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Ver.1
Dr. Radoslav D. Mii, doc
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1.- ........................................................................................ 8
......................................................................................................... 8
, ............................................................. 8
?.............................................................................................................................................. 9
2. ......................................................................................................... 10
2.1. ..................................................................... 10
2.2 .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3. ...................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1. ............................................... 11
:.............................................................................................................. 11
................................................... 12 ....................................................... ............. 13x ......................................................... ........................................... 14 .................................................................................................... 14 ............................................................................................ 14
2.3.2. ....................................................... 15
:.............................................................................................................. 15
- .............................................................. 16 - ........................................................ .. 18 - ....................................................................... 18 ................................................................................ 19 ............................................................................................................................... 22 .............................................................. ................................ 24 .............................................................. ........................................... 25
3. ( )............................................... 27
3.1. ,
................................................................................................................................................................... 273.1.1................................................................................................................................................ 29
, ....................................................................................................................................... 29
........................................................................................................................................ 29
....................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1.1. ............................................................................................................ 30
3.1.1.2. ..................................................................................................................... 31
TypeI: Sapropelic .................................................................................................................................. 33
TypeII: Planktonic ................................................................................................................................. 34
TypeII: Sulfurous................................................................................................................................... 34
Type III: Humic ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Type IV: Residue ................................................................................................................................... 35
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........................................................................................................................................... 35
3.1.1.3. ()....................................................................................... 36
3.1.1.4. ....................................................... ........................................... 37
3.1.1.5. .................................................................................................. 38
3.2. .............................................................................................. 39
3.3. ....................................................................................................................... 40
3.3.1. ................................................................................................................................... 41
3.3.2. .................................................................................................... 41
3.3.3............................................................................................................................................ 42
..................................................................................................................................................... 42
............................................................................................................. 42
.......................................................................................................................................... 42
- ........................................................................................................... 42
3.4. ................................................................................................................. 43
.......................................................................................................................... 44
....................................................................................................................... 45
3.5. ......................................................... 47
(. - ),............................................................................................................................ 47
3.6. .......................................................................................... 49
:....................................................................................................................................... 49
:- ................................................................................................................................ 49
: - ,.............................................................. ..................... 50
4. ....................................................................................................................... 51
4.1. ....................................................................................................................... 514.1.1. ........................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1.2.................................................................................................................................. 52
4.1.3. Aromati ............................................................................................................................................... 53
4.1.4. ................................................................................................................. 53
4.1.5. na ......................................................................................................................... 53
4.1.6. .............................................................................................................................. 54
4.1.7. ........................................................................................................................ 54
4.1.8. ............................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2. ........................................................................................................ 56
4.2.1. ............................................................................................................................................... 564.2.2. ......................................................................................................................................... 56
....................................................................................................................... 56
...................................................................................................................... 56
............................................................................................................................ 56
4.2.3. .................................................................................................... 57
............................................................................................................................. 57
............................................................................................................................... 57
4.2.4. ........................................................... ...................................................... 57
4.2.4.1. .................................................................................. 57
. .............................................................................................................................. 57
. ( )..................................................................................................... 57
. ............................................................................................................................ 57
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. ............................................................................................................................... 57
4.2.4.2. ................................................................................. 57
. ................................................................................................................................... 57
. ................................................................................................................................. 58
. .................................................................................................................................. 58
4.2.4.3. ............................................................ .............................................................. .. 584.2.4.4. .................................................................................................................... 58
4.2.5. ............................................................................................................................... 58
. ......................................................................................................................... 58
. ............................................................................................................... 58
. ................................................................................................................ 59
4.3. ........................................................................................ 59
4.3.1. .................................................................................................. 59
. ()............................................................................................................ 59
. (I)................................................................................................................... 59
4.3.2. - ........................................................ ...................................................... 594.3.3. ....................................................................................... 60
5. .............................................................................................................. 61
............................................................................................................................................................. 61
................................................................................................... 62
......................................................................................................... 62
, ........................................................ ........................................... 62
.............................................................. ..................... 63
................................................................................................................. 63
- ................................................................. ...................................................... 63
- ............................................................................................................. 64............................................................................................................................................ 64
