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Museum TowerDallas, Texas
Concept Feasibility Study Reconf igu red OculusRWDI # 1200597April 19th, 2013
SUBMITTED TO
Museum Tower LP
SUBMITTED BY
Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc.
650 Woodlawn Road West
Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1K 1B8
519.823.1311
Joel Good, M.A.Sc., P.Eng.
Specialist Building Performance
Ray Sinclair, Ph.D.
Project Director - Principal
Derek R. Kelly, M.Eng, P.Eng.
Project Manager - Principal
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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page
Introduction . . . . 3
Oculus Geometries . . . . 6
Test Methodology . . . . 8
Simulations . . . . 11
Simulation Results . . . . 13
Study of Dallas Sky Cover . . . 24
Study of Reconfigured Oculi Views . . 30
Summary . . . . . 35
Appendix A Occuli Walkability . . . 39
Appendix B Qualitative Model Check of Capture of Reflected
Light Spot . . . . 40
Appendix C Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing
Oculi pre (without) Museum Tower. . 42
Appendix D Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing
Oculi with Museum Tower (current scenario) . 57
Table of Contents
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Renderings of the Museum Tower in Dallas, TX
(courtesy of Johnson Fain)
Overview:
The Museum Tower (MT) is a 43-story structure
currently under construction in the arts district of
Dallas, Texas.
The western glass faade has been observed to
intermittently reflect afternoon sunlight onto the
Nasher Sculpture Center (NSC), located south of thetower.
The Museum Tower design team have explored a
number of mitigation measures to eliminate the
reflections penetrating the NSC, including
modifications to the Museum Tower itself, alterations
to the Nasher Sculpture Center, and intercepting
structures in the space between.
Introduction
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Reflected Light Issue:
Reflections occur on the NSC rooftop for all days of the
year.
The reflections begin around 2:00 pm and continue to
near sunset. No reflections occur before this time.
The reflections are scattered and intermittent (seeimage to right) moving from the east to west ends of
the NSC.
At any one time no more than 15% of the roofs oculi
are in reflection.
The Dallas sky is generally clear, as the mean sky cover
throughout the year is approximately 35%.
Photo of NSC Rooftop in Reflection (July 12th, approx. 4pm)
Photo of Reflections inside NSC (May 16, 2012, 3:40pm)
Introduction
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Concept Feasibility Study:
RWDI has performed computer modeling to
better understand the characteristics of these
reflections and test potential mitigation
strategies.
This report outlines the concept feasibility
testing of one such mitigation strategy to
eliminate tower reflections from penetrating
the NSC galleries: a reconfigured design of the
shading oculi on the NSC rooftop.
Results from Previous Reflection Studies:
Reflecting Glazing Units on MT Western Facade (left) and Reflection
Range for Oct 4th from 12:00 to 17:00 (30 min intervals)
Introduction
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Existing NSC Oculus
current condition
existing oculus is designed to block direct sunlight
from all sun angles
facing north, the oculus allows reflected light from
the Museum Tower to penetrate into the galleriesbelow
Existing oculus in plan (t-l), isometric (t-r), front (b-l) and
side (b-r) views
Oculus Geometries
Photos of existing oculi arrays on NSC Rooftop
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Reconfigured Oculus (new concept)
rotated 45 degrees west of north,
extension designed to block direct light from MT
and direct sunlight for all NSC rooftop locations
Reconfigured oculus in plan (t-l), isometric (t-r),
front (b-l) and side (b-r) views
120mm
(4.
7)
120 mm(4.7)
Oculus Geometries
Museum Tower
in plan view
Projected cone
of vision from
sample oculus
Sun path
NSC rooftop
in plan view
Oculi Projection Defines Edge of Reconfigured Extension
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Museum Tower model:
RWDI has created a computer model of the MT
using Autodesk Ecotect based on a 3d Revit model
provided by the MT design team.
Ecotect is a a powerful building modeling software
used for solar analysis and reflection studies. Ecotect uses the powerful ray-tracing engine of
Radiance to model the characteristics of sunlight
over complex geometries.
