Download - Skeletal System d3 15092011
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 1/31
Susy Kristiani, drg.M.Kes.
Dept. of Oral Biology
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 2/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 3/31
OSTEOLOGI
Sistem skeleton/kerangka manusia terdiri dari tulang( 206 pada dewasa) dan persendian/joints,
• AXIAL skeleton :•
- Cranium• - Thorax• - Columna vertebralis•
APPENDICULAR skeleton :• - Extemitas superior & inferior• - Cingulum extremitas sup & inf
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 4/31
FUNGSI SKELETON
• Membentuk tubuh dan sebagaipenyangga tubuh
• Melindungi organ tubuh : otak, jantung, paru-paru, organ
reproduksi• Haemopoetik : membentuk sel-sel darah, karena mempunyaisumsum tulang
• Untuk pergerakan tubuh, dimanaotot melekat pada tulang
• Depo mineral anorganik : kalsium,fosfor, magnesium, sodium
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 5/31
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES• Ossa longa/tulang panjang
– Ossa extremitas• Ossa brevia/tulang pendek
– Bentuk kubus, dengan 6permukaan (ossa carpalia &ossa tarsalia)
• Ossa plana/tulang pipih – Os sternum, os scapula,
sebagian os cranium• Ossa IRREGULARIS
–
Bervariasi dalam bentuk : Ossavertebrae, sebagian os cranium • OSSA PNEUMATICA
- Didalamnya terdapat suaturongga/sinus (os Maxilla,Frontale, Sphenoidale)
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 6/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 7/31
ANATOMY of a LONG BONE
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 8/31
BONES GROWTH and REPAIR• OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
• Sel yang terdapat di bagian dalam periosteum,endosteum, dan canalis centralis compact bone
• OSTEOBLASTS• Berasal dari sel osteoprogenitor, dan bertanggung
jawab terhadap sekresi bahan pembentuk matrix tulang• OSTEOCYTES
• Berasal dari osteoblasts. Mempunyai peranan pentingdalam mempertahankan metabolisme tulang.
• OSTEOCLASTS• Penting dalam pertumbuhan tulang dan bertanggung
jawab membuang tulang-tulang tua danmemperbaikinya,/regenerasi tulang
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 9/31
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS
•
Dimulai dari basis cranii - pelvis• Terdiri dari beberapa kelompok tulang
VERTEBRAE intervertebral disks (fibrocartilage )
– 7 V. CERVICAL ( neck ) –
12 V. THORACIC ( chest ) – 5 V. SACRAL membentuk osSACRUM
– 5 V. LUMBAR ( lower back ) – 3 to 5 V. COCCYGEAL
•
fetus, columna vertebralis membentuk concave anteriorly curvatura primer• Protects the spinal cord
VERTEBRAL CANAL
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 10/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 11/31
OSSA THORACIS• Composed of :
– THORACIC VERTEBRAE( 12 ) – COSTAE/ RIBS and CARTILAGO COSTAE ( 12 )
• 12 pasang brhubungan langsung di bagian belakang dengan ke12 vertebrae thoracalis
• 7 pasang costae teratas berhubungan langsung dengan sternum
melalui cartilago costae TRUE RIBS / VERTEBROSTERNALRIBS• 5 pasang costae berikutnya FALSE RIBS• Costae 8, 9, 10 VERTEBROCHONDRAL RIBS, melekat
secara tidak langsung pada sternum melalui cartilago costae 7• Costae 11 ,12 pendek , tidak melekat pada sternum
FLOATING RIBS – STERNUM (dibentuk 3 tulang) :
• Manubrium sterni, Corpus sterni dan Processus Xiphoideus• Protects the heart and lung• Support tulang gelang bahu (cingulum extremitas
superior)
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 12/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 13/31
CINGULUM EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR &EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
• CINGULUMEXTREMITASSUPERIOR
– Tdd. 5 tulang :• Manubrium sterni• 2 Clavicula• 2 Scapula
–
Menyangga lengan atasdan tempat perlekatanotot-otot yangmenggerakkan lengan atas
• EXTREMITASSUPERIOR :
– Humerus ( tulang lenganatas)
– Radius & Ulna( tulang lengan bawah )
– Carpalia, Metacarpals,Phalanges
( tulang pergelangantangan, telapak tangan, jari-jari )
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 14/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 15/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 16/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 17/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 18/31
• CINGULUMEXTREMITASINFERIOR
– Tdd :• 2 os coxae
( tulang pantat ) ilium, ischium, pubis
• Sacrum & Coccyx–
Pelvis/panggul tempatperlekatan extremitasinferior
– Protects :• Urinary bladder•
Internal reproductiveorgans• Large intestine
• EXTREMITASINFERIOR
– Femur (tulang tungkaiatas)
– Patella (tulang tempurunglutut)
– Tibia & Fibula (tulangtungkai bawah)
– Tarsalia,Metatarsals,
Phalanges(tulang pergelangan kaki,telapak kaki, jari-jarikaki)
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 19/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 20/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 21/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 22/31
2.3 JOINT ( ARTICULATION )
• There are two systems for classification :– According amount of movement they allow– According to their structure ( the convention followed
here )• A joint called :
– SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )– AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHT MOVEMENT )– DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 23/31
SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
• Occur where fibrousconnective tissue
joints bone to bone
fibrous joint
• Sutures, in the
cranial vault andface; and areimmovable
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 24/31
AMPHIARTHROSIS( SLIGHT MOVEMENT )
• Where bones are joinedby hyalin cartilage orfibrocartilage cartilaginous joints
• Slightly movable
•
The pubic symphysis,the joint between thetwo pubic bones
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 25/31
DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )• Bone ends do not contact
each other, but are enclosedin a capsule
• Generally freely movable
• Two bones are separated by
a joint cavity is lined by asynovial membrane, whichproduces synovial fluid, alubricant for the joint
• Ligament, which arecomposed of dense regularconnective tissue, bind thetwo bones and add evenmore stability
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 26/31
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 27/31
MOVEMENT PERMITTED BYSYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendonsthat cross joint. When a muscle contracts, one
bone moves in elation to another bone
• Types of movement :
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
CIRCULAR MOVEMENTSPECIAL MOVEMENT
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 28/31
ANGULAR MOVEMENT• FLEXION
– Decreases the jointangle
• EXTENTION – Increases the joint
angle• ADDUCTION
– the movement ofbody part toward themidline
• ABDUCTION – The movement of the
body part laterally,away from midline
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 29/31
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT• CIRCUMDUCTION
– The movement of the bodypart in a wide, makes armcircle
• ROTATION – The movement of a body part
around its own axis:• The arm is twisted towardthe trunk ( MEDIALROTATION
• The arm away from the trunk( LATERAL ROTATION )
• SUPINATION – The rotation of the forearm
the palm in upward• PRONATION
– Is the opposite, the movementof the forearm the palm is
downward
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 30/31
SPECIAL MOVEMENT
• INVERSION – Turning the foot so that the sole
faces inward• EVERSION
–
Turning the foot so that the solefaces outward• ELEVATION and• DEPRESSION
– Refer to the lifting up and down,
respectively, of a body part• Shrug shoulder• Move jaw up and down
8/12/2019 Skeletal System d3 15092011
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/skeletal-system-d3-15092011 31/31