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Salvatore Giuliano(November 16,1922July 5,1950) was aSicilianpeasant. The
millennial subjugated social status of his class led him to become abanditandseparatistwho has been mythologised during his life and after his death.[1]He is commonly
compared to the legend ofRobin Hoodin popular culture, due to stories pertaining to him
helping the poor villagers in his area by taking from the rich.[2]
As a member of theSicilian Independentist Movement, Giuliano actively pursued efforts
into gaining independence for the island from theItalian government. His story gainedattention in the media worldwide, in part due to his handsome looks, including features in
Time magazine.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
o 1.1 Early lifeo 1.2 Rise to infamy
o 1.3 Portella della Ginestra massacre
o 1.4 Decline and death
2 Dramatizations
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life
Salvatore Giuliano was born inMonteleprewithin theProvince of Palermoas the fourth
child of Salvatore and Maria Giuliano. As a child he was nicknamed Turiddu or Turi. Hehad a decent primary education, but limited by Sicilian class strictures, went to work on
his father's land at the age of 13.
He transported olive oil and worked as a telephone repairman and on road construction.
Giuliano was due to be called up to the Italian army, but theAllied invasion of Sicilyprevented his actual enlistment. He became involved in the wartime black market and
was armed in case of attacks from bandits.
[edit] Rise to infamy
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Newspaper reports.[4]
OnSeptember 2,1943, he killed a Siciliancarabiniereat a checkpoint nearQuattroMoliniwhile transporting illegally purchased grain. He left his identity papers at the
scene and was wounded when a carabiniere shot him twice as he was running away, it
was then that he returned fire and killed the carabiniere. His family sent him to Palermoto have the bullet removed. In late December, a number of residents of Montelepre,
including Giuliano's father, were arrested during a police raid. Giuliano helped some of
them escape from prison inMonreale, and a number of the freed men stayed with him.
In theSagana mountains, Giuliano collected a gang of approximately fifty bandits,
criminals, deserters, and homeless men under his leadership and gave them military-stylemarksmanship training. The gang took to robbery and burglary for the money they
needed for food and weapons. When carabinieri came to look for them, they were met
with accurate submachinegun fire.
Sicilian independence flag flown by Giuliano.[5]
He also joined a Sicilian separatist group,Movement for the Independence of Sicily(MIS), which included members of very different political views, such as revolutionary
socialistAntonio Canepa, centristGiovanni Guarino Amella, right-wingers, most of them
aristocrats, such as baronLucio Tascaand dukeGuglielmo Patern, as well as somemembers with close ties to theMafia, and outright Mafiosi such asCalogero Vizzini.
The union between Giuliano and separatist leaders came to fruition in the latter part of
1945. Giuliano entered the armed branch of the movement, EVIS (Esercito Volontarioper l'Indipendenza della Sicilia, Volunteer Army for the Independence of Sicily), as a
colonel and was promised that in the event of a separatist victory, he would be pardoned
for his crimes and appointed to some position in the newly independent state. Defendersof the Giuliano-separatist alliance justified the agreement by claiming that Giuliano had
been forced to become a bandit by the cruelty and injustice of the Italian state. Although
an EVIS commander, Giuliano remained cautious about subordinating himself to themovements leadership.[6]
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Giuliano led small-scale attacks on government and police targets in the name of this
movement. He supported the MIS and the similar MASCA with funds for the 1946elections, in which both groups did poorly. Reputedly, Giuliano himself would have liked
to have seen Sicily become a state within the United States of America. He sent president
Harry S. Trumana letter in which he urged him to annex Sicily.
Giuliano remained a long term problem for authorities. He continued to fight the Italian
government in the name of the separatist movement. His attacks gained worldwideattention and made him a legend. In January 1946, atMontedoro, Giuliano and his band
fought a brutal battle with authorities in which perhaps a thousand separatist took part.