The simulations use the CIE sky models (clear and
overcast conditions) which consider solar position
based on the simulation date and time.
Model Renderings of the Museum Tower (Revit top
left, Ecotect top right) and Site Plan (bottom)
Test Methodology
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Surrounding oculi (closed)
and rooftop included forreflection
Test oculus (open to
below to admit light)
Museum
Tower
NSC Rooftop
(center bay)NSC & Rooftop Oculi:
The rooftop of the NSC was added to the model
based on design drawings provided by the NSC
design team.
Not practical during the initial concept development
to model daylighting over entire NSC roof which iscovered with thousands of oculi.
A simplified model of a single open oculus was used
to assess the performance of the reconfigured oculi
compared to the original design.
The test oculus was surrounded by five oculi to
capture light potentially reflected from the outer
shell of the adjacent oculi.
Test Methodology
Ecotect Renderings of NSC Rooftop and Test Oculus
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Test Methodology
Light receptor grid
(4.7x4.7, 1 below oculi)
Roof section removed to
show light receptor grid
Reconfigured oculi rotated
45 west of north
Description of Collection Grid:
A collection grid was placed under the test
oculus
Collection grid is fine enough to detect
potential for direct light penetrations, if any,
and large enough to detect all diffuse lightpassing through the test oculus
Light levels were calculated for each grid point.
Appendix A - illustrates the model prediction
of the size and intensity of the reflected light
spot problem. Also presented is a comparison
of a medium and fine refinement of the
collection grid. The results presented supportthe use of the medium resolution grid. Ecotect Renderings of Test Oculus and Grid
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Predicted illuminance levels for a single oculus on a light receptor grid
were calculated for a number of test cases:
Oculus scenarios:
existing without Museum Tower
existing with Musem Tower
reconfigured with Museum Tower
Times of year:
summer solstice - June 21st (10am, 12pm, 2pm, 4pm, 6pm)
spring/Fall equinox Mar 21st (3pm & 10am, 12pm, 2pm, 4pm, 6pm)
winter solstice - December 21st (2:30pm & 10am, 12pm, 4pm)
Sky conditions:
sunny, in direct reflection (i.e. reflection from MT falls directly on test oculus)
sunny, not in direct reflection from MT
overcast (diffuse light only)
Simulations
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Presentation of results:
Peak illuminance level (lux) recorded on
light receptor grid (lux = lumen / m2).
Total luminous flux (lumens) over entire
grid area, hereafter referred to as total
light.
Notes:
The predicted illuminance level shown for
each grid cell (colored rectangular patch) is
calculated as the average lux level based on
the values of the four corner points of the
cell. Therefore, the results show smoothed
values over each grid cell and cannot
resolve peaks within a cell. This
methodology is valid for comparing one
scenario to another.
Fisheye view inside
test box, above grid
Underside
of oculi
Daylight falling
on grid
Sample oculi (wireframe)
included for locational
reference
Light receptor grid(4.7x4.7, 1 below oculi)
Peak illuminance
value on grid
300 lux
Simulations
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Unobstructed Rooftop Illuminance Levels above Ocular Roof
Predicted rooftop illuminance levels above the ocular roof without obstruction or shading. These light levels
can be compared to the light levels predicted to transmit through the test oculus, as presented in the
computer model results in the following slides.
Results
March 21st June 21st December 21st
Clear Sky
(lux)
Overcast Sky
(lux)
Clear Sky
(lux)
Overcast Sky
(lux)
Clear Sky
(lux)
Overcast Sky
(lux)
10:00 am 55,100 11,600 70,000 15,000 31,200 7,400
12:00 pm 71,400 14,700 89,000 17,000 45,300 9,900
2:00 pm 66,900 13,800 80,900 16,400 39,300 8,800
4:00 pm 42,300 9,300 57,000 12,000 14,200 4,400
6:00 pm 6,000 3,000 21,000 6,000 n/an/a
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19,340 lux
235 lux
Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
June 21st 4:00pm
Clear sky, sunny, in reflection
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 235 lux
Total light = 40 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 19,340 lux (direct reflection)
Total light = 153 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 430 lux
Total light = 84 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 210%
Existing Oculus
(with MT reflection)
shows problem light spot!
