1Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
미래 application 들을 위한 network solutions 에 대한 연구
March 23, 2004Younghee Lee
2Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Content
Requirements for future applications– NGI– Ubiquitous computing
Problems of today’s Internet Possible solutions
– MPLS– Active & programmable network– Overlay network– Ad hoc network, Sensor network– (knowledge plane)
Research activities of cnlab ICU
3Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Requirements for future the Internet applications
NGI– Increased Capability
» Advanced end-to-end networking technologies: Reliability, Robustness, Security, QoS/differentiation of service (incl
uding multicast and video), Network management (Including allocation and sharing of bandwidth)
– Increased Capacity» The “100x” testbed — at speeds 100 times faster end to end than toda
y’s Internet.
– Applications» Collaboration technologies, Digital libraries, Distributed computing, Priv
acy and security, Remote operation and simulation
4Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Requirements for future the Internet applications
Networking for Ubiquitous computing (IBM)– Plug-and-play networking– Requires “smarter” infrastructure
» Self configuration» Auto-discovery and Service access
– Proximity based connectivity– Hidden computing– Spontaneous networking– Security and Privacy– Access and connectivity rules
5Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Architecture for pervasive computing system– Networked Apps, API
» Power conscious Apps» HW and middleware aware» Disconnected model when possible
– Middleware/Networking Stacks» Utilizing existing stacks if possible» Lightweight networking for peers» Complexity pushed to infrastructure for Internet access
– Radio/BB/MAC» Integrated RF design» Low power transmitter (1 mW)» Power conscious MAC» Encryption» Ubiquitous system interface
Requirements for future the Internet applications
6Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
2-5 years later– Environment
» Smart Spaces, Internet Appliances, Things-that-think, Car, Home Networks, Body-on-the-Net
– Technology» Intergrated/embedded Networking (low cost, Low power), "Lightweight" IP and Networking Services, Spontaneous Networkin
g, Wireless, Universal connectivity The future of the Internet is not multimedia(only).
– The future of QoS networks is cloudy– Primary driver for advanced networking?
» The future multimedia applications? or » computer to computer data networking
Challenges in nomadicity: – Location independence, Device independence, Widespread access, Security, Adaptability to new technologies, Fri
endly interface, Partitioning functionality into co-operating software entities
Requirements for future the Internet applications
7Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Different applications needs different security services– Confidentiality, Integral, availability, non-repudiation, Access control, Authentication– lacking : authorization and quality of service
Four concrete application areas for further bandwidth usage:– Real-time synchronization: User will have data and media on various devices and in various central server and decentral
(think your P2P storage of movies) places, and user want to have access to this data and media all the time everywhere. – Media usage:If it can take only 10 seconds for movie download, people will use that bandwidth. Then they will sample movi
es and TV and download more. User will share with friends sending a full movie via email like mp3 files? – Life Storage: By far the biggest driver will be the recording, transmission and storage of whole life. (Data, Information, know
ledge, wisdom)– Gaming: When you get real-time 3D worlds inhabited by thousands of avatars interacting with each other, and your local g
aming environment always needs to be on top of all the developments in this world, then your bandwidth usage will skyrocket. NxN multicast
Requirements for future the Internet applications
8Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Questions
Network service 측면 :– 어떻게 저 많은 서비스 요구사항을 네트워크가 만족시킬 수 있는지 ?– 현재 망 차원에서는 불가능 ?
Network control 측면 :– 어떻게 저 다양한 응용서비스가 네트워크를 control 하면서 각자의 구미에 맞게끔
네트워크를 이용할 수 있을지 ?– No control plane for application in the Internet(best effort service case)
9Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Problems of today’s Internet
Internet design principles– Internet Architecture : Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking princi
ples:» minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect
networks» best effort service model» stateless routers» decentralized control
Big differences with connection oriented telecommunication networks (PSTN, PSDN, ATM,…)
10Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Problems of today’s Internet Internet design principles
– End-to-End Argument» If the application can implement a functionality correctly, implement it a lower layer only as a perfo
rmance enhancement Application has more information about the data and the semantic of the service it requires (e.
g., can check only at the end of each data unit) A lower layer has more information about constraints in data transmission (e.g., packet size, e
rror rate)» Rule of Thumb
Implementing a functionality at a lower level should have minimum performance impact on the application that do not use the functionality
» What About Other Services?: Multicast? Quality of Service (QoS)?
11Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Why Is It Not Happening? Network QoS model is too primitive.
– Large gap between network and application QOS
– Too low level; hard to use Applications have insufficient informati
on about the network to make informed decisions.
– Am I using a modem or a gigabit Ethernet?
– Where can I get more bandwidth Service providers have little control ov
er how their traffic is handled.– No customization
Implication to active network, overlay network, ad hoc network?
Knowledge plane?
DistributedSimulation
DistanceLearning
VideoConferencing
GamesUser User
Too ComplexNo
InformationNo Control
12Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Problems of the Global Internet
Problems and requirements– Various Internet attackers: spam e-mail,..
» Need protect users and network itself from attacker
– ISP Service differentiation: QoS– Third party’s involvement
» 정부 , ISP 등이 위해정보 차단 , 세금징수 등 ..
– Multiway communication– Firewall in the network, traffic filters, NAT for address space management– (Congestion control, incentive)
How can we solve all these problems or requirements of the Global Internet ?
– Location?– Labeling for packet discrimination?…– How to improve and evolve current Internet respecting e2e argument principle?
13Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Network processor
Today’s gateways and backbone routers can never be fast enough– Cannot keep up with fiber capacity– Cheap, monolithic “superprocessor” : Intel IXP nnnn
» Replacing rack-mount routers» Also processing higher layer protocol» QoS, encryption
14Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
MPLS
QoS routing?– Bandwidth?, Delay? – Delay-constrained least cost (NP-complete)
DiffServ, IntServ Stateless or stateful ?
– Challenge: features of stateful solutions, but at the cost of stateless solutions
– Can MPLS be a candidate ? » Differentiate flows for optimum performance and services
Push complexity of control plane to data plane» Positive. But what about IP network design principle? : Stateless
15Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Programmable Platforms
Stateful solutions need a complex control plane– Control plane: difficult to develop and debug– open flexible control plane
Open programmable interface (API) – user, network node, third party : resource manipulate or repro
gram– open signaling: IEEE 1520
Related standard– IETF General Switch Management Protocol(GSMP)– Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)– The Multiservice Switching Forum (MSF)
16Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Various active network research(mostly funded by DARPA)– ANTS/PAN ( MIT), SwitchWare (Upenn), Liquid Software (Arizona), NetScr
ipt (Columbia), Janos (Utah), ANTS/Detour (Washington), OpenetLab (Nortel), CANES (Georgia Tech), Genesis (Columbia), Panda (UCLA), Smart Packets (BBN), DARWIN (CMU), Active Networks and Novel Network Management Technology (GE), ABLE (Bell Labs)
– Very active until 2000» About 6 projects are active now in US » Activeware (MIT) Liquid Software (U. Arizona) Scout Operating System (U. Arizona) Spin Oper
ating System (U. Washington) Switch Ware Project (Upenn NOW Network of Workstations (U. Berkeley)
FAIN(Future Active IP Networks)– R&D project under the Information Society Technologies (IST) program : 3
years from 2000 funded by Commission of the EU– Various European countries, Hitachi, Upenn– open, flexible, programmable and dependable (reliable, secure, and mana
geable) network architecture based on novel active node concepts.
