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ReducingGreenhouseGasEmissionsfromUrbanMobility:ChangingTravelBehaviour
ThroughanInformedDesignProcessContext:Exploringtherela=onshipbetweentravelbehaviourandneighbourhooddesign
Designworkshopstoobserveprac==onersinac=on
Ahypothe=caldesignproject
MobilitywithinthedesignprocessMobilityobjec=vesandsolu=ons
Usingtheprac;cesandinsightsofurbandesignprofessionalstoexpandontheexis;ngresearch,weexplorethereciprocalrela;onshipbetweenthebuiltenvironmentandtravelbehaviourattheneighbourhoodlevel.However,thereisanimportantgapbetweenresearchandprac;ce.
CapaCity, a French research project, inves;gated theknowledge of urban professionals and the use of scien;ficresearch in their design prac;ces through a series ofworkshops.CapaCity’saimistostrengthenknowledge-transferbetween research and prac;ce. These workshops alsogeneratedinsightsinto:i) How urban professionals consider and solve mobility
withinadesignprocessii) Howthescien=ficevidencerelatestotheirknowledgeand
prac=ces
Howcanthedesignofaneighbourhoodencouragemodesofsustainablemobility?
?
Openthesitetoitssurroundingcontext,andinvitenon-inhabitantstocrossthesitetogettotransitstops§ Establishvisualandphysicalconnec;ons§ Createaproperandinvi;ngurbanfaçade§ Improvethepublicimageoftheneighbourhood
Priori=zepedestriansandcyclistsReducedistances§ Anintricatenetworkallowingdifferentroutes§ Publiclyaccessiblepathsbetweenbuildings§ Avoidbig,closed-offbuildinglots§ Avoidcon;nuousbuildingfacadesforeasysiteaccess
Enhancethefeelingofsafety§ Createinvi;ngstreetsandpublicplaces§ Placecommunitygardensanddwellingsalongstreetswith
car-trafficinordertocalmspeed§ Collec;veparkingatthesite’sentrancestoreduce
internaldriving
Accordingtotheliterature,internalandexternalconstraintsareelementsthatstructureadesignprocessandprovideadesignframework.Inaddi;on,thedesigner’sskills–theirsavoir-faire–playanimportantroleinthedirec;onaprojecttakes,andthefinaldecisionstheymake.
InternalConstraints§ Imposed,primarilyfromtheclient’sdemands
andobjec;ves.§ I.e.restrictednumberofparkingplaces
(0,5perdwellingfor400dwellings)
ExternalConstraints§ Theproject’scontext(physical,social,cultural,etc.)§ Establishedthroughspecificdesignchoices§ I.e.prioriAzingpedestrians,reducingcaruse
(establishedbythedesigners)
TheDesigners’Savoir-Faire§ Thesumofpreviousexperiences,acquiredknowledge,values,beliefs,anddesignprinciples§ Thedesigners’primarysourceofknowledgeandpoten;alsolu;ons,their”intellectualluggage”
(Lawson,2006)§ I.e.encouragingpeopletocrossthesiteinordertoincreasemetrousebyenhancingthepercievedsafety;
enhancinginternalcirculaAontostrengthensocialcohesion
Conclusion:Urbandesignprofessionalsholdvaluableinsightandknowledgetobefurtherexplored
§ Furtherexploringdesigners’savoir-fairemightenhanceourunderstandingofpeople’smobilitybehaviourattheneighbourhoodlevel,thusstrengtheningtheeffectofmeasuresandsolu;ons.Surveysandinterviewsareon-going.
§ Thefindings underline the importanceof a dialoguebetweenprac;ce and
researchinordertofacilitateatwo-wayknowledgetransfer.BeYerinsightsintodesignprac;ceswillalsobeasteptowardsthis.
§ The designers recognized interdependencies between elements,andconstantlyconsideredhowmobilitysolu;onsmightaffecttheoverallproject.
§ Several design solu;ons corresponded to the literature, butwererarelyiden;fiedassuch.
§ Mobilitywasseenasanindependentobjec;veandasameanstoenhanceliveabilityinaholis;capproachtothedesignproblem.
Mobilitywasbothaninternalandanexternalconstraint
Mobilityprovidedini=alstructuretothesiteandguidedtheprocess.
§ The designers seemingly knew how to use both physical and qualita;vemeasurestoencouragepar;cularmodesofmobility(i.e.walking)
§ They u;lized their exis;ng knowledge and land use strategies to affectmobilityonaneighbourhoodscale.
§ Thisindicatesthatthereciprocalrela;onshipbetweenlanduseandtravelbehaviour at the neighbourhood level can be a strategy for changingmobilitybehaviours
ReferencesMAJAKAROLINERYNNING1. DARKE,J.,(1979).Theprimarygeneratorandthedesignprocess.DesignStudies,1:p.36-44.
2. LAWSON,B.(2006).Howdesignersthink:thedesignprocessde@mysAfied,4thed.,ArchitecturalPress,Amsterdam.3. KIRKEBY,I.M.,(2012).Omatskapearkitekfagligviten.NordicJournalofArchitectureResearch,24:p.70-90.4. ELIASSON,I.,(2000).Theuseofclimateknowledgeinurbanplanning.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,48:p.31-44.
UniversitédeToulouse,Toulouse,France
Two cohorts of Architects, Urban Designers and Planners, all without explicitmobilityexper;se,par;cipatedinworkshopsfocusingonclimateadapta;on.
Observa=onofmethods,approaches,useofknowledge
Addi=onalanalysisfocusingonmobilityanddesignprac=ces
Qualita=veanalysisofrecordingsandfindings
On-going urban renewal in Toulouse provided a case study that allowed CapaCity toobservedesignprac;cesandtheapplica;onofscien;ficknowledgeinadesignprocess.
Twohalf-days,18par=cipants