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- ................................................................ ............ 68
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.............................................................. ................................................................. .......... 70
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. ............................................................................................................................. 70
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.................................................................................................................... 71
.......................................................................................... 71
1982/1992 .................................................... 72
............................................................. ................................ 75
................................................................................................................ 75
6. ............................................. 79
6.1. , .................................................. 79
6.2. ( )................................................. 82
6. 4. ........................................................................... 83
6. 4.1. ................................................................................................... 83
6. 4.2. ......................................................................................... 84
6. 4.3. ......................................................................................... 84
6. 4.5. .............................................................. 856. 4.5.1. The Oil Industry of Medieval Persia (Azerbaijan and Baku) ........................................................... 85
6. 4.5.1.1. ........................................................... .. 866. 4.5.2. The Early Oil Industry of Poland and Romania ............................................................................... 87
6.4.5.3. ................................................................................ 88
6. 4.5.4. .............................................................. .. 91
6. 4.5.4. ............................................................................................ 92
6.4.5.5. The Early Oil Industry of Pennsylvania ............................................................................................ 93
6.4.5.6. Spindletop, Texas ............................................................................................................................ 96
7. ........................................................................... 100
7.1. ........................................................................................ 100
7.2. ( ), cable tool rig ................................................................. 102
:............................................................................................................................. 102
:............................................................................................................................................ 102
, "spudding" ........................................................................................................... 105
7.2.1. , ................................... 106
Drillingderrick, , ......................................................... ................... 106
, (Walking Beam) .......................................................................... 107
7.2.2. , ...................................... 108
Drillingbit................................................................................................................. 108
(drillstem, AugerStem)................................................................................ 110
(jar) ........................................................................................................................... 110
(The sinker bar) ............................................................................................. 112
() (rope socket)......................................................................... 112
(Rope) ........................................................................................................................................ 113
(emper screw) ................................................................ .............................. 115
(emper screw) ............................................................................... 116
(emper screw) ............................................................................. 116
7.2.3. , ....................... 117
, (bailer)................................................................................................ 117
............................................................................................................................................ 117 .............................................................................. 119
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7.3. ............................................................................................................ 121
.......................................................... .............................. 121
......................................................................................................... 121
........................................................................................................................ 123
....................................................... ......................................... 124
, 1865..................................................... ........... 125 ..................................................................................................................... 125
.......................................................................................................................... 126
....................................................................................................................................... 128
............................................................................. 128
1. Buaa postrojenja................................................................................................................................. 128
Tehnoloki proces buenja................................................................................................................. 128
............................................................................................................................... 130
...................................................................................................................... 130
()....................................................... .............................. 130
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................................................................ .................................................... 135
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......................................................................................................... 135
.......................................................... ................................................................. ........ 136e.................................................................................................................................................. 137
......................................................................................................................... 137
()......................................................................................................... 138
......................................................... .................................................... 138
................................................................ .............................................................. 139
....................................................... ......................................... 139
....................................................................................................................... 139
Koomey .............................................................................................................................. 140
(Choke)............................................................................................................ 140
.................................................................................................................................... 140
............................................................................................................................ 141
8. ........................................... 142
8.1. .................................................................................................................... 142
8.2. 1918. ................................................................................................................... 143
8.2.1. .............................................................. ................... 143
8.1.2. ................................................................................. 148
, , ........................................................... ......................................... 149
; , .................................................. 150
: ................................................................................. 151
, .......................................................... 153 , ................................................................................................ 154
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............................................................................................................................ 154
..................................................................................................... 155
............................................................................. 155
I ................................................................................................ 156
II ................................................................................. 156
:.................................................................................................................................. 156 II ............................................................................................ 158
:.................................................................................................................................. 158
:......................................................................................................................... 159
.......................................................................................... 161
.............................................................................................................................. 162
........................................................................................................... 163
- ......................................................................................................... 164
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1.-
It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.AlbertEinstein
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenehttp://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=23.03%E2%80%935.332http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=23.03%E2%80%935.332http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene -
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: (1725), q (1794), (1843), (1859), (1863), (1865), (1877), , \ (1883),, (1888), (1889), (1898), (1903), (1906), (1907), (1908),(1916, 1932), , , , (1953), (1954).
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3. ( )
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification -
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.: , Example of a typical humicacid, having a variety of components including quinone,
phenol, catechol and sugar moieties[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1 -
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) , , , . . - , . ,
9-propenylpyranobenzopyran, 2-methylsulphinylmethyl 1,3-dione. [2]
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(Diagenetic catagenetic) , , . . , , ,
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. , . , . ; , , . (),
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I (Sapropelic) , - . ( 5 ).
(the Green River Shale),
(Eoceneage), , . , , . , I . I .
II (Planktonic) , , , . - II , , . , , , .
II , , . II . .
III (Humic) (terrestrial), . . III II, II.
IV
. .
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. , .
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.