Active Networks
17Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
– “programmability into the network”, – “new services are introduced fast”.– Problems
» What is the killer application? Incentive?» Need of processing power
– end to end argument point of view» contradict the end-to-end principle: a function or service should be
carried out within a network layer only if it is needed by all clients of that layer
» consonant with end-to-end arguments: programmability may allow a network client to implement precisely the service it needs, an outcome
Active Networks
18Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Active networks for something
Execution at right place; – Something would prefer to be executed at intermediate node rather than e
nd node
Characteristics of functions – closely related with network control or node data manipulation
» Congestion, multicast, QoS, sensor node,…
– reactive on right time at right place» Adaptive to network changes or context changes» For pervasive computing
Context => event => service– How to describe service?: service description – How to discover optimum service?: service discovery– How to execute them on right time at right place?: agent
– application specific and temporal only to certain application» If it’s common to every application, we don’t need active networking
19Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Active networks for something(1)
Active networking for the GRID– Active P2P Grid architecture– Self-adapting, self-configurable, self manageable grids
Active overlay network– Application Level Active Networks (ALAN)
Active sensor network– Adaptive to network situation, decided by application– Active routing for ad-hoc network: Seamless integration
Programmable network management– Applying Active networks to Network management
» Smart Packets(BBN)
20Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Active networks for something(2)
Active Networking in Pervasive Computing– situation(context) aware, dynamic, adaptive,….
– Mobility discovery– Pan-network server service – Agent: execution on behalf of application at better place
Active Networking for OPES– OPES: Services deployed at application level intermediaries i in the network to tran
sform filter content » Caching, virus scanning, language translation, … , …
– Active node to execute the code for specific application» Message containing the code or rule set
video transcoding, virus filter and so on... Active networking for knowledge plane concept
– Knowledge based network control for effective network– Agent execution for various applications– Information gathering, knowledge discovery, …
21Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Overlay Network
Motivations– Changes in the network happen very slowly– Why?: Network services are end-to-end– Proposed changes that haven’t happened yet:
» Congestion (RED ‘93); More Addresses (IPv6 ‘91), Security (IPSEC ‘93); Multi-point (IP multicast ‘90)
An isolated virtual network deployed over an existing network
– Composed of Hosts, Routers, Tunnels– IP service: e2e datagram service – Multicast, QoS services need stateful protocols only for control
state over IP networks => e2e edge/overlay service – Application level intermediaries
22Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Overlay Network
New service deployment without network updates– Performance drawback compared to the case with network updates
Potential Benefits– Easier to deploy
» only requires adding software to end hosts
– Potentially simplifies support for higher level functionality» leverage computation and storage of end systems
e.g., packet buffering, transcoding of media streams, ACK aggregation
» leverage solutions for unicast congestion control and reliability
23Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Overlay Network: applications Applications
– Multicast– Quality of Service– Mobility– Addressing: 6bone, IP-NL ; enhanced NAT– Security– Web caching, CDN, P2P
» Related IETF activities Web Replication and Caching (WREC)
– Taxonomy, requirements Content Delivery Internetworking (CDI)
– Settlements, SLAs, property rights Web Intermediaries (WEBI)
– Content Invalidation Protocol Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES)
– Rules-based invocation of proxylet services
24Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Overlay multicast: (Overcast)
Scalable, efficient, and reliable distribution of high quality video Large groups ~ millions of nodes
– Typical application: content distribution
Designed for throughput intensive content delivery– Streaming, file distribution– Not good for gaming application: latency problem
Server based infrastructure ICU :
– 1 to N, N to N multicast for streaming service– High performance forwarding engine in kernel level
25Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Knowledge Plane
Concern over risks of increased reliance on networks– The role of the network is growing more quickly than our ability to manage – Network-centric warfare has promise and peril– The civilian economy is alternately helped and hurt by the Internet
Key Idea: The Internet Knowledge Plane as a basis for making progress in cognition while exploring a new vision for network architecture
– New “collective cognitive” mechanisms for supporting cooperation and learning
– A coherent management infrastructure for the Internet that does not compromise its strengths ;e2e
– Additional military benefits: quick deployment, more effective networks, and reduced reliance on human experts
초기개념 형성단계 다양한 응용서비스가 필요한 지식정보를 공유 : 응용별로 망 구성을 위한
별도의 정보 획득 및 조치 불 필요
26Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Knowledge plane:
E
• Element failures
• Misconfiguration
• Attacks
•Departures from expectation
• Departures from design
K-Application “Why?”:Network fault detection, isolation, and repair
Models
Models ofInternet structure,
application behavior,
requirements
K-Base
Inferencerules,
diagnosticprocedures
ActionPerception
THE KNOWLEDGE PLANE
Sensors Actuators
E
E
E
27Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations
Bayes belief nets, machinelearning, genetic algorithms,neural networks, expertsystems
Active Networks, Sensor Nets,CoABS, various overlaynetworks
DASADA, NMS
Domain-specificlanguages
Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs)
Algorithmic game theory
RKF, DAML,KnowledgeRepresentation,dimensionalityreduction
M P K
28Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations
29Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Knowledge plane: summary
An net that builds itself using high-level specification.