His actions kept alive the vision of Sicilian independence accomplished through the force
of arms. Police and military forces were unable to destroy Giulianos EVIS formations.In fact, with the aid of the peasantsmany of whom saw Giuliano as a sort of Robin
Hoodand the landownerswho feared himGiuliano continued to operate almost
untouched.[7]
Giuliano also fostered a number of myths around himself. One tale tells how hediscovered a postal worker was stealing letters that contained money Sicilian families hadsent to their relatives in the USA; he killed the postal worker and assured the letters
continued to their correct destinations. When he robbed the duchess ofPratameno, he left
her with her wedding ring and borrowed a book she was reading; he returned it later withcompliments. He fostered cooperation of poor tenant farmers by sending them money and
food. Contrary to some claims, he was not a Mafioso [citation needed].
[edit] Portella della Ginestra massacre
Mural of the Portella della Ginestra massacre
As more separatist leaders were arrested, his funds became limited and he was forced tofind new sources of supply. He eventually alienated himself from the peasants and
became a tool of the landowners and conservatives. In this role he was manipulated to
slaughter innocent peasants in the name of halting Communism in May 1947.[7]
In 1947,
with his group steadily shrinking, he turned to kidnapping forransomand turned regularprofits. Also in that year there were more elections, following a limited victory for
socialist-communist groups.
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After receiving a mysterious letter from an unknown source, Giuliano led his remaining
men on a raid to the mountain passPortella della Ginestraon May 1, intending tocapture Sicily's most prominentcommunist,Girolamo Li Causi. However, the event
turned into a massacre. Fourteen civilians, including a woman and three children, were
killed and more than 30 wounded. Giuliano himself (who fired no shots) stated he
ordered his band to fire above the heads of the crowd hoping they would disperse. Somesources accuse theMafiaof infiltrating it and claim mafiosi instead shot at the crowd
causing the massacre.[8]
The incident created a national scandal,[9]
which ended in 1956 with the conviction of the
remaining members of the band.[10]
It still remains a highly controversial topic, especiallyin regards to the contents of the letter Giuliano received before it, the finger of blame has
been pointed at numerous sources, including theItalian government, who had long sought
to destroy the famous bandit.[8]
Leftists, who were the victims of the attack have blamed
thelandedbaronsand theMafia, significantly, the memorial plaque erected by themmakes no mention of Giuliano or his band;[8]
On May 1, 1947, here on the rock of Barbato, celebrating the working class
festival [...] people ofPiana degli Albanesi,San Giuseppe JatoandSan
Cipirello[...] fell under the ferocious barbarity of the bullets of theMafia
and thelandedbarons[...] Portella della Ginestramemorial plaque
[edit] Decline and death
Giuliano continued to work against socialist groups whenever he had the opportunity but
by 1948 his popular support was ebbing. Locals and even the Mafia were less willing toaid Giuliano and helped the police, despite Giuliano's tendency to kill suspected
informers. Giuliano dared police by sending them boisterous letters about himself anddining in Palermo restaurants and leaving a note about his presence with a tip. The
reward for his capture was doubled, and a special police force was instituted to suppress
banditry. 300 carabinieri attacked his mountain stronghold, but most of Giuliano's gang
escaped. OnAugust 14,1949Giuliano's men exploded mines under a convoy of policevehicles near the Bellolampo barracks outside Palermo, killing sevenCarabinieriand
wounding 11.[11]
As a result the Italian government dispatched an additional 1000 troops
to Western Sicily, with all troops under the command of Colonel Ugo Luca.
OnJuly 5,1950, Giuliano was shot inCastelvetrano. According to police, carabiniericaptain Antonio Perenze shot him as he was resisting arrest.[3]
However, the investigativereporterTommaso Besozzisoon exposed the official version as fiction; the headline read:
The only thing certain is that he is dead.[12][13]
Gaspare Pisciotta, Giuliano's lieutenant,
claimed later that police had promised him apardonand reward if he would killGiuliano.[14]Giuliano's mother Maria reportedly believed this story. Pisciotta died four
years later in prison from poisoning, after ingesting 20 centigrams ofstrychnine, hidden
in a cup of tea.[15]
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8/2/2019 Salvatore Giuliano
5/35
At the trial for thePortella della Ginestra massacre,Gaspare Pisciottahad said: "Those
who have made promises to us are calledBernardo Mattarella,Prince Alliata, themonarchist MP Marchesano and also SignorScelba, Minister for Home Affairs it wasMarchesano, Prince Alliata and Bernardo Mattarella who ordered the massacre of
Portella di Ginestra. Before the massacre they met Giuliano" However the MPs
Mattarella, Alliata and Marchesano were declared innocent by the Court of Appeal ofPalermo, at a trial which dealt with their alleged role in the event.[11]
ITALY: Battle of the InkpotsMonday, May. 12, 1947
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Through a Sicilian mountain valley 400 workers and peasants were making their way to
a May Day celebration. They carried red flags and sang Communist songs. At a crossroad
shots rang out. According to the most coherent accounts, they were fired from machine
guns by men on horseback. Ten peasants (including one woman) were killed, more than
30 injured. Next day, in the Italian Constituent Assembly, the battle was resumed.
