Soft Computing Lab.Dept. Computer Science
Yonsei Univ. Korea
Self-replication from random parts30 Mar. 2010, Keunhyun Oh
Saul Griffith, Dan Goldwater, and Joseph M. JacobsonMIT Media Lab
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Nature, vol. 437, pp. 636, 2005.
ContentsContents
• Overview
• Related works– Key feature of biological replication– Previous studies
• Proposed methods
• Experiments
• Summary and future works
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The autonomous self-replicationThe autonomous self-replication
• Autonomously self-replication machines– not yet to acquire the sophistication of biological systems, which assemble
structures from disordered building blocks
• The autonomous replication of complex systems from random inputs
– A replication of a reconfigurable string of parts– Randomly positioned input components
• Components– Suitable Miniaturized and mass-produced– Constituting self-fabricating systems whose assembly is brought about by the
parts themselves
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Key feature of biological replicationKey feature of biological replication
• Selecting the appropriate building blocks(nucleotides) from parts (ex. DNA)
– Parts• randomly and continuously distributed in its environment
• Correcting errors made during copying
• The efficiency– Enabling biological systems to generate exponential numbers of accurate
copies of themselves as a function of time
• To create these properties– Autonomous acquisition of randomly distributed building blocks– Carrying out error correction during the copying process
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Previous studiesPrevious studies
• A scheme for the autonomous self-replication– A simple 2-bit mechanical string outlined almost half a century ago
• Using structured inputs has since been achieved
• Including a self-reproducing machine that relies on a well-or-dered supply of its building blocks
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The complexity of a given structureThe complexity of a given structure
• The bit length describing the configuration of parts – in this case, a 5-bit string
• Ɛ– the error per addition(arising from random input) of each new building block
in the copied string
• (1- Ɛ)n
– The yield for replicating an n-bit string– Exponentially small for complex (large n) systems
(Ɛ = 0.5, n=5; the yield is about 3% in the case described here)
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Error correctionError correction
• For complex structures to be copied accurately from random in-puts
• A process in which a linear increase in resource leads to an ex-ponential decrease in error rate
• DNA replication– the polymerase enzymes responsible for copying may also check each re-
cruited nucleotide base for correct complementary base-pairing with the DNA template strand
– if the incoming base does not fit, it is removed by the enzyme’s exonuclease domain.
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To implement error-correcting repli-cation
To implement error-correcting repli-cation• A set of programmable electromechanical components
– Run as a 7-state, finite-state machine– the components can be reversibly latched and unlatched in response to near-
est neighbor communications– These parts interact by floating on a two-dimensional air table on which mo-
tion is random
• Self-replication of this sequence– A result of a random part latching on to the seed string– the part is queried for self-similarity and proper position in the growing repli-
cant– subsequently it is either permanently latched or released according to an
embedded rule
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Growing MachinesGrowing Machines
• S. Griffith, 2004
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6-state machine6-state machine
• S. Griffith, 2004
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Electromechanical unitsElectromechanical units
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An example of latching each otherAn example of latching each other
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Self-replication of a 5-bit stringSelf-replication of a 5-bit string
• Figure 1 shows a series of frame shots that start with a single-seed string (coloured in a green, green, yellow, yellow, green se-quence).
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ResultResult
• The kinetics of these processes are exponential until they be-come limited by the supply of parts(Fig. 2).
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Another formationAnother formation
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Summary and future worksSummary and future works
• Summary– The autonomous replication of complex systems the ability of the DNA tem-
plate to select the right building blocks • A set of randomly scattered parts• The ability to correct copying errors
– developing machines for the autonomous self-replication of a reconfigurable string of parts from randomly positioned components.
• Future works– Machines will be more miniaturized – Possible to create a general system
• self-replicating and programmed to self-fabricate into complex structures that run with exponential kinetics.
Thank you
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