Download - Python+numpy pandas 2편
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Moon Yong Joon
Python numpy,pandas기초 -2 편
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5.Matplotlib 기초
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5. Matplotlib
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MatPLOTLIBpyplot 기초
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데이터 시각화
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데이터 시각화는 데이터의 탐색과 데이터의 전달을 위한 목적으로 사용
데이터 시각화
데이터 탐색 데이터 전달
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JUPYTER 내에서 그래프 보기
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%matplotlib inline 명령을 먼저 실행해야 jupyter notebook 내에서 그래프가 보임
inline 실행
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%matplotlib notebook 명령을 먼저 실행해야 jupyter notebook 내에 qt 창이 실행
notebook 실행
Inline 을 다시 돌아가려면 %matplotlib inline 을 실행시켜주면 됨
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SEABORN 꾸미기
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seaborn 을 이용해서 캔버스만 적용하면 그래프의 격자가 seaborn 스타일로 전환
Seaborn 적용 꾸미기
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docker 에서 seaborn 을 pip 로 설치 docker exec { 도커이미지 } pip install seaborn --upgrade
Seaborn install
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MatPLOTLIB.pyplot좌표 이해하기
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좌표이해하기
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그래프는 일단 x,y 축 좌표에 대해 이해를 해야 함
좌표
Y 축
X 축
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좌표 기준
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matplotlib 은 하나의 리스트만 넣으면 리스트의 index 가 x 축 , 값이 y 축으로 인식해서 그래프 표시
좌표 기준
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MatPLOTLIB.pyplotfigure 이해
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FIGURE 이해하기
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Figure 객체는 실제 그래프를 별도의 영역으로 구별
Figure 객체 생성 및 파라미터
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plot 함수를 여러 번 실해해도 그래프는 하나 figure 함수 실행 : plot
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fig 내부에 2*2 총 4 개이 공간을 만들고 add_subplot 으로 그래프를 지정
figure 함수 실행 : add_subplot
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SUBPLOT 로 여러 그래프 표시
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첫번째 : row, 두번째 : column, 셋번째는figsize 를 세팅
Subplot 파라미터 처리 :(1,2)
그래프 1 그래프 2
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figure 에 subplot 개수 만큼만 그려짐subplot: 2 행 2 열 중에 1 개 /2 개
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첫번째 : row, 두번째 : column, 셋번째는 그래프 번호 (1,2,3,4)
Subplot 파라미터 처리
그래프 1 그래프 2
그래프 3 그래프 4
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figure 에 subplot 개수 만큼만 그려짐subplot: 2 행 2 열 중에 1 개 /2 개
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figure 에 subplot 개수 만큼만 그려짐 subplot : 2 행 2 열 중에 3 개 /4 개
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하나의 화면에 그래프를 여러 개 그리기 subplot : 행 통합
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하나의 화면에 그래프를 여러 개 그리기 subplot : 열 통합
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SUBPLOTS 로 여러 그래프 표시
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하나의 화면에 그래프를 여러 개 그리기 subplots
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MatPLOTLIB.pyplotAxes 이해
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AXES
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Axes 는 Figure 요소 중 Axis, Tick, Line2D, Text, Polygon, etc. 을 가지고 있으며 좌표계를 조정할 수 있음
Axes class 란
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FIGURE 에서 AXES 만들기
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Figure 를 생성한 후에 add_subplot 메소드를 이용해서 Axes 객체 생성 .