Interior Minister Mario Scelba (Christian Democrat) reported to his fellow assemblymen
that, so far as the police could determine, the Sicilian shooting was nonpolitical. The
valley in which it occurred was notoriously infested by bandits. Sicilian Communist
Deputy Girolamo Licausi disagreed. He charged that the Maffia (Sicily's ancient, bloody
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secret society) had perpetrated the attack, in cahoots with monarchists and the rightist
Uomo Qualunque Party.
Qualunquist Leader Giannini rose to protest. Communist deputies shouted: "Assassin!"
Communist Carlo Farini advanced with clenched fists upon the rightist deputies. He wasfollowed by a strong Communist detachment. Then Pietro Nenni, a follower of the party
line, led a sizable Socialist task force into the fray. Inkwells hurtled. Chairs were swung.
Fists landed with a satisfying thud on legislative noses. Nearly 200 deputies took part in
the brawl. Centrists tried frantically to untangle the Right and the Left.
Only minor casualties resulted. But Monarchist Roberto Bencivenga, who had been
struck on the back of the neck with a club, posted a notice on the Assembly's bulletin
board: "I challenge the unknown hero who struck me from behind to meet me face to
face."
The Communist-controlled General Confederation of Italian Labor called a general strike
in protest against the Sicilian "massacre." In most cities, the strike lasted only a few
hours. Nevertheless, it was a grim reminder that the Communists, through their control
of Italy's trade unions, have the country's economic life by the throat. Before 50,000
workers at Rome's Basilica of Constantine, Communist Labor Leader Nazzareno Buschi
cried: "The workers do not want civil war, but our enemies, and above all, the
Government, must be warned. . . ."
ITALY: Bandit's End (1950)All day the wrinkled mother screamed denials of her son's death. "They'll never catch
him," she cried, "never!" Next morning, when the carabinieri thrust her through the
throng outside the morgue gates to view his body, Maria Giuliano at last broke down.
"My blood," she croaked hoarsely, "my own blood." Then, turning fiercely towards a
bank of news photographers, she spat out, "It's you who've brought my son to hell."
"If I Win." Like Maria, few Sicilians could believe at first that Salvatore Giuliano was
really dead. He had been as handsome as a schoolgirl's dream, as vain and indestructible
as a god on Olympus. For seven years in the mountain fastnesses of Sicily, he had been
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the king of bandits in a land where every bandit is looked upon as a king. Giuliano had
gathered about him an army of 600 or more followers.
Like Robin Hood's men, his army would strike swiftly in small groupskidnaping some
purse-proud landlord here, killing a sheriff's man there
and fade elusively intomountain caves, vineyards and wheatfields. In seven years Giuliano's men had killed 79
national carabinieri, 25 local policemen, 40 civilians. They had collected more than
$1,000,000 in ransoms from 30 kidnapings. Like Robin Hood's men they were said to
rob only the rich & powerful. Half in hero worship and half in fear, the local peasants
clamped their lips tight and kept their faces deadpan when police asked questions about
Giuliano.
