Download - Sistematika Penelitian 28 April 2012
Aria KekalihAria Kekalih
Program K3 BinawanProgram K3 Binawan
Sistematika Sistematika PenelitianPenelitian
Usulan Penelitian Usulan Penelitian Pada akhir Program Kekhususan peserta diharapkan Pada akhir Program Kekhususan peserta diharapkan
mampu menyelesaikan proposal penelitianmampu menyelesaikan proposal penelitian Sistematika Proposal Penelitian meliputi:Sistematika Proposal Penelitian meliputi: 1. Pendahuluan1. Pendahuluan
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
2.2. Tinjauan Pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan Pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka KonsepKerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep3. Metoda Penelitian3. Metoda Penelitian4. Daftar Pustaka: 4. Daftar Pustaka:
Penilaian Usulan Penilaian Usulan PenelitianPenelitian
Masalah yang akan ditelitiMasalah yang akan diteliti Tujuan penelitianTujuan penelitian Kerangka penulisanKerangka penulisan Pendekatan dan metodPendekatan dan metoda penelitian a penelitian
yang akan digunakanyang akan digunakan KepustakaanKepustakaan
SKRIPSISKRIPSIKarya tulis akademik hasil Karya tulis akademik hasil studi mendalamstudi mendalam yang dilakukan secara mandiri dan berisi yang dilakukan secara mandiri dan berisi sumbangan baru bagi perkembangan ilmu sumbangan baru bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuanpengetahuan atau menemukan jawaban atau menemukan jawaban baru bagi masalah-masalah yang baru bagi masalah-masalah yang sementara telah diketahui jawabannya atau sementara telah diketahui jawabannya atau mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru terhadap hal-hal yang dipandang telah terhadap hal-hal yang dipandang telah mapan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, mapan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan kesenian yang dilakukan teknologi dan kesenian yang dilakukan calon di bawah pengawasan para calon di bawah pengawasan para pembimbingnya.pembimbingnya.
PENELITIANPENELITIAN OrisinalitasOrisinalitas Menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru Menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru
(konsep atau produk)(konsep atau produk) Dilakukan dengan metoda Dilakukan dengan metoda
penelitian yang sesuai tujuan penelitian yang sesuai tujuan (desain, sampel, analisis)(desain, sampel, analisis)
Menggunakan metoda pengukuran Menggunakan metoda pengukuran yang yang up to dateup to date dan akurat dan akurat
Azas manfaatAzas manfaat
Why do we conduct research?We conduct research to obtain knowledge, explore unknown aspects and find out solutions for many of our problems.
Research leads to invention, innovation and creation of artifacts which are useful to make the living happier. It is an explorative expedition into the areas of human ignorance.
Research bring light into the darker side of our intellectual voyages.
Research is defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary aim for applied research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research use the scientific method
Research is a systematic, dilligent inquiry or examination of some field of knowledge undertakento establish fact or principles; it involves collecting and analyzing data
Categories of Research I. Empirical and Theoritical
Empirical: Based upon observation and experience Theoritical: Based upon theory and abstraction
Both complement each other : in developing and understanding phenomena, in predicting future eventsin the prevention of harmful events
Health Research mainly follow empirical approach
Empirical research: QuantativeQualitative
Quantitative: population of interestcharateristics (variables, individual, units in population)variability of these characteristics
Measurement of variablesEstimation of population parameters (distribution and variability of
observation in the population)Estimating the extent to which chance play a role (Statistical testing)
II. Basic and Applied Research Basic Research= Pure Research
involve a search for knowledge without a defined goal of utility or specific purpose
Applied research: a problem oriented research and is direted toward the solution of existing problem
In general there is a need to have a healthy balance between the 2 types
Basic research needs more affluent and technologically advanced resources
Basic research (fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among variables. It is exploratory and often driven by the researcher’s curiosity, interest, and intuition. It is conducted without any practical end in mind, although it may have unexpected results pointing to practical applications. The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, sometimes applied research. There is no guarantee of short-term practical gain.