TypeI: Sapropelic
1 , , . , , 1 , [10]
alginite, , cyanobacteria, ,
H: > 1.25 O: < 0.15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginite -
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TypeII: Planktonic
II . , . . I III. II I, , , II
Plankton (marine) H:< 1.25 O:0.03 o 0.18 . :
o Sporinite: o Cutinite: o Resinite: ,
o Liptinite: (
)
,
TypeII: Sulfurous
II,
Type III: Humic
() H:< 1 O:0.03 o 0.3 M , . ( III a,
) ,
III , . , , , , - - , . III ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen -
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Type IV: Residue
H: < 0.5
IV
. .
, . ,, . . , . , . , . ( ).
I-IV, (transmitted-lightmicroscopy). . , . , . .
(macerals), .
. , , , .
; , . ,, . .
, , , . - ICCP (1963, 1971, 1975, 1998, 2001;.
, 2005) : , / .
, (spores, cuticles, suberine), , /(). , , (Tissot and Welte, 1984;Taylor et al., 1998; Wilkins and George, 2002).
, (Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001).
.
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0 -
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/ , , (ICCP, 1971, 1998; Skorov etal.,2005). / .
/ , , (Stachetal., 1982; van Krevelen, 1993; ICCP, 1998, 2001; Tayloretal., 1998; Skorov etal.,2005, andSurez-RuizandCrelling, 2008 ).
. , . Type III . (Type III ) Type II Type III , .
3.1.1.3. ()
, , . , , (catagenesis metagenesis) , . .
. , , -. , "." , .
, . , . , . , . , . , , . . (, )
.
. , , . , , , , . , , 70 . , 20 -30 , , , , .
,
. , , .
-
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, . .
, ( , ,source rocks),
(). ( immature, ), - ( ), ( ) ( ).
, , . , -, , .
3.1.1.4.
.
, . , , . , , , . , .
, . , . , , ,
. ( / ) , , .
,, . , . , , ,- , (Monterey Formation of southern California). , , (Kern County), ,
- . , . , , .
, . , .
. . , I, II,
III .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rock -
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, . . , , . , . -
, . , , . . , , . , , .
.
.
."" . "". .
, ,, (vitrinite reflectance), .
, , . , , .
. - (electron-spinresonance).
. .
. , - - . , : , , .
3.1.1.5.
, . , . . .
; . , , . , . () .
-
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, . .
(, ) . ( ) , . - .
, , (C5H8). , .
(mevalonic acid, C6H12O4), (isopentenylpyrophosphate), . .
(C5H8) : (C10H16) ; (C15H24), ; (C20H32), ; (C30H48), ; (C40H64), . 1,000-5,000 . , : , . . , -, . .
, , . . .
. , - .
. (overpressuring),
. . . .
3.2.
, , . , . . , ,
(reservoir rock).
-
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40
. 5.
, (cap rock), .
. 500C. 600C
. 650C 1500C. , 2130 5500 . , , .
, 150 2200C, , . , .
, ,
. , . , . , .
3.3.
, , .
, . - , .
/ , , . :
, - / , .
- , , .
.
/ , .
-
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3.3.1.
. . , .
80 99 . , () . - . .
3.3.2.
( ) :
, .
85 90 . , .
. 6.
( . =) , , : .
, . , ,
. .
-
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, : , , . , , , . .
- , , . . , .
3.3.2.1.
, .
. , , .
() , . 30 , 5 . , .
3.3.2.2.
, . , , (
), . , . . , (, ) () . , . , . , , . .
, . , , , .
3.4. -
. , . .
, . , , ,
-
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. , . .
3.5.
, .
, , , , .
, . , .
.
, , .
- . . , , . . , , .
.
( ) .
, , , .
, .
:
() . , , , , , .
,
, ,
,
-
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, , ( ),
,
,
, - -, ,
; ; .
, . ,
.
, . .
() . , . , , , , .
, ,
, : , . , - .
. , . . .
, ., , - . ,
, , - .
, , . .
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5 -
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( ) ( , ) , .
.
o . ovo , . , , , . ,
, , .
( , , ), . ,
. . .
- , . .
-
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, .
.
.
. , , , , . , . - , , .
:
,
. ( ) ,
,. , .
. 9.
, ,
. , .
, - . . , .
, o , .
, , 50 .
-
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, , .
: .
.
, . . , . 100 . . llins(20) .
3.6.
. . , , .
(. - ), . . , . . ,
. :
(Folding) , .
(Faulting)- , .
(Pinching out)- (squeezed) .
, .
, , , . . .
, . , , .
. . .
-
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48
/.
, , : , , , , .
. 10.
, dijapira, . ,
. , 2 . ,
5 10 . , () ,
. .
(anti- + :), , , . ,
.
http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111 -
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(. : ), , , . , , ; .