Axes 객체 생성 : add_subplot
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subplot 함수를 이용해서 Axes 객체를 생성 Axes 객체 생성 : plt.subplot
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AXES 내부 꾸미기
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subplot 에서 Axes class 가 만들어지면 spines 으로 좌표를 표시함
Axes 로 타이틀 세팅
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set_xlim, set_ylim, xlabel, ylabel, title을 세팅
Axes 내의 메소드 세팅
좌표 범위 , label, 타이틀을 선언
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subplot 파라미터에 연속 숫자로 표시해도 됨
Axes text 처리
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Axes 내부의 메소드를 해서 사용하기Axes 메소드 사용
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결과Axes 메소드 사용 : 결과
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SUBPLOT 처리
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그래프를 두개 넣기Subplot : (1,2)
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총 4 개의 그래프를 넣기Subplot : (2,2)
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subplots_adjust 에 left, bottom, right, top , wspace, hspace 파라미터를 확인하고 처리
subplots_adjust : 간격 조정
너비와 높이에 대한 비율을 조절
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SUBPLOTS 함수 (1 행 2 열 )
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1 행 2 열로 생성시키면 ndarray 로 1 행 2열이 Axes 이 생기므로 각 객체에 그래프를 넣어야 함
Subplots 함수
plt.subplots(nrows, nclos, sharex, sharey, subplot_kw, **fig_kw)
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2 행 2 열이 그래프를 표시2 행 2 열 처리 및 간격 조절
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AXES.SPINES
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좌표에 축을 정리Axes spines 처리 전 좌표
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오른쪽과 상단 좌표 축을 정리Axes spines 처리 후 좌표
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False 를 인자로 처리해서 라인을 제거하기Spines : set_visible
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‘top’,’bottom’,’left’,’light’ 를 인자로 처리해서 ticks 을 제거하기
Spines : set_ticks_position
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MatPLOTLIB.pyplot.plot 함수( 선그래프 ) 이해
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PLOT 함수
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선 그래프를 그리는 함수 . Plot 함수로 그리면 Line2D class 의 인스턴스가 생김
Plot 함수
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sin/cos 함수의 값들간의 관계를 그래프로 표시
sin/cos 함수 그래프
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figure 인 그래프 크기를 세팅하고 , 그래프 내부의 칼라 , 라인폭 , 라인스타일을 변경
figure 와 그래프 변경
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LINE2D CLASS
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선 그래프에 대한 class
Line2D
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Line2D 생성자는 plot 함수의 파라미터와 동일
Line2D 생성자
__init__(self, xdata, ydata, linewidth=None, linestyle=None, color=None, marker=None, markersize=None, markeredgewidth=None, markeredgecolor=None, markerfacecolor=None, markerfacecoloralt=u'none', fillstyle=None, antialiased=None, dash_capstyle=None, solid_capstyle=None, dash_joinstyle=None, solid_joinstyle=None, pickradius=5, drawstyle=None, markevery=None, **kwargs)
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FIGURE 에 LINE2D 연결
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Figure 객체를 두개 만들고 내부에 처리Figure/Line2D 관계
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figsize, dpi 를 주고 전체 그래프 이미지 고정 figure 함수 실행 : plot
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Figure 객체는 실제 그래프를 별도의 영역으로 구별
Figure 객체 : 2 개 생성하기 1
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하나의 plot 를 주석처리하면 캔버스 하나는 출력되지만 다른 하나는 객체 주소만 출력
Figure/Line2D 관계 : 주석처리
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X 축과 Y 축 값 넣기
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x 축과 y 축 넣고 그래프 보기 plot 함수 : x 축과 y 축 1
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plot 함수로 그린 결과를 조회하면 Line2D 인스턴스가 생김
plot 함수 결과 확인하기
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PLOT 연속 호출 방식
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plot 함수를 실행하면 하나의 list 에 Line2D object 가 2 개 생성
plot 2 번 호출
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하나의 figure 에 두개의 그래프 처리 cos/sin 함수 그래프 그리기
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PLOT 내 파라미터 처리방식
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plot 함수 내에 여러 개의 그래프 처리를 입력해서 여러 그래프를 처리
Line2D : plot 함수 내 여러값 세팅
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LINE2D: LINESTYLE
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Line2D 에 대한 linestyle 처리Line2D : linestyle
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x 와 y 축의 원소를 맞춰 정의한 후 plot 함수에 넣고 color, marker, linestyle 을 부여
두 리스트를 매칭 : 로직
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앞장의 선언대로 년도는 x 축 , gdp 는 y축으로 구성되고 맞는 접은 원 , 각 점마다 선으로 연결된 그래프를 그림
두 리스트를 매칭 : 그래프
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LINE2D : LINE COLOR
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Line2D 에 대한 line color 처리Line2D : line color -> 문자
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line color 의 default 값은 blue
Line2D : line color defaults
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Line2D 에 대한 line color 를 grey 로 표시할때는 0 ~ 1 사이의 값으로 세팅
Line2D : line color -> grey
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Line2D 에 대한 line color 를 RGB 로 표시할 때는 '#eeefff‘ R(2), G(2), B(2)사이의 값으로 세팅
Line2D : line color -> RGB
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LINE2D : MARKER
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Line2D 에 대한 marker 처리Line2D : marker
marker description”.” point”,” pixel“o” circle“v” triangle_down“^” triangle_up“<” triangle_left“>” triangle_right“1” tri_down“2” tri_up“3” tri_left“4” tri_right“8” octagon“s” square“p” pentagon“*” star“h” hexagon1“H” hexagon2“+” plus“x” x“D” diamond“d” thin_diamond
marker description“|” vline“_” hline
TICKLEFT tickleftTICKRIGHT tickright
TICKUP tickupTICKDOWN tickdownCARETLEFT caretleft
CARETRIGHT caretrightCARETUP caretup
CARETDOWN caretdown“None” nothingNone nothing
” “ nothing“” nothing
'$...$' render the string using math-text.