Existing Oculus(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus430 lux
Results
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
June 21st 4:00pm
Cloudy overcast sky
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 185 lux
Total light = 16 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 155 lux
Total light = 19 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 130 lux
Total light = 12 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 75%
Existing Oculus (with
MT reflection)
Existing Oculus(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
185 lux
155 lux
130 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Mar/Sep 21st 3:00pm
Clear sky, sunny, in reflection
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 200 lux
Total light = 29 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 18,300 lux (direct reflection)
Total light = 148 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 350 lux
Total light = 61 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 210%
Existing Oculus(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
200 lux
18,300 lux
350 lux
Existing Oculus
(with MT reflection)
shows problem light spot!
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Mar/Sep 21st 3:00pm
Clear sky, sunny, not in reflection
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 200 lux
Total light = 29 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 190 lux
Total light = 55 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 310 lux
Total light = 54 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 185%
Existing Oculus (with
MT reflection)
Existing Oculus(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
200 lux
190 lux
310 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Mar/Sep 21st 3:00pm
Cloudy overcast sky
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 210 lux
Total light = 19 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 200 lux
Total light = 20 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 100 lux
Total light = 15 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 80%
Existing Oculus (with
MT reflection)
Existing Oculus(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
210 lux
200 lux
110 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Dec 21st 2:30pm
Clear sky, sunny, in reflection
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 100 lux
Total light = 14 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 10,500 lux (direct reflection)
Total light = 95 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 190 lux
Total light = 39 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 275%
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
100 lux
10,500 lux
190 lux
Existing Oculus
(with MT reflection)
shows problem light spot!
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Dec 21st 2:30pm
Clear sky, sunny, not in reflection
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 100 lux
Total light = 14 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 80 lux
Total light = 19 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 170 lux
Total light = 27 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 190%
Existing Oculus (with
MT reflection)
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
100 lux
80 lux
170 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
Dec 21st 2:30pm
Cloudy overcast sky
Existing Oculus (without MT)
Peak = 115 lux
Total light = 12 lumens
Existing Oculus (with MT reflection)
Peak = 100 lux
Total light = 18 lumens
Reconfigured Oculus
Peak = 60 lux
Total light = 11 lumens
Percentage of existing (w/o MT) = 90%
Existing Oculus (with
MT reflection)
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured
Oculus
Results
115 lux
100 lux
60 lux
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Results
Predicted diurnal transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Reconfigured vs. Existing (pre Museum Tower)
R fi d O l f N h S l t C t C t F ibilit St d
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Question?
How often are outdoor light conditions beneficial for
the illumination of the NSC galleries with the
reconfigured oculus, as compared to the existing
oculus?
Approach to answer?
Analyze recorded meteorological data to determine the percentage of
hours in which:
high outdoor light levels occur
clear sky conditions occur
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
R fi d O l f N h S l t C t C t F ibilit St d
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Reported Local Meteorological Data
Examined hourly reported cloud cover and solar radiation data at
surrounding meteorological stations:
o Dallas Fort Worth Airport
o Arlington Airport
o Love Field Airport
o Executive Airport, 10 miles SW of Dallas
o Cedar Hill Station, 18 miles SW of Dallas
Our analysis identified inconsistencies in the reported cloud cover data. This
was more apparent for DFW Airport data, for example. We selected
Executive Airport as the representative data set.
The only station reporting measured total solar radiation is Cedar Hill
Station.
Period of data: Dec 2003 to Jan 2013
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
R fi d O l f N h S l t C t C t F ibilit St d
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Reported Local Meteorological Data
Cloud Cover Data is reported in tenths coverage of the sky, at levels of
0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0.
Clear Sky: 0.0, 0.3
Overcast: 0.9, 1.0
Measured total solar radiation W/m
2
was converted to illuminance bymultiplying by 93 lm/W (Ref. #1).