. 11. :-, - , ,-
3.7.
, . .. (1967) : , .
: - , , - , - , .
:- , - ,
-
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50
, - () , , , , .
: - ,- , - , , .
, :
, , ,
. . , :
,
,
,
:
,
- .
-
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4.
, , ( ), , , () ()," ".
. . , , , (H), , . - - .
, , , , - -. , - . , XIX , . . 200 C , 240 C , 340 , , , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , , -.
, . , .
1940. 1970. , II , .
, . , ,
. ( , , ) ( , ). , , , (, , , .).
4.1.
( , , crude oil) , , .
,
(, ). ,
-
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. , . , .
, , . 80 %, 30 %. . , .
(%):
C 83-87H 11-14
S 0.5-6
N 0.1-2.0
O 0.05-1.5
: ~ 40 . : Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Ni, V.
4.1.1.
: CnH2n+2(), (, -) (). , C1C4, 95 %, ,, , , 2,2-. , 517, , . , ( 6...5 , 12.. .355 ,18.. .60532 ) -.
, 1678, , , 5 %, 7, 12 % 50 % -.
4.1.2.
CnH2n (, ). , 25 75%. , ( 30 4 ).
1.
-
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53
4.1.3. Aromati
,
10 20 % ( 30 %). , ,, o-, m-, -, ( 3 %).
+ H3 A + H3
4.1.4.
. - - .
1,2,3,4
4.1.5. na
0.1 2 % ( 7 %). 200 , , (), , , .
1. (): : R-SH, (,C2H5SH, 0.6-0.02 /)
2. ()
3.
(3,3,0)
(4,3,0)
(4,4,0)
(2,2,1)
10H16
-
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2. : : R-S-R, : R-S-S-R,
: R-Sn-R
3.:
4.1.6.
0.02 1.5 %, ( H2SO4) .
(.30%)
(.70%)
+
V, Ni, Fe
4.1.7.
2%. , , Pb, Zn, Cu.
K
+
-
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}18%
4.1.8.
V, Ni, Fe, Mo, Cu, Na, Si, Al, Zn 0.02 0.03% . ,
, . :
, , , / . .
, , . . .
Ponca City (SAD):
1.
- CH3CH2R 14%
- CH3CH (CH3)R
CH3CH2CH (CH3)nR
2.
-10%
-6%
5%
3.
-18%
17%
+ 4%
. .5%
3%
= 100%
-
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4.2.
4.2.1.
,
/3 /3.
, . . (I, American Petroleum Institute), :
0.8 (45.3 ) 1.0 (10 ) . . . ( ) . . , (21 ), (15.56 ).
. 30 40 , 1,0 / . , 12 , .
4.2.2.
, .
.
(poise) (centipoise), (Pascal , Pas), (mPas).
. , .
. (Dean i Davis) 0 100 i(Pennsylvanije), 0 100
:
-
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L H o 0 100, a U je , 38C.
4.2.3.
, , ()
.
. 24 38 dyn/cm.
.
4.2.4.
4.2.4.1.
. (CP) a a , , . .
. ( )(PP) , .
. (FP) . ( ) . , , . (w) .
.
. (CFPP) , .
4.2.4.2.
. . , , . , , , , , .
-
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. .
.
.
, , . . 40 . 60 , .
4.2.4.3.
. . , -.
4.2.4.4. a
. a
. , .
4.2.5.
. . , . .
,
. .
. . 656.3 nm(C, ) 486.1 nm (F, ) . :
-
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: , , .
. :
C
n , d C . , .
4.3.
4.3.1.
. () (Universal Oil Products Company , UOP Characterisation Factor), : .
= s1/3/ d (, R) = 1.22 s1/3/ d (, K)
. (I)
( (Bureau of Mines), :
I = 473.7 d -456.8 + 48640 /
d ().
2.1. I :
I
12.5-13.0 0-15
( ) 10.5-12.5 15-50
9.0-10.5 >50
4.3.2. -
n - d M - 1947.
(SGA), . :
- (%CA), (%CN) (%CP) .
-
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- (RT), (RA)
(RN) .
(d), (n)
().
4.3.3.
( , ) :
1. ( 75% ), , , 2. ( 70% ), , , , , , 3. - (60-70% 20% ), ,
4. --,
5. - ( 35% 35% ), , , 6. ( 60% ), 7. --, ,
-
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5.
, (CH4) (C2H6), (C3H8) (C4H10). , . , , . ().
, , , , . , . , , . ,
. . (, ),() , .
, . , , , . , .
, . , . , . . , () , .
8 ,
- .
(Natural gas NG), , , -- ().
. .
