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Schizophrenia
and
other
Psychotic
Disorders
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Psychotic Disorders Symptoms
Alternations in perceptions, thoughts, or consciousness (delusions and hallucination)
DSM-IV categories Schizophrenia Schizophreniform disorder Schizoaffective disorder Delusional disorder Brief psychotic disorder Shared psychotic disorder Psychotic disorder due to general medical condition Substance-induced psychotic disorder
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Schizophrenia
Symptoms Disturbance lasts at least 6 months, including One month of active phase that includes 2 positive
or one positive and one negative symptom, and Decline in social or occupational functioning.
DSM-IV subtypes Paranoid Catatonic Disorganized Undifferentiated Residual
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Positive and Negative Symptoms
Positive Delusions – Faulty interpretations of reality Hallucinations – Faulty sensory perceptions Disordered speech Disorganized and bizarre behavior
Negative Flat affect Poverty of speech Lack of motivation or directedness Loss of energy Loss of feelings of pleasure
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Positive Symptoms: Delusions Schizophrenia
Variety of bizarre content Being controlled or persecuted by others Finding reference to oneself in other’s behavior
or in printed materials Depression
Unjustified guilty Perceived bodily changes
Mania Great self-importance Grandiosity
Delusional disorder Loved by celebrity/high-status person Suspect spouse or lover of being unfaithful Possession of special and unrecognized talent
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Negative Symptoms Flat affect
Avoid eye contact Immobile, expressionless face Lack of emotion when discussing emotional material Apathetic and uninterested Monotonous voice, low and difficult to hear
Poverty of speech Long lapses before responding to questions or failure to answer Restriction on quantity of speech Slow speech
Loss of directedness Slow movements Reduction of voluntary movements Inability to initiate activities Little interest in social participation Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Models of Schizophrenia No known cause, but research has focused on
Genetic factors Schizophrenic spectrum disorders Neuro-developmental model Family studies Twin studies Adoption studies Diathesis-stress theory and family and
community vulnerability High-risk studies focusing on family and birth
history and markers of attention and cognition deficits
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Brain pathology in schizophrenia
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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PET scans of the Genain Sisters
(Normal)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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CET (Computer EEG Tomographic) scans of the Genain Sisters
(Normal)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Prenatal Exposure to Influenza and Risk of Adult Schizophrenia
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Family Dynamics in Schizophrenia
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Treatment of Schizophrenia
Antipsychotic drugs – Some have side effects (e.g. tardive dyskinesia)
Skills training programs Family therapy programs Community support Combined treatment approaches Long-term outcome studies- Prognosis poor though
deteriorative effects plateau after 5 to 10 years
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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The role of therapy in preventing relapse
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Skills Training in Schizophrenia Social skills
Self-awareness Affect regulation Social cue recognition
Cognitive skills Training in elementary cognitive functions Strategies for dealing with cognitive deficits Cognitive restructuring about source of hallucinations
Self-care and symptom-identification Improved grooming and self-care Self-monitoring for symptoms of relapse
Skills for dealing with stress Identify indicators of stress Apply cognitive and behavioral techniques Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Family Interventions in Schizophrenia
Education about probable causes, symptoms. and course
Information about treatment Instruction in problem-solving and crisis
management skills Decease negative expressed emotion (EE) Relapse recognition
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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Other Psychotic Disorders
Schizoaffective disorder – Delusions or hallucinations combined with symptoms of depression or manic mood
Delusional disorder – Less bizarre than schizophrenia delusions; usually related to a particular topic and have some foundation in real life.
Shared psychotic disorder – Two or more people who share shame delusional belief; one originates, the other follows. Occurrence is rare.
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005