Actual measurements include effects of: day of year; time of day; and
sky condition/cloud cover.
Data shows:o Light levels are moderate to low after 5 pm on most days of the
year
o Winter light levels are generally lower than the rest of the year
Ref #1: Maximum spectral luminous efficiency of white light, Thomas Murphy, Journal of Applied Physics 111, 104909 (2012)
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
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Percent of time of High Outdoor IlluminanceDec-Feb: Low 30,000 lux
Mar-Nov: Low 40,000 lux
60%
68%59%
85%
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
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Percent of time ofClear Sky Conditions
68%
58%63%
75%
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
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Conclusions about Outdoor Light Conditions:
1. Outdoor Illuminance Analysis: At least 59% to 85% of the time after the 11am until late
afternoon outdoor light levels are high (i.e., >30,000 lux in the winter, >40,000 lux in
other seasons).
2. Cloud Cover Analysis: At least 58% to 75% of the time after the 11am until late afternoonthe sky is relatively clear.
3. Therefore, frequent clear skies and frequent high outdoor light levels should be
conducive to similar or better natural light illumination of the galleries with the
reconfigured oculus, as compared to the existing oculus.
Study of Dallas Sky Conditions
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Background
Previous work by the design team has outlined a
concept for a reconfigured ocular roof for the Nasher
Sculpture Center (NSC) to mitigate reflection issues
from Museum Tower (MT). It is proposed that the
oculi be both redesigned and rotated. It was
determined that a rotation angle of 45 degrees west
of north would effectively shade all reflections from
the MT as well as direct light from the sun.
Question?
By rotating the oculi 45 degrees west of north:
1) Will any current or foreseeably planned buildings
be visible through the gallerys altered view of
the Dallas sky?
2) If so, would the gallery be susceptible to
reflections from these buildings?
Museum Tower
in plan view
Projected cone
of vision from
sample oculus
Sun path
NSC rooftop
in plan view
Oculi Projection Defines Edge of Reconfigured Extension
Existing (left) and Reconfigured (right) Oculi
Study of Reconfigured Oculi Views
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Surrounding Buildings
A number of buildings are
currently built to the NW of the
NSC
Building heights in this direction
are limited due to Love Field
airstrip to the NW. Existing building positions and
heights were estimated from
online map data (Google Earth).
Building elevations were
attained for 1900 McKinney,
ensuring an accurate depictionof this building.
An empty lot was identified NW
of Museum Tower as being a
potential site for future
development.
Plan view of surrounding buildings to NW of NSC
Study of Reconfigured Oculi Views
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Surrounding Buildings in View?
A projection was created from a single oculus
at the center of the NSC rooftop.
In the image to the right, the red transparent
surface outlines the bottom limit of the view
through the oculus. The arc represents an
approximation of the true shape that the
back of a reconfigured oculi will have on theprojection (line of sight).
Any building intercepted by the red surface is
predicted to be in view of the reconfigured
oculus.
The only building that would be in view is the
top few floors of the building at 1900McKinney (shown here in turquoise blue).
Projection of view through reconfigured oculi (red) above which
(tourquoise) buildings would be visible from inside gallery
Study of Reconfigured Oculi Views
It is also predicted that the limiting height at which a building can be built on the empty lot NW of
MT (see yellow dot) is 70 m (230 ft). A building taller than this would potentially be in view from the
NSC gallery through the roof with the reconfigured oculi.
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Will sunlight reflect from 1900 McKinney
onto the NSC?
Reflections (red) from SE faade of 1900 McKinney on December 21st.
Reflections (red) from SE faade of 1900 McKinney on March 21st or
September 21st.
On the previous slide, the upper floors of
1900 McKinney were determined to be in
view of the reconfigured NSC oculus.
A computer model reflection study wasperformed to determine if SE faade would
ever reflect light directly on to the NSC
rooftop.
Images to the right (and the next page)
show the predicted daily range of
reflections (red) on clear-sky days from the
SE faade for the equinox and two solstices
relative to the NSC rooftop (yellow box).