- - - (Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG),
; .
-
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20 (Liquefied Natural GasLNG). - , , . .
. . . , .
, , , - . ,
. , , , , , , , , . . , , , , .
, ., , .
. , .
, . .
, , . , , 19. , . 1884. -.
23 . 20. , . 1929. 93,5 %. 20. 30%. , , .
,
, , , () . , , , .
, . .
-
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, , .
, ( ) , , , . . , . .
, , . - , - , . ,
. : , - - , , ., - , . .
. . . . , , ,
. 100 (10 ).- . , , . "", .
- : . , . . , , .
. . ( S3) ( ) S3/3.(S3 15 C).
, . 900 18.000 S3/3 - , 5 500 S3/3 - 20 3/3 .
, . .
-
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- ( 3 x 107 P = 30 P, = 300 = 306 ), (80 - 100C ). 5 .
,
- . , ( C5 C10), ( C5 C35.)
100 500 c3/3 . . , ; .
11. ,
1983. . ,
. , , , . (Natural Gas) .
, , , . .:
Natural Gas (NG) - () - , , ( ) , . . , , .
Non Associated Gas - , .
Associated GasGas Cap Solution Gas- , .
Raw Natural Gas - ,
-, ,
.
Marketable natural Gas- .
Wet (Rich) Gas- "" , , .
Dry (Lean) Gas - " "i , .
Sweet Natural Gas - .
Sour Natural Gas - .
-
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Liquefield Natural Gas (LNG)- ( - ), () . - .
Liquefield Petroleum Gas (LPG)- -. , , . , * .
Condensate - - . -. . , , .
() . ,
. .
-. (CH4), (CH3CH3), (CH3CH2CH3),-(CH3CH2CH2CH3) - ((CH3)2CHCH3). , , , , ( 1-3, 6).
, . (CO2) (N2), (H2S),(RSH), , (He),(Ne) (Ar), (Hg). , , , ( 1-3, 5,6).
1 (s %)
. : , , 1989.
- -
(CH4) 994,50 85,00 70,30
(C2H6) 11,44 4,10 7,40
(C3H8) 00,34 3,37 6,20
(C4H10) 00,20 1,40 4,10
(C5H12) 0,14 0,80 3,20
(C6H14) 00,08 0,60 3,00
(C7+) 00,40 3,40 2,00
(N2) 00,30 0,81 1,79
(CO2) 22,60 0,50 1,90
(H2S) - 0,02 0,11
-
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. , .
, . ,
, , .
2. - (. . %
., y, 5 . 1986 . 702, 1
3.. ( %)
:, ., , , 1967. . 49
4. . , , , , . 5 .
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5 N2 C2
91-98 0,6-2,5 0,3-1,1 0,5 0,2 1,0-4,5 -
() 90-95 2,3-6,4 0,9-1,1 1,5-1,8 0,5 -
(.) 57-79 8,0-14,0 6,0-12,0 3-7 1,5-3,0 1,9-2,0 4,5
() 72-86 5,0-8,0 4,0-7,0 2,5-5,5 1,2-2,0 1,3-4,0 0,6-1
75- 89 4,5- 8,0 1,5-5,0 1,0-2,5 0,4-1,0 2,0-6,0 0,5-2,2
. () 70,3 14,5 6,5 4,3 1,6 2,8 -
79-89 5,0-8,0 1,2-4,0 1,0-2,0 0,4-1,0 3,0-5,0 0,2-0,8
80-86 1,4-4,0 - - - 12-16 -
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5 N2 C2 H2S
-/.W. 85,30 5,80 2,00 0,80 1,90 1,00 3,2
- -' 83,50 7,00 2,00 0,80 0,40 6,10 0,20
- 46,20 5,20 2.00 0,60 0,10 1,00 44,90
-W 94,30 3,10 0,50 0,20 0,20 1,20 0,50
-
- 72,00 13,90 6,50 2,60 1,40 0,70 2,30 0,6
- 46,50 13,20 19,80 10,60 8,00 1,20 0,70
-
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4. - (.. / S3
: -, , , 1989.
5 .
, ppm 1 -3 50- 100
, ppm 3 3
, / 3 10 10
C -15 -25 -70
C -2 -2. ,, , 1987.
6
*1 = 100KPa = 0,1 MPa; x 0,1 = MPa; (46,04 = 4,604 MPa). 0C = 273,15 ; 20C +273,15 =
293,15 . : , , - , , 1989. , y,5 . 1986 . 705.