Very different net from the Internet.– We might experiment with knowledge overlays
What is different?– Edge-involvement.
» Visibility of “application-level” behavior.– Global perspective.– Compositional structure.– Unified approach.– Cognitive framework
30Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Ad hoc network: application
Military environments: was motivation & strong candidate – soldiers, tanks, planes
» Need mobility, avoid SPF, rapidly deployable, Multi-hop to reach to person outside of LOS(line of sight), when existing infrastructure is unavailable
– Survivable Radio Network(SURAN), Global Mobile(GloMo) Information System Civilian environments
– taxi cab network, automobile communications(Cellular + ad hoc+..)– Meetings/conferences– sports stadiums, super market, Hotel…– boats, small aircraft
Emergency operations– search-and-rescue– policing and fire fighting
Personal area networking– cell phone, laptop, head phone, wrist watch, multimedia devices– Wearable computing
31Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Ad hoc network MANET nodes
– End system and also Network nodes» Discussion: Aspect of “End to End Arguments” in MANET?
– With wireless mobile host– May need multiple hops to reach a destination
32Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Sensor Network Applications of sensor network
– Home network for pervasive computing– Habitat monitoring – Environmental observation and forecasting systems: Columbia River Estuary– Smart Dust– Biomedical sensors– Military applications
33Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Classifications of Sensor Nets Sensor position
– Static (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical) – Mobile (Smart Dust, Biomedical)
Goal-driven– Monitoring: Real-time/Not-real-time (Habitat, Smart Dust)– Forecasting (CORIE)– Function substitution (Biomedical)– …
Communication medium– Radio Frequency (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical)– Light (Smart Dust)
34Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Common Challenging Issues Limited computation and data storage
– Sensor design (Multi-objective sensors), Cooperation among sensors– Data aggregation and interpretation
Low power consumption Wireless communication
– Medium, ad hoc vs. infrastructure, topology and routing Data-related issues
– Trade-off between latency and energy: reactive? proactive?– Data representation: Raw/Compressed data– Error calibration: No access to real values, Inferred from other sensors
Continuous operation: Long-term data collection– Renewable power source.: Solar energy, Mechanical vibrations, Radio-Frequ
ency inductance, Infrared inductance Inaccessibility – network adjustment and retasking Robustness and fault tolerance
35Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Uncertain Conclusion
Need many thing between applications and very high speed networks
– Pay too much attention only to HSN?– Intermediaries: Middleware
Interim solution: overlay network? Ultimate solution?
– Knowledge plane?– Totally new global network?
Solutions for local environment?– Sensor network, ad-hoc network, WPAN,…
36Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
People– 7 Ph.d students, 4 Ms Students
Research– Network Supports for Pervasive Computing In Home
Networking environments: making home more comfortable, safe and convenient, controlling devices automatically without user’s knowledge
» Pervasive Network Access Zero-configuration performed over entire networks of nodes Mobility management: adaptive mobility
» Context aware semantic service discovery Automatic service discovery with minimized user’s intervention
Computer Network Lab.
37Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Research– Active networking: making the network intelligent and progr
ammable for high quality Internet services » Congestion control, multicast, QoS, sensor network node,…» Reactive on right time at right place
– Overlay Network: making the end node computers working like network nodes immediate new network service
» Overlay multicast: Split -join» Programmable overlay
– Ad hoc network: making the computer nodes to construct the network by themselves
» Ad hoc routing: Proactive-reactive Hybrid type » Address auto-configuration
Computer Network Lab.
38Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Research direction– Adaptive networks
» Self configuration: zero configuration Mobile devices, ad hoc devices,…
» Dynamically adapt to the requirements of applications and situation changes
– Service discovery» Semantic service discovery: Currently Home network environment
Inexact matching Interworking between existing middleware ;Jini, Havi, UPnP…
» Extend to Global network environment including mobile network OSGI
Computer Network Lab.
39Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Semantic service discovery
Ontologies in home environment– Advantage of our ontology structure
Low complexityEasily define relation between device and serviceEnabling the composition of services and device attributes based quer
y message
AttributeP rimitiveService
Device ServiceState
VariableC ontrol
Interface
Entity
c lass
subc lass
property
40Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Semantic service discovery
Ontology structure Device ontology
A smallest physical unit of providing a service
Service ontology Primitive service composition, and primitive service and device attribute
composition
Primitive service ontology A smallest logical unit of providing service A mediator between device and service
Attribute ontology Device attributes Represent device attribute efficiently
State Variable / Control Interface ontology models state of primitive services with state variables and control primitive
service through control interfaces
41Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Implementation
System Model Jini-based client / service model
LookupServic e
C lient Servic e
Devic e- desc riptionRepository
Servic eProxy
Servic eProxy
4.Discovery&Lookup 1.Discovery & J oin
6.Use
2.Downloaddevice- description
file
5.Receive
O ntology
Evaluator
ReasoningEngine
MatchingManager
3. reasoning & evaluation
42Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Implementation Architecture of Extended Lookup Service
Registry
Inferencing Engine
Evaluator
Matching Manager
Dynamic-valueExtractor
Device descriptionRepository
Device/ServiceDescriptionOntology
Location Server.
Device..
Lookup Service
Service register
Service
Service request message
Client
Service request message
Request dynamic value
Reply dynamic value
Request Reply
Result of evaluationRequest of evaluation
Control
Data
QueryInterpreter
43Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
NGIS middleware
NGIS Applications: Internet TV, Multimedia Comm.
IXP 기반의 고성능 인터넷 정합장치IXP 기반의 고성능 인터넷 정합장치
NGIS Middleware Architecture
NGIS 네트워킹 미들웨어NGIS 네트워킹 미들웨어
N to N Multicast- Topology Management
N to N Multicast- Topology Management
1 to N Multicast- Bandwidth Acquisition
1 to N Multicast- Bandwidth Acquisition
Fast Packet Forwarding EngineFast Packet Forwarding Engine
메타데이타 변환 엔진메타데이타 변환 엔진
MPEG-7 Ontology- Ontology Management
MPEG-7 Ontology- Ontology Management
Transformation EngineTransformation Engine
NGIS 미들웨어 구조
44Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Networking Middleware
1-to-N Multicast– Target: High-quality multimedia streaming– Requirement: Bandwidth Stability– Approach: Split & Combine
Level-2
Level-0 : Sender
Level-1
45Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Networking Middleware
Fast Packet Forwarding Engine– Overlay Multicast 패킷을 적은 Latency 로 Forwarding– Forwarding Engine: Kernel 영역에 위치– buffering 의 최소화
46Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교
Networking Middleware
Fast Packet Forwarding Engine– Protocol Update Engine: 현재 등록된 Protocol 의 정보 수정– Protocol Interface: Enhanced Socket Interface for Overlay Multicast