Study of Reconfigured Oculi View
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Reflections (red) from SE facade of 1900 McKinney on June 21st.
The results show that the SE faade of 1900
McKinney will not reflect light directly on
the NSC rooftop at any time of the year.
Study of Reconfigured Oculi View
Will sunlight reflect from 1900 McKinney
onto the NSC?
Will sunlight reflect from the Proposed
Future Building Site?
As reported earlier, the limiting height at
which a building can be built on the proposed
building site NW of MT (green box) is 70 m(230 ft).
A 70 m building would not reflect on the roof
of the NSC. Any height in excess of 70 m
would require additional reflectivity studies.
View from Reconfigured Oculus (red) towards Proposed Future
Building Site
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Summary
Existing Oculus with Museum Tower
The model results agree with real-world observations:
Blocks all direct light from sun.
Diffuse light collected from clear sky and some direct light
bounces off of the oculus cone walls.
Allows intermittent, afternoon reflections from Museum
Tower to penetrate into the galleries.
Reflected light through an oculus occur as bright spot with
high illuminance of up to 20,000 lux on sample summer
day.
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Reconfigured Oculus:
Blocks all direct light from sun and reflected light from MuseumTower.
Restores views to the open Dallas sky, without a view of Museum
Tower.
Top floors of 1900 McKinney building will be in reconfigured view
from NSC, reflection studies indicate that it will not reflect daylight
into the galleries.
Rotation of oculus to the west allows for exposure to a brighter
afternoon sky compared to due north orientation.
Reconfigured oculus is able to capture more direct light on clear,
sunny days and the cone design effectively scatters diffuse light
below oculi.
For a clear morning sky and any overcast sky condition the
reconfigured oculus provides less light than the existing oculus priorto MT. Computer model estimates show a reduction of up to 50%. At
these times ambient light levels are relatively low, therefore artificial
light in the galleries would render this difference unnoticeable to the
human eye.
Summary
The overall result is increased overall daylight levels during sunny, clear sky conditions while still maintaining
peak illuminance levels similar to the existing design.
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Conclusions about Outdoor Light Conditions:
1. Outdoor Illuminance Analysis: At least 59% to 85% of the time after the 11am until late
afternoon outdoor light levels are high (i.e., >30,000 lux in the winter, >40,000 lux in
other seasons).
2. Cloud Cover Analysis: At least 58% to 75% of the time after the 11am until late afternoonthe sky is relatively clear.
3. Therefore, frequent clear skies and frequent high outdoor light levels should be
conducive to similar or better natural light illumination of the galleries with the
reconfigured oculus, as compared to the existing oculus.
Summary
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Appendices:
Appendix A: Oculi Walkability
Appendix B: Qualitative Model Check of Capture of Reflected Light Spot
Appendix C: Modeling of diurnal cycle for March 21st, June 21st, & Dec 21st:
Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing Oculi pre(without) Museum Tower
Appendix D: Modeling of diurnal cycle for March 21st, June 21st, & Dec 21st:
Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing Oculi with
Museum Tower (current scenario)
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Walkability
Currently, the NSC oculi are durable enough that they can
be walked on to access the rooftop.
The extended geometry of the reconfigured oculus will
be need to fabricated in a manner that is equally durable
so as not to alter any accessibility to the NSC rooftop.
Oculi wall thickness as well as potential requirements for
additional fillets or struts between oculi will be
considered to ensure adequate stiffness to handle
vertical and lateral loads.
Existing (top) and Reconfigured
(bottom) oculi
Appendix A: Oculi Walkability
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Size & Shape of reflection through oculus:
Check computer model with a finer light collection grid below the Existing Oculus to confirm that
size/shape of high intensity reflected light spot is reasonable in size and light level.