vertsa list of (x, y) pairs used for Path vertices. The center of the marker is located at (0,0) and the size is normalized.
path a Path instance.(numsides, style, angle) see below
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marker 에 대한 정보를 세팅해서 처리 marker 처리 예시
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marker 없이 값만 세팅하면 선을 표시하지 않음
marker 없이 표시할 경우
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Plot 함수에 marker 를 키워드 인자로 넣기 marker keyword
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LINE 색과 스타일 조합하기
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line color 와 linestyle 을 조합해서 문자열로 조합해서 처리하기
color 와 style 조합 표시하기
marker description”.” point”,” pixel“o” circle“v” triangle_down“^” triangle_up“<” triangle_left“>” triangle_right“1” tri_down“2” tri_up“3” tri_left“4” tri_right“8” octagon“s” square“p” pentagon“*” star“h” hexagon1“H” hexagon2“+” plus“x” x“D” diamond“d” thin_diamond
+
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‘r—’: 빨간색과 – 조합 , ‘bs’ : 는 파란색과 사각형 조합 , ‘g^’: 초록색과 삼각형 조합
여러 선에 색과 스타일 조합
y = x y = x**2 y = x**3에 대한 함수의 그래프를 표현
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Plot 함수에 solid(‘r-’), dash(’r—’) 를 넣고 그래프 그리기
plot 함수 :marker 넣기 1
solid dash
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plot 함수 파라미터에 circle marker(‘ro’)를 넣고 표시
plot 함수 : marker 넣기 2
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Plot 함수에 marker 넣고 그래프 그리기 plot 함수 :marker 여러 개 넣기
‘r--’ : red dash
‘bs’ : blue square
‘g^’ : green trian-gle
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LINEWIDTH
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Plot 함수에 line 을 굵게 하려면 linewidth에 값을 부여
plot 함수 : linewidth
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LABEL 파라미터 처리
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Plot 함수에 legend 함수 처리를 위해 label을 정의
plot 함수 : label
legend 함수 호출하면 범주 표시
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SETP 함수
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색상과 라인너비를 세팅 setp 함수로 Line2D 세팅하기
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MaTPLOTLIB axis 꾸미기
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AXIS 로 X,Y 축 조정
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axis 함수는 리스트의 값을 그대로 표시하고 앞의 2 자리는 x 축 , 뒤에 2 자리는 y 축을 표시
axis 함수 이해하기
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x 축을 0,6 으로 제한하고 y 축을 0,20 으로 제한
axis 함수 실행예시
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MaTPLOTLIBticks 꾸미기
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TICKS
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xticks 함수를 이용해서 세부 값을 부여 xticks 함수 : x 축 넣기
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yticks 함수를 이용해서 세부 값을 부여 yticks 함수 : y 축 넣기
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xticks, yticks 를 이용해서 좌표축 범위 제한 좌표 축 범위 제한
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파란 선을 중심축에 맞춰 우측으로 좌표를 이동 좌표축 이동
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xticks, yticks 함수를 이용해서 세부 값을 부여
ticks 함수 : 축 넣기
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MaTPLOTLIB개인화 처리
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LIMIT
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xlim, ylim 함수를 이용해서 축내의 범위 값을 부여
lim 함수 : 축 넣기
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SCALE
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scale 처리 없이 subplot 으로 그리기 scale 함수 : 축 자동 변환 1
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yscale 을 막고 처리하면 고정축을 가지고 표시하지만 yscale 처리하면 y 축에 스케일처리 됨
scale 함수 : 축 자동 변환 2
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LEGEND
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그래프에 범주를 표시기본
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그래프에 범주를 표시범주 붙이기
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첫번째 파라미터에 plot 처리 결과의 첫번째 요소 , 두번째 파라미터에 label 처리
2 개 범주
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LEGEND 위치 조정
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legend 생성시 위치 배정 및 색깔 입히기 범주 위치 지정
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PLOT 과 LEGEND 혼용
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plot 함수의 label 을 이용해서 그래프에 범주를 표시
plot(label) 이용 : 1
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plot 함수의 label 을 이용해서 그래프에 범주를 표시
plot(label) 이용 : 2
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BASIC TEXT COMMANDS
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Basic text commands 함수들 Basic text commands
