Download - STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI - SKELETAL
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SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL
Struktur & Fisiologi Tulang
Struktur & Fisiologi Otot
Struktur & Fisiologi Sendi
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STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI TULANG
Oleh:
Nassruto
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Objektif Am :Memahami struktur & fisiologi tulang
Objektif khusus:- Melabelkan struktur/bahagian tulang- Menyenaraikan jenis-jenis tulang- Menjelaskan klasifikasi tulang- Menghuraikan komposisi tulang- Menerangkan fungsi tulang mengikut
bentuknya- Menerangkan fisiologi tulang dlm
mengekalkan homeostasis
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Skeletal System
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Struktur tulangKomposisi tulang
Terdiri daripada:
Air 25 %
Bahan organik
Bahan inorganik
30 – 40%. Collagen fibres & Cells eg. Osteoblast,osteocytes, Osteoclasts
40 – 50%. Garam mineral eg. Kalsium fosfat
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Terminologi
Osteoblast = sintesis & merembeskan kolagen fiber & bahan organik lain utk pembentukan matrik tulang.
Osteocyte = sel tulang yg matang, mengekalkan tulang sebagai tisu hidup
Osteoclast = terlibat dalam proses resorption tulang (development, growth, maintainance & repair)
Matrix = cecair interselular
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Jenis tisu tulang
i. Tulang padat(Compact bone)
ii. Tulang kanselous(Cancellous bone
/ Spongy bone)
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Compact Bone Cancellous bone
Partially sectioned bone structure
Periosteum
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i. Tisu Tulang padat ( Compact bone) - Secara makroskopik, kelihatan padu
- Secara mikroskopik, terdiri daripadaunit-unit Osteon atau Harvesian System
- Haversian Canal (Central Canal), mengandungi salur darah, salur limfa & saraf, yang dikelilingi oleh lamella
- Antara lamella terdapat lacuna, yangmengandungi osteosit
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- Canaliculi menghubungkan lacuna dgn yanglain dan Haversian Canal
- Kawasan antara osteon terdiri daripada Interstitial lamella
- Susunan lamella berbentuk tubul
- Osteosit mendapat bekalan oksigen & nutrien dari salur darah & salur limfatik
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ii. Tisu Tulang Kanselous ( Cancellous bone)
- Secara makroskopik, kelihatan spongy
- Terdiri daripada trabecula yang tidak teratur
- Ruang antara trabecula dipenuhi dgnsum-sum tulang
- Mengandungi lamella & lacuna
- Lacuna mengandungi osteosit
- Osteosit mendapat nutrien terus drp. peredaran darah melalui kaviti medulari
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Periosteum- Lapisan luar yang menyelaputi permukaan tulang
- Tempat pelekatan ligamen & tendon
- Perlindungan tulang drp kecederaan
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Jenis-jenis Tulang
i. Tulang Panjang
ii. Tulang Pendek
iii. Tulang Irregular
iv. Tulang Leper
v. Tulang Sesamoid
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i. Tulang Panjang
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Structure of long bone
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- Terdiri drp diafisis, dua efifisis & articular cartilage
- Diafisis (shaft):• bentuk silinder• tisu tulang padat yg tebal• medullary cavity mengandungi yellow bone marrow
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- Efifisis:i. lapisan luar terdiri drp tisu tulang
padat yang nipis & tisu tulang kanselous pada dalamnya
• mengandungi red bone marrow• hujung distal & proksimal tulang
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- Articular cartilage:i. Lapisan Hyaline cartilage menyelaputimeliputi kaviti sendi pada bahagian efifisisii. Mengurangkan geseran & serap tekanan
- Contoh tulang panjang:i. Femur (thigh)ii. Tibia & Fibula (leg)iii. Humerus (arm)iv. Radius & Ulna (forearm)v. Phalanges (fingers & toe)
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ii. Tulang Pendek
- Cube shaped- terdiri drp tisu tulang kanselous- pd bahagian permukaan terdiri drp tisu tulang padat- Contoh tulang pendek:i. Carpal bone (wrist)ii. Tarsal bone (ankle)
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iii. Tulang Irregular
- Bentuk yg kompleks- Contoh:i. Vertebra (backbone)ii.Hip bone
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iv. Tulang Leper
- Flatted - Terdiri drp tisu tulang padat & satu lapisan tisu tulang Kanselous- Tapak pelekatan otot- Contoh tulang leper:i. Sternum (breast bone)ii. Rib (tulang rusuk)iii.Scapulae (shoulder blades)iv.Cranial bone
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Sternum
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v. Tulang Sesamoid
- Small- Contoh: i. Patella (kneecap)
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Patella
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Klasifikasi Sistem Rangka Tulang
i. Axial Skeleton
ii.Appendicular
Skeleton
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i. Skullii. Vertebral Columniii.Ribs• Sternum
i. Pectoral girdlesii. Upper limbs• Pelvic girdle• Lower limbs
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i. Axial Skeleton
Skull (tengkorak)
Sternum
Ribs (tulang rusuk)
Vertebral column(kolum vertebra)
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1. Skull (tengkorak)
- Terletak di penghujung superior kolum vertebra- Terdiri drp:i. Cranial bone (tulang kranium)ii. Facial bone
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Right Lateral view of Skull
Frontal boneParietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
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Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Inferior nasal concha
Anterior view
Lacrimal
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- Melindungi otak- 8 tulang
- Terdiri daripada:i. 1 frontal bone (anterior)ii. 2 Parietal bone (side & root)iii.2 Temporal bone (inferior lateral)iv.1 Occipital bone (posterior & dasar)v. 1 Sphenoid bone (middle)vi.1 Ethmoid bone (anterior of base & medial to orbit)