Giuliano took care to see that his name did not rust. When interest in his exploits
flagged, Giuliano wrote letters to Palermo editors. Once he declared war on Italy and
offered to meet ten government officials, one at a time, in mortal combat. "If I lose, I lose
only my life," he said. "If I win, I take over the government." Two years ago Mama
Giuliano was arrested for abetting the bandits. When she was later released in a general
Holy Year amnesty, her son issued a statement to the papers thanking all concerned and
suggesting an armistice between himself and the government. Several times he held
press conferences in his mountain hideouts and permitted grateful photographers to
spread his handsome features over the world's press.
Screen Test. Last year, Rome sent to Sicily hard-eyed Colonel Ugo Luca, a World War II
Italian intelligence officer. With a special task force of 2,000 picked men, mostly
bachelors, Luca set about combing Sicily for his prey.
Probing the hills and villages, Luca and his men identified one bandit after another,
painstakingly weaned peasants away from their hero worship of Giuliano. Some of the
bandits surrendered. When word got around that Luca treated them well, others
followed, 76 in all. The carabinieri shot seven more on the hills and arrested 157. As theband scattered, some of the leaders fled to other lands, but the bandit king himself
remained in Sicily.
Two months ago, Luca heard that Giuliano was moving down from the hills towards the
vineyards of the south. The colonel ordered all his men in the area out of uniform and let
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it-be known that he himself was off to Rome. Then he baited a trap for Giuliano's vanity.
He sent a troop of carabinieri into the wine district camouflaged as a moving picture
unit. They were ordered to spread the word that they were making a picture about
bandits. The unit was told to drop strong hints that a leading role might be available for
Giuliano. With no names mentioned, a series of return hints from Giuliano soon led the
"moviemakers" into the town of Castelvetrano.
ITALY: ExecutionerMonday, Apr. 30, 1951
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The police took official credit for the job, but it was not they who had killed famed Bandit
Giuliano. The machine-gun fire which Italy's carabinieri last July pumped into the
glamorous outlaw who had terrorized and fascinated Sicily for seven years (TIME, July
17) was aimed at a man they knew to be already dead. The police shots were a blind to
cover the real executioner. Last week, on trial in Viterbo for an assortment of killings and
other acts of banditry, Giuliano's former lieutenant and confidant, Gaspare Pisciotta,
confessed that he had killed Giuliano.
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8/2/2019 Salvatore Giuliano
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"We Must Do Something." Pisciotta had a falling out with his chief. Some of their
followers were being held for trial for the murder of May Day marchers at Portella della
Ginestra (TIME, May 12, 1947). Pisciotta proposed a raid to save them. "We must do
something for our friends," he urged. But Giuliano was hesitant. "There is little we can
do," he said. "If, we allow our organization to be destroyed, our friends will have no
hope." Giuliano made a gesture. He wrote a letter to the trial judge in which he took
personal blame for the murders. Pisciotta, far from satisfied, arranged a meeting in
Rome with Carabinieri Colonel Ugo Luca, whose sole assignment for two years had been
to kill or capture Giuliano. The two talked long and earnestly. Then the bandit lieutenant
drove to Castelvetrano, where his chieftain was hiding out.
A carload of carabinieri was waiting outside of the house where Giuliano was hiding. The
bandit chief was in a room upstairs. "Your letter," Pisciotta told him after the two hadexchanged greetings, "has brought no help to our friends. They will be sentenced to life
imprisonment."
Giuliano glared at him in quick suspicion. "What do you mean?" he asked. Pisciotta
shrugged, laughed and guided the talk into reminiscences. Ah, banditry today was not
what it once was. Remember the old days when . . .
Giuliano forgot his suspicions. As the clock struck 3, he rose, stretched and unbuckled
his cartridge belt. He laid his pistol on the table, placed a wad of notes beside it and
stretched out on the bed. He was just lifting his arms to put them back of his head when
Pisciotta whipped out his gun and fired.-The waiting police rushed in, seized the bandit's
body, dragged it into the street and fired their bullets into it.
"Please Arrest Me." Two days later, cold with fear, Pisciotta turned up at police
headquarters. He had just learned that fierce, vindictive old Maria Lombardo, the
mother of Giuliano, knew who had killed her son. "Arrest me," Pisciotta begged, "or I'll
tell everyone what I've done." The police obliged and tossed him into prison with theother bandits. But the loyalty even of those he had tried to save belonged not to him but
to Giuliano. On visiting day, the executioner begged his mother to "please bring me food
from outside." Prison food, he knew, might well be poisoned by his old comrades.