III. Occupational Research TriangleOperational interlink between
Basic researchDeals primarily with basic researchinvolving process at cellular/molecular level
Occupational Health services researchDeals with issues in the environment surrounding man which promote changes at cellular level
Behavioural researchDeals with interaction of man and the environment in a manner reflecting the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the individual in society
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be fuzzy):
Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence
Research is a quest for knowledge through dilligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at discovery and interpretation of new knowledge
Scientific method is a systematic body of procedures and techniques applied carrying out investigation or experimentation targeted at obtaining new knowledge
A course of critical enquiry leading to the discovery of fact or information which increases our under-standing of human health and disease
Scientific methodGenerally, research is understood to follow a
certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the
subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal
research, both basic and applied:
Formation of the topic Hypothesis
Conceptual definitions Operational definitions
Gathering of data Analysis of data
Test, revising of hypothesis Conclusion, iteration if necessary
Charateristic of Research• Research originates with a question or a problem• Research requires a clear articulation of a goal• Research follows a specific plan of procedures• Research usually divides the principle problem into more manageable sub-problems• Research is guided by the specific research problem, questions or hypothesis• Research accepts certain critical assumptions, i.e. underlying theories or ideas about how the world works• Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem• Research is a cyclical or more exactly spiral or helical
Typical Steps in ResearchTypical Steps in Research1.1. Establishing a research question / hypothesisEstablishing a research question / hypothesis2.2. Finding background informationFinding background information3.3. Planning and conducting a specific research Planning and conducting a specific research
methodsmethods4.4. Collecting and studying dataCollecting and studying data5.5. Analyzing the dataAnalyzing the data6.6. Formulating and establishing a conclusionFormulating and establishing a conclusion7.7. Looking for areas of further researchLooking for areas of further research8.8. Stating the values associated with the research Stating the values associated with the research
knowledge knowledge 9.9. Publishing the research work for the others to viewPublishing the research work for the others to view
Sistematika IlmiahTeori dan FaktaMasalah PenelitianFenomena
HipotesisOperasionalisasi Variabel
Penetapan Model Penelitian Observasi Empirik
Pengolahan DataKesimpulan B
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KAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBMKAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBM
induktifinduktif deduktifdeduktif
PENGUJIANPENGUJIAN PENYUSUNAN PENYUSUNANHIPOTESISHIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS
St. parametrikSt. parametrik Meta AnalisisMeta AnalisisSt. non parametrikSt. non parametrik EksperimenEksperimen RRRR CohortCohortOROR Case ControlCase ControlConfidence IntervalConfidence Interval Cross SectionalCross Sectional
Menganalisis Hasil Merancang Penelitian
Sistematika Penelitian
Penelitian
Gap between das Sein & das Sollen
Literature Study
Research Question(?)/Hypothesis
Methods / Design
Data Collection and Analysis
Conclusions
In the sample
Inference
In the Real World
Empiric Research Cycle
Study ProtocolStudy Protocol Aims as guidance for the Aims as guidance for the
investigator in the whole investigator in the whole process of planned researchprocess of planned research
Different formats or styles, Different formats or styles, depending on intitutions: should depending on intitutions: should be followed rigidlybe followed rigidlyI. Introduction
II. Literature ReviewIII. MethodsIV. ReferencesV. Appendices
Bab I. Pendahuluan Judul Penelitian
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Kerangka TeoriTeori dan dan Kerangka Konsep Kerangka Konsep
Bab II. Tinjauan Pustaka
Bab III. Metoda Penelitian DesainTempat dan waktuPopulasi dan sampelKriteria inklusi dan eksklusiBesar sampelCara KerjaIdentifikasi variabelDefinisi operasional variabelMenejemen dan analisis dataMasalah etika
Bab IV. Hasil Penelitian Bab V. Pembahasan Diakhiri dengan Simpulan
SaranBab VII. Daftar PustakaLampiran
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Research ProblemA research problem focuses on the issue(s) or set of relationship that a researcher would like to study
Examples: Factors affecting the development of diabetic foot ulcer (and wound healing)The role of ChenoDeoxyCholicAcid in Cholestatic SepsisThe importance of structured exercise in Haj pilgrimate with pes planus
F I N E R ? Bagian yang sangat penting dari suatu penelitian
Syarat untuk Masalah PenelitianFeasible: mampu laksana
– subyek cukup, dana cukup, waktu, alat, keahlian
Interesting : menarik bagi peneliti
Novel: Sesuatu yang baru
Ethical: tidak bertentangan dengan etika. Komisi Etik FKUI
Relevant: Bagi ilmu pengetahuan, tatalaksana pasien, Bagi kebijakan kesehatanUntuk dasar penelitian selanjutnya dsb.