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TEXT 구조 이해하기
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좌표에 대한 text 처리를 관리하는 class
Text class
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label 함수를 실행하면 하나의 Text object 가 생김
Text : label 생성
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LABEL 처리
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x 축과 y 축 label 붙이기Xlable/ylabel
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x label, y label 은 Text 객체로 생성되어 좌표축에 대한 label 처리
Text: label
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LABEL 함수 : FONT/COLOR
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x 축 그래프에 label 에 fontsize 와 font color 변경하기
xlabel 함수 : font/color
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TEXT 함수
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그래프 내에 특정 좌표에 문자열이 들어가도록 입력해서 표시
text 함수 : 기초
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text 함수는 Text 클래스의 객체를 생성하고 그 위치 값을 좌표로 해서 문자열을 출력함
text 함수 : 좌표에 따른 표시
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text 함수에 위치지정 파라미터 수직방향 (va: top, bottom, center, baseline), 수평방향(ha :center, right, left') 로 표시
text 함수 : 위치 지정 1
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text 함수에 수평방향은 위치를 표시할 경우 우리가 보는 반대방향에 표시 됨
text 함수 : 위치 지정 2
오른쪽 왼쪽
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문자열 내의 기호는 latex 방식에 위해 표시 text 함수 :latex 로 기호 표시
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그래프 내에 text 를 사용해서 입력하기 text 함수 : text 붙이기
텍스트에 대해 입력
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TITLE 함수
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그래프에 제목을 표시 title 함수 : 제목 붙이기
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Latex 로 정의한 문자열에 대해 fontsize 와 color 처리
title 함수 : font/color 처리
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ANNOTATE
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annotate 함수는 문장열 , xy( 화살표 끝 지시 ), xytext( 문자열 시작 위치 ), arrow-pros( 화살표 ) 그래프에 주석을 표시
annotate 함수 : 기초
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“axes fraction” 으로 지정시 xy 좌표가 1보다 작으면 아래 방향으로 1 보다 크거나 같으면 위로 가르킴
xycoords/textcoords :1
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xycoords/textcoords 내의 값에 대한 설명xycoords/textcoords : 값 설명
argument coordinate system
‘figure points’ points from the lower left corner of the figure
‘figure pixels’ pixels from the lower left corner of the figure
‘figure fraction’ 0,0 is lower left of figure and 1,1 is upper right
‘axes points’ points from lower left corner of axes
‘axes pixels’ pixels from lower left corner of axes
‘axes fraction’ 0,0 is lower left of axes and 1,1 is upper right
‘data’ use the axes data coordinate system
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annotate 함수는 그래프에 주석을 표시 annotate 함수 : 실행
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arrowpros( 화살표 ) 이 주요 파라미터 및 Polygon 파라미터 이용
annotate 함수 : arrowpros
arrowprops key descriptionwidth the width of the arrow in pointsfrac the fraction of the arrow length occupied by the head
headwidth the width of the base of the arrow head in points
shrink move the tip and base some percent away from the annotated point and text
**kwargs any key for matplotlib.patches.Polygon, e.g., facecolor
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도형을 그리는 클래스의 속성들matplotlib.patches.Polygon,
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MatPLOTLIB scatter 함수
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점 그래프
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PathCollection object 가 생기고 행 10 과 열 2 개의 데이터를 생성해서 분포점을 그리기
scatter 함수 : 분포점을 그리기
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모양과 색 바꾸기
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s 는 크기 , c 는 색상 , marker 는 삼각형 scatter 함수 : 모양과 색 입히기
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MatPLOTLIBbar 함수
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막대 그래프
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bar 함수는 폭을 0.8, 파란색 막대가 기본으로 처리
bar 함수 : 기본
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BAR : LABEL
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y 축 그래프에 의미를 부여하기 ylabel 함수 : label 붙이기
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x 축 그래프에 의미적인 레이블을 부여하기 xlabel 함수 : label 붙이기
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폭 조정하기
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bar 함수는 위치와 값을 막대그래프로 표시bar 함수 : 폭 늘리기