39,5 35-42 36,2
39-43 34,8 37,0
39,4 38,0 34,9
38,9 33,1 40,0 35-44 31,7 40,2
34,1 39,9 35,1-38,3
34,6
. ..C . /3
()*
CH4 16,043 -161,50 0,6785 0,5537 37,71 -82,6 46,04
C2H6 30,070 -88,60 1,2718 1,0378 66,35 32,3 48,80C3H8 44,097 -42,10 1,8650 1,5219 93,94 96,7 42,50
n-C4 58,121 -0,48 2,4583 2,0059 121,80 152,0 37,97
i -C4 58,121 -11,73 2,4583 2,0059 121,44 135,0 36,48
n-C5 72,151 36,04 3,0515 2,4900 149,66 196,5 33,69
i- C5 72,151 27,87 3,0315 2,4900 149,36 187,2 33,81
neo C5 > 72,151 9,48 3,0515 2,4900 148,74 160,6 31,99
n-C6 86,178 68,74 3,6448 2,9741 107,55 234,2 29,70
n-C7 100,206 98,43 4,2382 3,4584 205,43 267,0 27,36
n-C8 114,233 125,68 4,8312 3,9422 233,29 296,6 24,87n-C9 128,260 150,82 5,4145 3,4264 261,18 321,4 23,10
n-C10 142,287 174,15 6,0179 4,9106 289,06 344,3 20,99
CO 44,010 -78,50 1,8613 1,5188 - 31,0 73,80
He 4,003 -268,96 0,1693 0,1381 - -267,96 2,27
H2 2,016 -252,80 0,0853 0,0696 12,10 -240,20 12,93
H2S 34,080 -60,30 1,4414 1,1762 23,79 100,00 89,40
N2 28,013 -195,80 1,1848 0,9668 - 147,00 33,90
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-
, ; . , , .
. . . 30 -70%, 30-50%, 5-30%.
- . .
, . 30 60%, , : 5-14%, 3 - 18%, 2-8%, 1 - 6%. .
, 50 -100 g/m3, 750 g/m3.
. . , . ,
CO2 N2.
j . .
.
, , .
, , 2,5%., 10-15%, .
., 80% . , .
, . . , 65C.
. . , :
-
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CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Fe + H2CO3 FeCO3+ H2
, ,
. 10 15 m/s 0,2 P.
. pH, :
CaCl2+ H2CO3 CaCO3+ 2HCl
2HCl + Fe FeCl2+ H2
FeCl2+ H2CO3 FeCO3+ 2HCl
. 2,5% H2S, . . () . .
0,01%. , H2S 45%. , , .
.
( )} - .
CO2 H2S . :
COSO4+ CH4 CaS + CO2+ 2H2O
CaS + H2O + CO2 CaCO3+ H2S
CO2 H2S C1C5 .
:
1. ,
2. ,
3. .
. pH 6.0. pH 6.0 9,5 , pH 9,5 .
80C .
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. H2S , , . . . 100C, .
, . / . 150C . , 220C . . , .
. .
. , . .
(CH3CH2SH) 0,03 - 0,07 ppm. .
. (0,075 /3). (Groningen) (1,18 /3), Salzwedel-Peckenzen (2 /3). 1973-75. . (0,2 -2.0 /3),1983. 0,55 0,80 /3.
. . , 0 12%. , .
., 0,005 0,1%, 1,2% . , .
8, ( ), , .
3 , 15C 1 ( 1,01325 ).
(15, 1 ),
-
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(1,00). 0,560 0,650, () .
31 - 44/3 (7.400 - 10.500 cal/3),
46-50 /, , 11.000 - 12.000 cal/3. , , 33,5 - 46/3 (8.000 - 11.000 cal/3) .- .
. . : - .
( ), 13 .
1 3 . (Rv) (Ppvp) (Ppzvp) :
Rv = Ppvp / Ppzvp
. , , .
. .
- C2 . CO2 H2S, , .
1986. ., 270 x1012 3, , 3,5 . .
giga 3 ( , , 3.
- ; 3 x10123( 3 3- 3000 3)
- (Hassi RMel), 2x10123.
- (Groningen) 1,9 x10123.
-(Pazanun) 1,4 x1012
3
. - (Panhandle-Hugoton) 4x10123.
-
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, 1998. , , 1
1: , , 1998. , 1093( 3)
: & ., . y - y '99
1982/1992
, . 2.
1989 / 90 ., , , , . 1998. , ( -), , , , , , , . ( 3).
1998. 26 130.927 3 , , 90,89% , 13.123 3 9,11%.
, , .
1998. ., 144x1012 3.
(109 ), 140x109 .
/ .