Sifat Suatu Penelitian Baru
Membantah penemuan terdahuluMengonfirmasi/ memverifikasi penemuan
terdahuluMelengkapi, mengembangkan, hasil penelitian
terdahuluMenemukan sesuatu yang baru
Definition of Originality1. Saying something nobody has said before2. Carrying out empirical work that has not been done before3. Synthesizing something that has not been put before4. Making a new interpretation of someone’ else material
or ideas5. Taking a new technique and applying it to a new area6. Taking an existing technique and applying it to a new area7. Being cross disiplinary and using different methodologies8. Looking at topics that people in the chosen disiplines have
not looked at before9. Adding in knowledge in a way that has not ben done before10.Testing existing knowledge in an original way11.Writing down a new piece of information for the first time12.Continuing a previously original piece of work
Sumber masalah Penelitian:Kepustakaan, Buku Ajar, Journal, Internet dll.Bahan Diskusi, hasil konferensi, seminarPengalaman praktek sehari-hariPendapat pakarTeori vs. PraktekSumber-lain
Teori dan Fakta Empiris
Fakta dan Fakta Biologis, Klinis, Sosial
?Perumusan
Masalah
Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep
Hipotesis
Metode Penelitian
KesimpulanGeneralisasi/Inferensi
Tinjauan Pustaka
Hasil PenelitianPembahasan
Penelitian
B e
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Bab I. Pendahuluan Judul Penelitian
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Tinjauan pustaka diakhiri dengan Kerangka Kerangka TeoriTeori dan dan Kerangka Konsep Kerangka Konsep
Bab II. Tinjauan Pustaka
Bab III. Metoda Penelitian DesainTempat dan waktuPopulasi dan sampelKriteria inklusi dan eksklusiBesar sampelCara KerjaIdentifikasi variabelDefinisi operasional variabelMenejemen dan analisis dataMasalah etika
Bab IV. Hasil Penelitian Bab V. Pembahasan Diakhiri dengan Simpulan
SaranBab VII. Daftar PustakaLampiran
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Latar Belakang Masalah Magnitude of the problemApaMengapaBagaimanaUntuk apa (manfaat)
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Bab I. Pendahuluan
Most important part of research proposal
Research Question(s)/Rumusan MasalahIdentifikasi masalah: merupakan ringkasan masalah yang ada
Rumusan MasalahFormulation of the background in interogative sentence(s)
Brief and directClear Not multiinterpretable
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Bab I. Pendahuluan
Contoh Perumusan MasalahContoh Perumusan Masalah Apakah pada kolestasis terkait sepsis Apakah pada kolestasis terkait sepsis
pemberian CDCA bermanfaat ?pemberian CDCA bermanfaat ? Apakah program latihan terstruktur Apakah program latihan terstruktur
dengan insole dapat mengurangi dengan insole dapat mengurangi kelelahan pada jemaah haji dengan pes kelelahan pada jemaah haji dengan pes planus? planus?
Bagaimana mekanisme peran CDCA Bagaimana mekanisme peran CDCA pada kolestasis terkait sepsis?pada kolestasis terkait sepsis?