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bar 함수는 막대 그래프의 폭을 0.5 로 처리bar 함수 : 폭 줄이기
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다중 막대그래프
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bar 함수는 막대 그래프의 폭을 0.33 로 처리해 이중 막대 그래프
bar 함수 : 다중 막대그래프
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MatPLOTLIBbarh 함수
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수평방향 막대 그래프
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수평 막대그래프를 그리기 위해서는 반대방향의 데이터 m_pop 앞에 minus 부호 (-) 를 부여해야 함
barh 함수 : 수평 막대그래프
-m_pop 을 표시
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MatPLOTLIBPie 함수
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원 그래프
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데이터를 받아 원을 그래프 표시 색상 기본 순서 colors=('b', 'g', 'r', 'c', 'm', 'y', 'k', 'w')
pie 함수 :
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LABEL 조정
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데이터와 labels 를 받아 원을 그래프 표시 pie 함수 : labels 붙이기
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MatPLOTLIBhisto 함수
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히스토그램 그래프
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xlabel 을 표시한 히스토그램 그리기 hist 함수 : 기본
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범주 조정
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데이터를 받아 15 개의 범주로 나눠 그래프를 표시
hist 함수 : 범주 나누기 1
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데이터를 받아 20 개의 범주로 나눠 그래프를 표시
hist 함수 : 범주 나누기 2
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중첩 그리기
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그래프 내에 범주를 재정의해서 그래프를 그리기
hist 함수 : 내부에 그리기
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파라미터 조정
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normed 를 사용하면 히스토그램 합이 1, facecolor 는 색깔 , alpha 는 투명도 표시
hist 함수 : 파라미터
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facecolor 에 red 를 주고 색깔을 변경하기 hist 함수 : 색깔 바꾸기
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alpha 에 0.4 를 주고 색깔에 대한 투명도를 조정하기
hist 함수 : 투명도 조정
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normed 에 1 를 주면 앞의 전체 비율이 합이 1 로 처리
hist 함수 : 전체 비율값 1 로 조정
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histtype 에 stepfilled 를 주면 경계선이 없어짐
hist 함수 : histtype
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AXES 객체 처리
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hist 메소드를 이용해서 처리Cumulative 는 누적 분포를 나타내는 그래프를 추가로 그리기 위한 파라미터
Axes.hist 메소드
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MatPLOTLIBboxplot 함수
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BOX 그래프
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boxplot 메소드를 이용해서 처리 Axes.boxplot 메소드
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boxplot 함수를 이용해서 처리 boxplot 함수
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AXES 객체 처리
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boxplot 메소드를 이용해서 처리 Axes.boxplot 메소드
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MatPLOTLIBimage plot 함수
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이미지 그래프
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imshow() 함수를 이용해서 이미지 출력 colorbar 함수를 이용옆에 옆에 colorbar 를 출력
isshow() 함수
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이미지 파일을 읽고 이를 ndarray 로 전환해서 imshow 함수로 그래프 출력
image.read 함수
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axis(‘off’) 를 이용해서 이미지만 출력 이미지 처리시 좌표축 제거하기
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MatPLOTLIBlogplot 함수
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LOG 그래프
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Axes 객체를 2 개 생성해서 그래프를 2개로 분리
subplot 사용시 2 개 Axes 생성
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log 를 처리한 결과를 그래프로 표시 semilogy/loglog 함수
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MatPLOTLIBTwo-dimensional plots 함수
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CONTOUR PLOTS
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meshgrid 함수를 이용해서 2 개의 같은 차원의 ndarray 를생성
데이터 구조 이해하기
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Contour plots 을 이용해서 여러 원에 대해 그래기
Contour plots
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MaTPLOTLIB파일처리
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파일 처리 하기
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file 를 읽고 Plot 함수를 통해 그래프 그리기 plot 함수 : file 읽고 처리
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결과를 PDF 처리하기
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결과를 PDF 로 보내기 savefig 함수