Download - Schaefer10e ppt ch12
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SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer
Stratification by Gender
12
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12. Stratification by Gender
• The Social Construction of Gender • Explaining Inequality by Gender• Women: The Oppressed Majority• Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class• Social Policy and Gender Stratification
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Gender Roles– Expectations regarding proper
behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females– Evident in work and in how we react to
others
– Most people do not display strictly “masculine” or “feminine” qualities all the time
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Gender-Role Socialization
• Boys must bemasculine:
– Active– Aggressive– Tough– Daring– Dominant
• Girls must be feminine:
– Soft– Emotional– Sweet– Submissive
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Gender-Role Socialization•Homophobia: fear of and prejudice
against homosexuality
Parents normally first and most crucial agents of socialization
Other adults, older siblings, mass media, religious institutions, and educational institutions also exert important influence
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The Social Construction of Gender
Table 12-1. An Experiment inGender Norm Violation byCollege Students
Source: Nielsen et al. 2000:287
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Gender-Role Socialization– Women’s Gender Roles
• Traditional gender roles have restricted females more than males
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Women’s and Men’s Gender Roles– Men’s Gender Roles• Attitudes toward parenting changing, but
studies show little change in tradition male gender role
• Boys who successfully adapt to cultural standards of masculinity may grow up to be inexpressive men who cannot share their feelings with others
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The Social Construction of Gender
• Cross-Cultural Perspective– Gender stratification requires:
• Individual socialization into traditional gender roles within family
• Promotion and support of traditional roles by other social institutions
– Every society has men and women who resist and successfully oppose stereotypes
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Explaining Inequalityby Gender
• The Functionalist View– Gender differentiation contributes to
overall social stability• Instrumentality: emphasis on tasks, a
focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions
•Expressiveness: concern for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family
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Explaining Inequalityby Gender
• The Conflict Response
– The relationship between men and women traditionally one of unequal power
• The Feminist Perspective– Very discussion of women and society
distorted by exclusion of women from academic thought
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Explaining Inequalityby Gender
• The Interactionist Approach– Study micro level of everyday
behavior• Men more likely than women to:
– Change topics of conversation – Ignore topics chosen by women– Minimize ideas of women– Interrupt women
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Explaining Inequalityby Gender
Table 12-2. Sociological Perspectives on Gender
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
• Sexism and Sex Discrimination– Sexism: ideology that one sex is
superior to the other• U.S. society run by male-dominated
institutions
The power and privilege men enjoy are no guarantee of well-being
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
• Sexual Harassment– Occurs when work benefits are
contingent on sexual favors or when touching, lewd comments, or appearance of pornographic material creates a “hostile environment” in the workplace
Must be understood in the context of continuing prejudice and discrimination against women
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
• The Status of Women Worldwide– Women’s and men’s worlds differ in
access to education and work opportunities
• Women in the Workforce of the U.S.– Women’s participation in paid labor
force in U.S. increased steadily throughout the 20th century
• Census bureau found 2 occupations out of 821 in which women typically earn about 1% more income than men
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
Figure 12-1. GenderInequality inIndustrial Nations
Source: Fuwa 2004:757
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
Figure 12-2. Trends in U.S. Women’s Participation in the Paid Labor Force, 1890—2003
Sources: Bureau of the Census 1975; 2004a:396
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
Table 12-3. U.S. Women inSelected Occupations, 2003;Women as Percentage of AllWorkers in the Occupation
Source: Bureau of the Census 2004a:385—388
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
• The Social Consequences of Women’s Employment– Second Shift: women work outside
the home followed by child care, sometimes elder care, and housework
Women spend 15 fewer hours each week in leisure activities than their husbands
• Women: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
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Women: The Oppressed Majority
Figure 12-3. Why Leave Work?
Source: Hewlett and Luce 2005:45
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Intersection of Gender,Race, and Class
• Women must add the effects of their race and social class to disadvantages of being a woman– Activist minority women do not agree
on which goal they should give priority to:• Gender equality• Racial, ethnic equality• Class issues
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
• The Battle over Abortion in a Global Perspective– The Issue
• In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court granted women the right to terminate pregnancies
• Pro-choice groups believe women have right to make decisions about their bodies
• Pro-life believe life begins at the moment of conception, so abortion is an act of murder
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
• The Battle over Abortion in a Global Perspective– The Setting
• Parental authority becoming important issue
• RU-486 “day-after” pills approved
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
• The Battle over Abortion in a Global Perspective– Sociological Insights
• Gender and social class defining issues surrounding abortion
– Feminists tend to support abortion; antiabortion activists tend to believe men and women are different
– Poor have less access to legal abortions
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
• The Battle over Abortion in a Global Perspective– Policy Initiatives
• Supreme court continues to hear cases• Most decided on a 5-4 basis• Most European nations liberalized
abortion laws beginning in the 1970s• Through 1980s and 1990s, Congress
often blocked foreign aid to countries that might use the funds to encourage abortion
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
Figure 12-4. Restrictions on Public Funding for Abortion
Source: NARAL Pro-Choice America 2005
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Social Policy and Gender Stratification
Figure 12-5. The Global Divide on Abortion
Sources: Developed by author based on Gonnut 2001; United Nations Population Division 1998, 2004