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Pteridofitas
Biología Vegetal
2009
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PLANTAS VASCULARES SIN
SEMILLAS
“PTERIDOFITAS”
“HELECHOS”
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Arbol genealógico de Plantas y Hongos; Bresinsky y Kadereit (2002) simplificado
Procariontes
Mitocondria
Cloroplasto
Eucariontes
Biología Vegetal 2007
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Clorofitas Briofitas Pteridofitas Gimnospermas Angiospermas
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Briofitas “Pteridofitas” Espermatofitas
Lycofitas Monilofitas Gimnospermas Angiospermas
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Pteridofitas
Es un grupo de unas 20.000 especies, agrupadas
en la división Pteridofitas o Filicofitas
(=Polypodiofitas, Polypodiopsida).
El estudio de las pteridofitas en general se llama
pteridología.
Las pteridofitas aparecieron en la tierra por primera
vez en el período carbonífero. En el Triásico
aparecieron helechos relacionados con las familias
actuales. Una gran radiación se produzco en el
Cretásico, cuando aparecieron varias de las familias
actuales.
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Lycofitas
Plantas que tienen cierta similitud con las briofitas, pero:
• la fase dominante es la esporofítica
• poseen tejidos de conducción y aislamiento desarrollados.
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Huperzia saururus
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Lycopodium sp.
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Selaginella sp.
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Selaginella (Pteridofita)
Mnium (Briofita)
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MONILOFITAS
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Esporangio
Espora
Protalo
Estructuras sexuales
El zigoto se desarrolla
en el arquegonio
Embrión
Esporofito
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GAMETOFITO (n)
ESPOROFITO (2n)
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Alsophila odonellii
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Equisetum giganteum
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Equisetum giganteum
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IMPORTANCIA ECONOMICA
Los helechos no son tan relevantes en el paisaje como las
plantas con flores. Muy pocos son comestibles, por el
contrario muchos son tóxicos.
Algunos helechos acuáticos (género Azolla) son usados
como fertilizantes, porque tienen algas fijadoras de nitrógeno
simbióticas (Nostoc).
Muchas especies son ornamentales (ej.: Adiantum,
Platycerium, Nephrolepis).
Algunas especies son malezas.
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Esporangio
Espora
Protalo
Estructuras sexuales
El zigoto se desarrolla
en el arquegonio
Embrión
Esporofito
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