-
8/2/2019 Salvatore Giuliano
10/35
-Making Giuliano's end oddly similar to that of U.S. Bandit Jesse James, who was murdered in his St. Joseph, Mo. home in 1882 by his
henchmen the Ford brothers, Bob and Charlie, who had joined forces with the police partly in grudge against Jesse, partly to gain a pardon
for another bandit, Dick Liddil.
Foreign News: The Big MouthMonday, Feb. 22, 1954
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Up to three years ago, swart young Gaspare Pisciotta was the close friend and trusted
lieutenant of Sicily's most notorious bandit chieftain, Salvatore Giuliano (TIME, July 17,
1950 et seq.). Thanks to the unremitting efforts of Mario Scelba, who was then Italy's
Interior Minister, Giuliano was killed and Pisciotta captured. At his trial, the boastful
bandit lieutenant proudly admitted that it was he who had told the police where to find
Giuliano, that it was he and not the police who fired the fatal bullet into the bandit's
body. The confession earned him no forgiveness for his other crimes; he was sentenced
to life imprisonment. And it left him haunted by the certainty that Giuliano's friends
would seek revenge. "One of these days they will kill me," he was sometimes heard to
mutter as he paced the tiny cell he shared with his father (also a convicted bandit) in
Palermo's grim Ucciar-done Prison.
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One day last week, the guards at Ucci-ardone heard a cry for help from Pisciotta pere.
"Gasparino is feeling bad," called the old man. "Help him in God's name." The guards
arrived in time to find the young bandit writhing convulsively on his bunk. Rushed off to
the prison hospital, he died some 40 minutes later. What had happened? On the face of
it, nothing. Gaspare had brewed his own and his father's coffee as he did every morning.
As usual, he had stirred into his own cup a spoonful of vitamin preparation. The
medicine was not even new; he had already taken two doses from the bottle. Yet scarcely
had Pisciotta downed the coffee when he was seized with the violent cramps that led to
his death soon afterward. "Cardiac paralysis," was the prison doctor's first hesitant
diagnosis, but prison officials were far from satisfied.
All Italy was alive with theories about who killed Pisciotta. The fascist and Communist
press did their best to put it on newly appointed Premier Scelba's administration, buthad no evidence to go on. Others whispered the dread and legendary name of Mafia. But
in Sicily, where the ways of bandits are better understood, the people cared little for such
sophisticated argument. For Sicilians, it was enough that an informer had been killed.
As Gaspare Pisciotta's dead body was borne from the church in the small town of
Montelepre to the little cemetery on its outskirts, it passed the drygoods shop of
Mariannina Giuliano, Salvatore's sister. The windows were banked high with cheerful
red carnations, as if for a village festival. "At last," signed Giuliano's vindictive old
mother, Maria, when the procession wound by her house, "the big-mouthed one is
silent."
There one night last week they found their man. The carabinieri opened fire. Giuliano
fled, firing over his shoulder as he went. For 15 minutes the chase led on through
labyrinths of twisted alleys and courtyards. Captain Antonio Perenze, leader of the
carabinieri, hid in a doorway. A stalking figure crept up, machine gun set. Perenze
blasted pointblank. The figure whirled, tottered and fell face down, a dark red splotch
welling up under his white shirt.
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A few minutes later Salvatore Giuliano lay dead, his upper body shattered by bullets. In
his pocket was a package of mentholated cigarettes, a small flashlight and a photograph
of himself.
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THE SICILIAN ROBIN HOOD
Bandit and Murderer, or Hero and Patriot?
Introduction
"I live by my conscience and I do nothing anonymously. I am willing to take full responsibility in
the eyes of God and man for all that I do. I have killed when it is just to do so, but never has
Giuliano soiled his hands with blood for the sake of money."
