Fungallaccaseisconsideredakeyplayerinlignindegrada=onand/ortheremovalofpoten=allytoxicphenolsarisingduringmorphogenesis,sporula=on,orphytopathogenesisandfungalvirulence[4].Theroleoflaccaseinligninandphenoliccompounddegrada=onshasbeenevaluatedinalargenumberofbiotechnologicalapplica=onssuchasdyedegrada=on[5,6],bioremedia=onofsometoxicchemicalwastes[5,7],wastewaterandsoiltreatmentsandalsobiosensordevelopments[8,9].Inpar=cular,theabilitytobiodegradevarioustypesofdyesbywhiterotfungihasproventobeeffec=ve,withtheirelimina=onbeingmediatedthroughoxidoreduc=onreac=onscatalyzedbythelignindegradingenzymestheyproduce,suchasligninperoxidase,manganeseperoxidaseandlaccase[10].
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Conclusioni
• Pleurotusfungodalle“milleproprietà”e“millepotenzialità”
• PossibilitàdiintervenireatuDilivellidellafiliera§ Substrato§ Ges=onedellacrescita§ Ges=oneinpostraccolta§ Qualitàdelprodo#o§ Ges=onedelsubstratoesausto
• MiglioramentodellaproduDvitàedellacompe--vitàdelleaziende
• Necessitàdiiden-ficarelesoluzionimiglioriperl’ambienteVeneto
• FuturoGruppoOpera-vo??ProgeUopilotaPSR??