Tujuan Umum: Tujuan akhir penelitian yang hendak dilaksanakan, yang mungkin merupakan aspek yang lebih luas atau tujuanJangka panjangnya
Tujuan Khusus:Disebutkan secara lebih tajam hal yang akan langsung diukur, dinilai atau diperoleh dari penelitian
Tujuan umum dan khusus dapat dijadikan satu kalimat (bila pendek) Tujuan umum dan khusus dapat ditulis terpisah
Tujuan Penelitian 1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Bab I. Pendahuluan
Purpose of StudyPurpose of Study General:General: Wider aspects or prospective Wider aspects or prospective
naturenatureTo reduce mortality associated with DSSTo reduce mortality associated with DSS
Specific:Specific: What exactly will be measured What exactly will be measured- To determine demographic and clinical - To determine demographic and clinical factors associated with the development of factors associated with the development of DSS in children DSS in children- To determine the effectiveness of - To determine the effectiveness of crystalloid A as crystalloid A as compared to RL solution in compared to RL solution in managing pts with DSSmanaging pts with DSS
Spesific purposes should be in line with hypotheses
Hypotheses:carefully constructed statement about a phenomenon in the population
Method of difference: Difference in frequency of lung cancer in smokers and non smokersMethod of agreement: The occurrence of hepatitis A is associated with patient contact, crowding and poor sanitation and hygieneMethod of concomitant variation:Increasing frequency of leukemia with increasing radiation exposureMethod of analogy:The distribution and frequency of a disease or effectmay be similar enough to that of some other disease to suggest commonality in cause
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Bab I. Pendahuluan
HypothesisHypothesis An answer to research question that should An answer to research question that should
be validated empiricallybe validated empirically Hypothesis should not be judged as correct Hypothesis should not be judged as correct
or incorrect, but as valid or not validor incorrect, but as valid or not valid Not all studies need hypothesis; surveys Not all studies need hypothesis; surveys
and other descriptive studies do not need and other descriptive studies do not need hypothesishypothesis
Any research questions containing the Any research questions containing the words:words:associated with, related to, correlated to, associated with, related to, correlated to, different from, larger, smaller, better, different from, larger, smaller, better, worse, more, cause, risk factor(s) etc. worse, more, cause, risk factor(s) etc.
Charateristic of good Charateristic of good hypothesishypothesis
Written in positive sentenceWritten in positive sentence Based on good scientific reasoningBased on good scientific reasoning Can be validated empiricallyCan be validated empirically Simple: Simple:
- describe the association of one or more - describe the association of one or more independent variables and one dependent independent variables and one dependent variablevariable
- can be tested separetely with hypothesis testing- can be tested separetely with hypothesis testing Formulated a priori Formulated a priori
A POSTERIORI, DATA DREDGING, FISHING EXPEDITION
Significance / ManfaatSignificance / Manfaat AcademicAcademic ClinicalClinical Health PolicyHealth Policy Further ResearchFurther Research
1.1 Latar Belakang1.1 Latar Belakang1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.2 Identifikasi Masalah1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.3 Tujuan Penelitian1.4 Hipotesis1.4 Hipotesis1.5 Manfaat penelitian1.5 Manfaat penelitian
Bab I. Pendahuluan
Kerangka TeoriRingkasan tinjauan pustaka terkaitlangsung dengan rencana penelitian
- Bentuk skema, - Disertai dengan narasi pendek
Kerangka KonsepBentuk skema, dapat serupa/tidak serupa
Kerangka TeoriDisertai dengan narasi pendekMemasukkan:
- hubungan variabel- konsep / area yang akan diteliti
II. Literature Review• Detailed, but only aspects relevant to the substance of the research; no need to Review all aspects of the disease or problem under investigation• Requirement: good literature search and appraisal-
original articles, reviews, quantitative reviews, metaanalyses
• Most recent publications (internet search). Older ones ONLY for historical perspective
• Be meticulous. Needs repeated revisions, including languages: words,sentences, paragraphs, literature citations etc.
KAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBMKAJIAN TEORI / DATA / EBM
induktifinduktif deduktifdeduktif
PENGUJIANPENGUJIAN PENYUSUNAN PENYUSUNANHIPOTESISHIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS HIPOTESIS
St. parametrikSt. parametrik Meta AnalisisMeta AnalisisSt. non parametrikSt. non parametrik EksperimenEksperimen RRRR CohortCohortOROR Case ControlCase ControlConfidence IntervalConfidence Interval Cross SectionalCross Sectional
Menganalisis Hasil Merancang Penelitian
Sistematika Penelitian
Penelitian
Bab I
Bab III
III. MethodsIII. Methods Design(s): one study may have more Design(s): one study may have more
than 1 designthan 1 design Time and placeTime and place Population: target population, sourcePopulation: target population, source Criteria for inclusion and exclusionCriteria for inclusion and exclusion Sample: sampling techniques, sample Sample: sampling techniques, sample
sizesizeAll must be elaborated explicitly in great details
Methods (cont.’ed)Methods (cont.’ed) Procedures: equipment, drugs, Procedures: equipment, drugs,
randomization, blinding, measurements, randomization, blinding, measurements, interventions, follow-up etc.interventions, follow-up etc.