Salvatore Giuliano, 1946 (Quoted in Maxwell, G. Bandit. 1956)
A young man of twenty, handsome and fearless, was carrying two bags of grain from one Sicilian
village to another. The state police, the caribineri, ordered him to stop. He was asked to produce
his identity card. He gave it to one of the officers, who commanded him to release his bags of
grain. The two argued. The young man protested that he was merely transporting food to the
hungry people in his village, and the caribinereinsisted that the young man reveal the source of
his black-market grain. The young man felt threatened by the rifle that the frowning caribinere
was pointing at him. He drew a Beretta from his waist and fired at the officer. Suddenly, the
young man ran, leaving his identity card behind. He was fired upon by the other officer, and fell
to the ground. The caribinerethat he had shot was bleeding to death as the second officer firedagain and hit the fleeing smuggler. The young man dragged himself into the scruffy vegetation.
He was bleeding from a wound in his back. Because the caribinerihad his identity card, it was
not necessary for the officer to pursue the wounded culprit. It was another case of a black-market
Sicilian peasant trying to avoid the authorities. He would either die like a dog in the underbrush,
or find some other peasant to nurse his wound. They would find him soon enough.
Thus began the outlaw career of Salvatore Giuliano. Not only would he become the most famous
fugitive in Sicily, but he would become a legend that fascinated most of the western world for the
next seven years. A featured story with photographs appeared in Life. Articles about him
appeared a half a dozen times in Time. Newspapers throughout Europe ran stories about hisexploits almost daily.
The Two Robin Hoods
Salvatore Giuliano, the Sicilian Robin Hood, had much in common with the legend of Sherwood
Forest. Both were outlaws. Both reportedly stole from the rich and gave to the poor. Both
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practiced their craft in relatively small areas of some 200 square miles. And both were clearly
legends.
But there is a difference. Robin Hood may or may not have existed. There is no doubt that
Salvatore Giuliano existed. Rather than fanciful paintings, we have photographs of him. We
have first-hand accounts of those who met him and knew him well.
Errol Flynn as 'Robin Hood'
Nonetheless, both Robin Hoods are legends in many senses of the word. Salvatore Giuliano not
only became a legend in his own time, but the half-century since his death has embellished it,
even as some writers have revised their estimate of him as nothing more than a common
criminal. During his lifetime, women adored him, children prayed for him, fathers and mothers
protected him, and young men joined him in the mountains above his home village of
Montelepre. (It is not without irony that the home village of the elusive bandit is translated
"Mountain of the Hare.")
Montelepre, Sicily
Who was this young man who became an outlaw at the age of twenty and was mysteriously killed
at the age of 27? What did he do that made him world-famous while alive, and long remembered
in his native land 56 years after his death? Was he indeed a hero, or was he nothing more than a
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bandit and a cold-blooded killer? To this day, historians are conflicted. He is either elaborated as
a unique force in post-war Sicily, or dismissed as a mere outlaw, a common profession in the
south of Italy.
Salvatore Giuliano
To look upon a photograph of Salvatore Giuliano is to look upon a young man of great physical
beauty, of nobility, and of dark, cold eyes. His thumbs are hooked in his belt. He has an
elaborate gold belt buckle and is wearing a large diamond ring and a gold wristwatch. His clothesare rough and serviceable, as if he were a hunter. He looks at the camera without emotion.
Most of all, he is defiant.
The Making of the Legend
After that chance encounter with the killing of the state police officer in 1943, Salvatore Giuliano
became a fugitive. He would be hunted relentlessly for the next seven years, defying the
authorities to capture him. His legend began almost immediately after his wound had healed.
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Giuliano showing his healed wounds
The identity card he had left behind gave the caribinerihis name. Unfortunately for his father,
Salvatore Giuliano, Sr., the authorities did not particularly care which Salvatore Giuliano they
arrested. Giuliano's father, uncle, and several cousins were imprisoned. Furious, Giuliano
managed to free all but his father from the regional jail, an act so daring that it immediately
captured the attention of the small towns west and south of Palermo. The lightly guarded jail was
no match for the ferocity of Giuliano, as he literally shot his way into the building, wounded one
guard, and subdued the cowering three others. Thus, with this audacious jail break, he no longer
was a mere outlaw, but had now begun his career as a bandit. One of his closest friends,
Gaspare Pissciotta, became his second in command. The core group of bandits probably
numbered no greater than a dozen, though at times the government claimed that he had as manyas a thousand men. (Later, when Giuliano took on more complex missions, he would augment
his band with others, so that the group became as large as fifty. It was never much larger than
that.)