Appendix B: Qualitative Model Check of Capture of Reflected Light Spot
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a
single oculus
June 21st 4:00pm
Clear sky, sunny, in reflection
Dense grid to better see reflection shape
Existing Oculus (with MT)
Grid: 50 x 50
Cell: approx 1.1 x 1.1
Existing Oculus (with MT)
Grid: 150 x 150
Cell: approx 0.3 x 0.3
1
19,400 lux
Falsecolor image (0 to 20,000 lux scale)
~ 4
~ 2
19,340 lux
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Appendix C: Modeling of diurnal cycle for March 21st, June 21st, & Dec 21st:
Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing Oculi pre
(without) Museum Tower
Diurnal simulations to:
Verify that direct light is being blocked by reconfigured oculi at other times on Jun 21 (longest day
with highest angles of incidence)
Check performance of reconfigured oculi for diurnal cases for multiple times of year (summer,winter, spring) for both overcast and clear skies.
Compare reconfigured oculi performance to baseline case with existing NSC oculi before Museum
Tower was built (i.e. no MT obstruction or reflection).
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 10:00 am
Reconfigured Oculus
100 lux120 lux
Total light = 16 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 95%
Total light = 30 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 110%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~55,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~11,600 lux
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
190 lux
Total light = 27 lumens
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
180 lux
Total light = 17 lumens
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 12:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
230 lux170 lux
160 lux240 lux
Total light = 33 lumens Total light = 20 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 90%
Total light = 22 lumensTotal light = 52 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 160%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~71,400 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~14,700 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 2:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
240 lux
210 lux140 lux230 lux
Total light = 31 lumens Total light = 20 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 95%
Total light = 21 lumensTotal light = 56 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 180%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~66,900 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~13,800 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 4:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
150 lux170 lux
100 lux170 lux
Total light = 22 lumens Total light = 13 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 95%
Total light =14 lumensTotal light = 38 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 175%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~42,300 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~9,300 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 6:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
50 lux 50 lux20 lux30 lux
Total light = 6 lumens Total light = 4 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 100%
Total light = 4 lumensTotal light = 10 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 170%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~6,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~3,000 lux
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Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
320 lux 140 lux 80 lux270 lux
Total light = 52 lumens Total light = 14 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 65%
Total light = 22 lumensTotal light = 25 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 50%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 10:00 am
Reconfigured Oculus
Unobstructed: ~70,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~15,000 lux
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Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus(without MT)
430 lux 230 lux160 lux
280 lux
Total light = 60 lumens Total light = 18 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 70%
Total light = 26 lumensTotal light = 48 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 80%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 12:00 pm
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~89,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~17,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 2:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
360 lux380 lux 160 lux260 lux
Total light = 55 lumens Total light = 22 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 90%
Total light = 25 lumensTotal light = 86 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 155%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~80,900 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~16,400 lux
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Existing Oculus
(without MT )
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
270 lux345 lux 130 lux180 lux
Total light = 45 lumens Total light = 12 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 65%
Total light = 18 lumensTotal light = 83 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 185%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 4:00 pm
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~57,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~12,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 6:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
160 lux230 lux 40 lux100 lux
Total light = 23 lumens Total light = 5 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 65%
Total light = 8 lumensTotal light = 30 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 130%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~21,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~6,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 10:00 am
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
100 lux 70 lux70 lux120 lux
Total light = 15 lumens Total light = 10 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 90%
Total light =11 lumensTotal light = 17 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 115%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~31,200 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~7,400 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 12:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
160 lux160 lux
100 lux160 lux
Total light = 21 lumens Total light = 14 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 95%
Total light =15 lumensTotal light = 32 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 150%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~45,300 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~9,900 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 2:30 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
130 lux
170 lux
60 lux150 lux
Total light = 19 lumens Total light = 11 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 85%
Total light = 13 lumensTotal light = 27 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 140%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~30,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~8,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 4:00 pm
Existing Oculus
(without MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus
(without MT)
60 lux100 lux 50 lux
80 lux
Total light = 9 lumens Total light = 6 lumens
Percent of existing (w/o MT) = 85%
Total light = 7 lumensTotal light = 16 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/o MT) = 180%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~14,200 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~4,400 lux
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Appendix D: Modeling of diurnal cycle for March 21st, June 21st, & Dec 21st:
Comparison of Reconfigured Oculi with Existing Oculi with
Museum Tower (current scenario)
Diurnal simulations to:
Verify that direct light is being blocked by reconfigured oculi at other times on Jun 21 (longest day
with highest angles of incidence)
Check performance of reconfigured oculi for diurnal cases for multiple times of year (summer,
winter, spring) for both overcast and clear skies.