Variable identification: independent variables, Variable identification: independent variables, dependent variables, confounders etc.dependent variables, confounders etc.
Definitions- Operational Definition of Definitions- Operational Definition of VariablesVariables
Ethic Committee ApprovalEthic Committee Approval Plan of analyses: types of test, computer Plan of analyses: types of test, computer
programs used, p value, confidence interval, programs used, p value, confidence interval, etc. etc.
Study Design Sequence Study Design Sequence Case ReportCase series
Cross-sectionalSurveys
Analytic studies
Case –controlCohortRetrospective Cohort
ExperimentalRandomized TialsQuasi-experimental
Study DesignsDescriptive
Case Report
Case Series
Descriptive Epidemiology
AnalyticEcologic Study
Before-After Study
Cross-sectional Study
Case-Crossover Study
Case-Control Study
Cohort Study
RCT
Desain Penelitian Desain Penelitian ObservationalObservational InterventionalInterventional
Laporan kasusLaporan kasus Uji KlinisUji KlinisSeri kasusSeri kasus IntervensiIntervensiStudi Potong LintangStudi Potong LintangStudi Kasus-kontrolStudi Kasus-kontrolStudi KohortStudi Kohort
Study Design SequenceStudy Design SequenceHypothesis Formation
Case Report Case Series Descriptive Epidemiologi
Lab. Study
AnimalStudy
Analytic Epidemiology
Cross-Sectional
Case-Control
CohortClinical Trials
Hypothesis Testing
Study DesignsDescriptive Studies Develop Hypothesis
Investigate its relationshipto outcomes
Case-ControlStudies
Cohort Studies
Clinical TrialsIncr
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D
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se/E
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Define its meaning with exposures
Test LinkExperimentally
IV. Hasil PenelitianIV. Hasil PenelitianMelaporkan hasil penelitian secara keseluruhan
Keterbatasan penelitian Kekuatan penelitian – mutiara2 penelitian Lama studi Karakteristik PenelitianData Hasil Penelitian terkait:
Tujuan PenelitianHipotesis
Dalam bentuk Tabel, Diagram, Narasi
V. Pembahasan V. Pembahasan Pembahasan mengenai:
Subyek PenelitianData Hasil Penelitian terkait dengan:
- Tujuan penelitian- Hipotesis penelitian
Penjelasan mengenai Hasil Penelitian terkait dengan:- Hasil penelitian di tempat lain- Hasil penelitian yang memperkuat teori yang sudah ada ataupun yang tidak sesuai dengan teori/keadaan yang sudah ada
Hasil Penelitian Terkait Hypothesis TestingSimpulan SaranRingkasanSummary
SimpulanSimpulan
Berisi Pokok-pokok Temuan pada Penelitian
Tidak memasukkan hal-hal yang tidak merupakan temuan penelitian ini
Critical Apraisal / Kritik Critical Apraisal / Kritik JurnalJurnal
Alasan dilakukan penelitian ?Alasan dilakukan penelitian ?Tujuan ?Tujuan ?Hipotesis ? Hipotesis ? Tipe desain studi ?Tipe desain studi ?Populasi ?Populasi ?Jumlah sampel ?Jumlah sampel ? Adekuat ?Adekuat ?Cara pengambilan sampel ?Cara pengambilan sampel ?Nilai alpha ?Nilai alpha ?
Critical Apraisal / Kritik Critical Apraisal / Kritik JurnalJurnal
Bias ?Bias ?Kriteria inklusi ?Kriteria inklusi ? Kriteria eksklusi ?Kriteria eksklusi ?Variabel-variabel ?Variabel-variabel ?Cara pengukuran ? Standarisasi alat ukur Cara pengukuran ? Standarisasi alat ukur
??Kesesuaian jenis analisis statistik ?Kesesuaian jenis analisis statistik ?Hasil ?Hasil ? Interval kepercayaanInterval kepercayaan ? ? Kesimpulan ?Kesimpulan ?Hasil dapat dipercaya ?Hasil dapat dipercaya ?Hasil dapat dipraktekkan di tempat kita ?Hasil dapat dipraktekkan di tempat kita ?
Hatur Nuhun