The jail break was the first act to bring Giuliano notoriety. Soon thereafter he and his bandits
attacked a caribineribarracks outside of Palermo, killing two of the officers and making off with a
load of arms and ammunition. The mystique of Salvatore Giuliano was growing.
The Legend Grows
For the next three years Giuliano carried out a number raids, robberies, and killings. Some of the
events surrounding these missions formed individual legends, the accuracy of which is difficult to
determine. Some were probably true, some partly true, and some doubtlessly embroidered from
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a single, small incident. There are so many tales, however, that a great many of them probably
happened.
The "Robin Hood" designation grew slowly from a number of small reported acts. Giuliano
slipped money under the door of a sick old woman unable to pay for her medical treatment. He
gave money to small children he found crying who had their money taken from them by thethuggish caribineri. He hijacked a truck of pasta and distributed it to hungry families in the village
piazza. Whether true or not, the peasants in the villages around Montelepre marveled at these
stories.
The most famous anecdote concerned his robbery of the Duchess of Pratemeno. According to
accounts, Giuliano entered the sitting room of the duchess, addressed her courteously and
formally, and proceeded to relieve her of her jewelry. The jewelry was produced, and, as
Giuliano bent to kiss her hand, he noticed a diamond ring on her finger.
(The words of Giuliano in this anecdote are those reported by Maxwell.) "That, madam, isperhaps the finest of them all. May I have it, please?" She tearfully told Giuliano that it was a
gift from her husband, a token of her first love. Giuliano removed it, purportedly saying, "Then I
shall not sell it, but wear it myself. Knowing its history will make me value it the more."
In Dubious Battleby John Steinbeck
Giuliano noticed a book lying on the sofa. It was a translation of John Steinbeck's In Dubious
Battle. "I shall borrow this, but unlike the jewels, I shall return it," he said. He returned the book a
month later with a note:
"My dear Duchess,
I am returning herewith the book which I borrowed from you. I do not understand how a
reactionary like you could possibly appreciate it, and I was tempted to keep it. But when Giuliano
gives his word he does not break it."
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Giuliano
Salvatore Giuliano
This story is obviously embellished, because the ring that was on Giuliano's third finger (and
appears in the famous Michael Stern photograph of him) was clearly larger than one the Duchess
could have worn. Giuliano had kidnapped the Duke a year before, and it was then that he
probably appropriated the ring. But Giuliano's admirers found the story of the Duchess and the
ring too romantic not to believe.
The King of the Mountain
There were more than acts of kindness that contributed to the legend. The entire village of
Montelepre supported Giuliano, and refused to provide information to the hundreds of caribineri
who occupied the town. A few of its citizens dared to inform on him. One, a seventeen-year-old
who joined Giuliano's band on occasion, was caught listening at the door for scraps of information
that he could sell to the local captain of police. Giuliano warned the boy that he was engaged in a
risky business: "Never again to do anything so dangerous without my orders; you are a baby
playing with the affairs of men." A week later, the boy once more tried to pass information to thecaptain. Giuliano dragged the boy against a village wall and shot him.
Such executions of informers and traitors had an established ritual. The condemned was forced
to say his prayers before being shot. After each execution, Giuliano pinned a note to the body of
the traitor: "So Giuliano will deal with all those who spy against him." Sometimes the note would
be in the form of a poem.
From Bandit to Politician
In 1943, all of Europe was suffering. The effects of World War II were poverty, shortages,disorder, and a struggle for existence. The shortages were so severe that thievery and black
marketeering became the general way of life for a significant percentage of European
populations. Nowhere were the deprivations of the war and its aftermath more apparent than in
Sicily. Even with the liberation of the island from the Nazis, conditions were very difficult.
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By early 1946, Sicily was in one of its frequent states of political chaos, and Giuliano w