Compare reconfigured oculi performance to baseline case representing current scenario, existing
NSC oculi with Museum Tower (i.e. MT provides obstruction and reflection).
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 10:00 am
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
210 lux 100 lux120 lux
220 lux
Total light = 60 lumens Total light = 16 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light = 39 lumensTotal light = 30 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 50%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~55,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~11,600 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 12:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
190 lux 170 lux160 lux280 lux
Total light = 50 lumens Total light = 20 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light = 50 lumensTotal light = 52 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/ MT) = 105%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~71,400 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~14,700 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 2:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
260 lux
210 lux140 lux
260 lux
Total light = 58 lumens Total light = 20 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 45%
Total light = 46 lumensTotal light = 56 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/ MT) = 95%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~66,900 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~13,800 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 4:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
140 lux
170 lux100 lux
180 lux
Total light = 36 lumens Total light = 13 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light =31 lumensTotal light = 38 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 105%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~42,300 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~9,300 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Mar 21st 6:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
60 lux
50 lux20 lux40 lux
Total light = 12 lumens Total light = 4 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 50%
Total light = 8 lumensTotal light = 10 lumens
Percent ofexisting (w/ MT) = 85%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~6,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~3,000 lux
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Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
315 lux 140 lux 80 lux190 lux
Total light = 71 lumens Total light = 14 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 35%
Total light = 38 lumensTotal light = 25 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 35%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 10:00 am
Reconfigured Oculus
Unobstructed: ~70,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~15,000 lux
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Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
270 lux230 lux
160 lux220 lux
Total light = 59 lumens Total light = 18 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 60%
Total light = 31 lumensTotal light = 48 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 80%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 12:00 pm
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~89,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~17,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 2:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (with
MT)
360 lux
380 lux 160 lux310 lux
Total light = 110 lumens Total light = 22 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light = 54 lumensTotal light = 86 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 80%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~80,900 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~16,400 lux
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Existing Oculus (with
MT )
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
255 lux345 lux 130 lux
155 lux
Total light = 68 lumens Total light = 12 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 65%
Total light = 19 lumensTotal light = 83 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 120%
Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 4:00 pm
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~57,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~12,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
June 21st 6:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
170 lux230 lux 40 lux
90 lux
Total light = 25 lumens Total light = 5 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 45%
Total light = 11 lumensTotal light = 30 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 120%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~21,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~6,000 lux
Reconfigured Oculus for Nasher Sculpture Center - Concept Feasibility Study Museum TowerRWDI # 1200597
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 10:00 am
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
110 lux70 lux
70 lux
140 lux
Total light = 31 lumens Total light = 10 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light = 24 lumensTotal light = 17 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 55%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~31,200 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~7,400 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 12:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
260 lux
160 lux100 lux
190 lux
Total light = 49 lumens Total light = 14 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light =33 lumensTotal light = 32 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 65%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~45,300 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~9,900 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 2:30 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
80 lux
170 lux
60 lux100 lux
Total light = 19 lumens Total light = 11 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 60%
Total light = 18 lumensTotal light = 27 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 140%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~30,000 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~8,000 lux
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Predicted transmitted light levels through a single oculus
Dec 21st 4:00 pm
Existing Oculus (with
MT)
Reconfigured Oculus Existing Oculus (withMT)
100 lux
100 lux 50 lux
80 lux
Total light = 16 lumens Total light = 6 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 40%
Total light =15 lumensTotal light = 16 lumens
Percent of existing (w/ MT) = 100%
Reconfigured Oculus
Clear, sunny sky Cloudy, overcast sky
Unobstructed: ~14,200 lux (direct)
Study oculus not in direct reflectionUnobstructed: ~4,400 lux