/ 100.600 8.600 47.000 45.000
77.900 2.100 44.300 31.500
38.200 22.400 4.600 11.200
23.700 2.000 8.300 13.400
- 23.100 1.100 9.600 12.400
j j 20.200 2.900 10.700 6.600
15.300 4.100 5.400 5.800
15.600 2.600 2.700 10.300
13.200 1.800 5.500 5.900
9.500 500 1.700 7.300
7.200 800 2.000 4.400
23.700 2.000 8.300 13.400
344.100 48.900 141.800 153.400
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120x109 . , 131x1012 3 91% 26 , 33,42 % .
2, , 1093 ( 3)
. & . .25. 1993 , , . 62, * - -
1982 1988 1992 %
2.747 2.775 2.711 2,0
2.148 2.167 2.008 1,5
5.707 5.302 4.731 3,4
3.136 4.252 5.340 3,9
: 13.738 14.496 14.790 10,7
1.470 1.815 1.950 1,4. 719 623 540 0,4
2.265 3.741 2.941 2,1
: 4.454 6.179 5.431 3,9
* 35.118 41.065 55.007 39,8
396 830 595 0,4
: 35.514 41.895 55.602 40,2
3.151 2.999 3.625 2,6
2.214 4.042 6,198 4,5
: 5.365 7.041 9.823 7,1
13.668 13.860 19.802 14,3
3.318 3.962 5.171 3,7
. . 809 5.763 5.794 4,2
3.993 7.115 12.284 8,9
: 21.784 30.700 43.051 31,1
-
838 2.067 1.824 1,3
4.147 5.168 7.834 5,7
: 4.985 7.235 9.658 7,0
: 85.840 107.546 138.355 100,0
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4, 1998. . .
3. 1998. ., 10 9 3 ( 3)
:GJ Special, .26.,1994, .42/43, OGJ Special, .29. 1998, .38/39
4. - (109/3)
1998. % 1998. %
48.145,00 33,422 1.840,83 1,280
2.860,38 1,986 1.121,28 0,778
1.874,82 1,302 124,61 0,087
: 55.966,92 38,852
: , .29. 1998, .38/39
5 1998. . , -.
5. 1998. . , 10 123 . 3
.Oil & Gas .U.S. Geolocical Survey-Encyclopedi Britanica 94-99
% %
1.* 55.981 38,86 14. 1.810 1,252. 22.940 15,93 15. 1.736 1,21
3. 8.496 5,90 16. 1.484 1,03
4. 5.381 3,73 17. 1.481 1,03
5. 5.353 3,72 18. 1.311 0,91
6. 4.715 3,27 19. 1.161 0,81
7. 4.052 2,81 20. 777 0,53
8. 3.699 2,57 21... 760 0,52
9. 3.252 2,26 22. 688 0,48
10. 3.110 2,16 23. 595 0,41
11. 2.260 1,57 24. 550 0,38
12. 2.047 1,42 25. 492 0,34
13. 1.841 1,28 26. 308 0,21
144.050, 61,602
14,662 x 10123 10,2 %
56,731 x 10123 39,4
48,883 x 10123 33,9
9,872 x 10123 6,8
- 9,078 x 10123 6,3
4,824 x 1012 3 3,4
129,388 x10123 89,8
144,050 x10123 100,0
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. , , .
. . 20. 21. .
, 6.
6. 1950-1998, 10123
1950. . 8,8 x10 123 1988. . 107,5 x10 123
1960. . 17,0 x10 123 1992. 138,4 x10 123
1980. . 72.0x10 123 1993. . 142,1 x10 123
1981. . 82,4x10 123 1994. . 141,0 x10 123
1982. . 85,8 x10 123 1997 .. 140,0 x10 123
1986. 102,0x1012
3
1998. 144,0x1012
3
.Oil & Gas .U.S. Geolocical Survey-Encyclopedi Britanica 94-99
, . , , . . 21.
1950 - 1985. ., . , -, , . , 20 .
1. - 1981. .
. w W y-1981. * 3 -
()
*S3 %,
1. 499,2 554,6 36,2
2.. 411,8 457,5 29,93. 68,0 75,6 4,94. 66,3 73,3 4,85. 65,0 72,2 4,76. 46,3 51,4 3,47. 38,0 42,2 2,88. 31,9 35,4 2,39. 25,0 27,8 1,810. 22,7 25,2 1,611.. 16,7 18,6 1,212.O 87,6 97,3 6,4: 1.378,5 1.531,5 100,0 100
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. 60% . , ,, , 82%.
2: - (1093)
: British Petroleum Oil & Gas .ct 25. 1993. .58, 3-Year Forecast
1950 -1985. - ,
1960 1985. . .
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992
73,8 71,5 71,4 90,7 99,0 105,0 115,0
28,5 27,6 24,7 26,0 28,3 28,2 27,8
506,6 497,6 457,2 484,1 504,2 502,6 502,1
38,7 46,5 54,4 58,8 65,3 68,0 68,8
: 647,6 643,2 607,7 659,7 697,9 704,0 713,7
64,7 68,2 62,4 55,4 60,5 68,9 69,4. 33,9 36,9 43,3 43,6 47,2 52,5 52,9
66,6 69,4 71,0 73,9 74,2 73,9 74,2
: 165,2 174,5 176,7 178,9 181,9 195,3 196,5
() 460,0 539,0 639,5 717,7 759,5 755,7 727,5
42,0 45,5 46,8 40,9 34,2 31,3 28,7
: 502,0 584,5 686,3 758,6 793,7 787,0 756,2
26,6 53,9 34,5 41,6 47,2 50,0 51,5
7,5 10,8 14,1 17,2 19,8 21,0 22,5
: 34,1 44,7 48,6 58,8 67,0 71,0 74,0
6,6 9,3 14,3 16,3 17,2 19,2 20,6
7,2 13,5 15,2 20,0 23,8 25,7 26,3
12,4 18,2 25,5 29,1 30,5 33,2 34,2
14,4 16,0 20,0 29,0 31,7 27,0 35,3
: 40,6 57,0 75,0 94,4 103,2 105,1 116,4
-
19,6 29,0 35,5 38,0 47,4 50,7 53,4
56,5 73,0 87,4 100,1 113,0 120,4 130,3
: 76,1 102,0 122,9 138,1 160,4 171,1 183,7
: 1.465,0 1.606,0 1.666,0 1.882,0 2.004,0 2.033,0 2.041,0
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- 1981. 1., , , 2.
2. 1984. - . 1982-1990.. 460 759,5 . 3, , 299,5 . 3
65,10%, 37,9%.
, . . - .
1992. 727,5 . 3 35,64% .
1982. . 506,6 . 3 . 1982-1992. . , 1992. ., 502,1. 3, 1982. . , 24,6% ,
.
. 1982. 1992. 73,8 115 . 3.
1992. . 69,4 . 3 , 53,4 ., 52,9 ., 51,5, ., 34,2 . 3, .
- :, , 107 . 3 (76,1 183,1 . 3) .
: . 75,8 3( 40,6 116,4 . 3).
: , 40 . 3,, 34 74 . 3.
: , 165,2 196,5 . 3, 31,3 .3.
. , 28,32 . 3.
1982. 1992. ( 2) 1.465 (3), 2.041 3( 574 3 39,2%). 13.5%, 15,2%.
3, 1997..22 2.141,04 . 3 93,03%, 160,45 3 6,97%
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1997. , 2.041 . 3 1992. . 2.301,48..3. 3. . , , , , , , .
OPEC , . OPEC-
, , . , ,
3 1997 ( 1093)
: & . 9. 1998., . 84
* : CISCommonwelt of Independent States FSUFormer Soviet Union - .
% %
1. (CIS-FSU) * 675,17 29,34 12. 30,10 1,31
2. 563,50 24,50 13. 28,31 1,23
3. 183,31 7,97 14. 27,43 1,19
4.. 91,76 3,99 15. 24,79 1,08
5. 84,37 3,67 16... 24,03 1,04
6. 66,14 2,87 17. 22,36 0,97
7. 59,37 2,58 18. 21,38 0,93
8. 46,14 2,00 19. 20,97 0,91
9. 42,63 1,85 20. 20,34 0,88
10. 36,86 1,60 21. 20,28 0,88
11. 33,53 1,46 22. 18,34 0,80
1-22: 2.141,04 93,03 %
: 160,45 6,97 %
: 2.301,48 100,00%
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79
6.
, , , , .. , .
. , " / ".
6.1. ,
, , ,
6000 . , , , . , .
, , . . () , , (2500. . 538. . . .), , . 11. .
.
, , . ( ( ) , V (...) ,
, . " " .
. . "" " " .
(Robert Koldewey) 1898. . , , . . () 2600. .... , , .
500. . . . , .
-
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XIX .
(ustinHenryLayard), 1845. , . (HormuzdRassam) ,
. . - 600 150 .
, , (Noeh), . . - . , . , .
( ) 3000. . ... , , . 3.800. 3.700. .... , 4.000..... , 4.000 ... ?
A (IV-V ) , . : " ,
, . , ( ), ". .
,, , , , . - .
, .
, .
. .
( 60. .... 20. ...)
.
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q . , . ,
. 220.
. ... . . .
, , . , ,