Cranial bone
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- 13 tulang- Terdiri daripada: i. 2 Nasal bone (midline nose) ii. 1 Maxilla (rahang atas) iii. 2 Zygomatic bone (pipi) iv. 1 Mandible (rahang bawah) v. 2 Lacrimal bone (posterior & lateral nasal bone) vi. 2 Palatine bone (posterior hard plate) vii. 2 Inferior nasal (lateral wall nasal cavity) conchae viii. 1 Vomer (floor nasal cavity)
Facial bone
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2. Vertebral Column (Kolum Vertebra)- 26 Tulang belakang (backbone)- Antara vertebra dipisahkan oleh intervetebra disk
• Annulus fibrous (Fibrocartilage)• Nucleus pulpusus (gelatin)
- Berfungsi untuk: i. Melindungi spinal cord ii. Pergerakan badan iii. Menyokong kepala iv. Menyediakan tempat pelekatan untuk tulang rusuk, kerangka pelvik & otot belakang
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7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae1 Sacrum1 Coccyx
Anterior view of vertebral column
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• Vertebra Servikal:- paling kecil - 2 servikal pertama:
- atlas- axis
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• Vertebra Torasik:- paling panjang- sokong berat badan
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• Vertebra lumbar:• - paling besar• - sokong berat badan atas
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• Sakrum: S1-S5• - bentuk segitiga• - concave anterior
surface
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• Koksik: C1-C4• - 4 terminal
vertebra• - bentuk segitiga
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3. Ribs (tulang rusuk)
- 12 pasang tulang rusuk- Menyokong kaviti torasik- Melekat secara anterior pada sternum dgn costal cartilage
- directly attched 7 pasang (true ribs)- indirectly attached 3 pasang- floating rib pd 2 pasang terakhir
- Bersambung secara posterior dgn thoracic vertebrae
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Anterior view of ribs
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process
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4. Sternum
- Bentuk flat- Terletak di tengah-tengah pada anterior dinding torasik- Bersambungan secara anterior pada 7 pasang tulang rusuk yang pertama-Terdiri daripada: i. manubrium : bersambungan dgn klavikel
& 2 pasang rib yg pertama ii. Body: bersambungan dgn rib iii. Xiphoid process: bersambungan dgn diafragma &
otot dinding abdomen
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Anterior view of sternum
ManubriumBody
Xiphoid process
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ii. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdles ( Kerangka bahu)
Upper Limbs ( Anggota atas)
Pelvic girdles ( Kerangka pelvik)
Lower Limbs ( Anggota bawah)
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1. Pectoral girdles (kerangka bahu)
- Terdiri drp:i. 2 Klavikel (clavicle), pada bahagian anteriori. 2 Skapula (scapula), pada bahagian posterior
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Clavicle bonescapula
Pectoral girdles
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Skapula
Anterior view of scapula (Rt)
• Skapula:- Flat. - Bentuk segitiga- Terletak di posterior
toraks (aras 2-7 ribs)- Kaviti glenoid
bersambungan dgn humerus (glenohumeral joint)
- Acromion proses bersambungan dgn lateral klavikel (acromioclavicular)
Acromionproses
Coracoid process
Kaviti glenoid
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Acromial extremity (Medial)
Sternal extremity (Lateral)
Anatomi Klavikel kanan
• Klavikel:- Bentuk S- Terletak di anterior
toraks & superior rib pertama
- Bahagian lateral bersambungan dgn manubrium sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
- Bahagian medial bersambungan dgn acromion proses skapula (acromiocalvicular joint)
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2. Upper Limbs (anggota atas)
- Terdiri daripada:i. Humerus (arm)ii.Radius & Ulna (forearm)iii.Carpal, Metacarpal & Phalange (hand)
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Upper limbs
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i. Humerus (arm bone)
- Head of humerus bersambung secara proksimal dengan skapula (glenohumeral joint) & distal pada siku
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ii. Radius & Ulna
- Terletak pada forearm iaitu antara siku (elbow) & pergelangan tangan (wrist)- Radius pd lateral- Ulna pd medial
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iii. Carpal, Metacarpal & Phalange
- Terletak pada bahagian tangan, yang terdiri drp: a. wrist (8 carpal bones) b. palm (5 metacarpal bones) c. fingers (14 phalanges)
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3. Pelvic girdles (Kerangka pelvik)
- Berfungsi untuk menyokong berat badan & melindungi organ pelvik
- Terdiri daripada 3 tulang: i. Ilium ii. Ischium iii. Pubis
- Pubic symphysis = sendi antara 2 pelvic bone
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Anterior view of pelvic girdle
ILIUM
ISCHIUM
PUBIS
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac joint
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4. Lower Limbs ( Anggota bawah)
- Terdiri daripada: i. Femur (paha) ii. Patella (kneecap) iii. Tibia & Fibula (betis) iv. Tarsal, Metatarsal & Phalange (kaki)
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Anterior view of lower limb
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• Femur- Paling panjang & berat- hujung proksimal bersambungan dgn hip bone- Hujung distal bersambungan dgn tibia & fibula
Greater trochanter
Head
Medial condyleLateral
condyle
Linea aspera
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• Patella- Knee cap- anterior kpd sendi lutut
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• Tibia & Fibula- Tibia pd medial - Bahagian proksimal bersambungan dgn femur & fibula- Bahagian distal bersambungan dgn tarsal & fibula (ankle joint)- Fibula bersebelahan secara lateral kpd tibia
Tibia
Fibula
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• Tarsal (ankle)- 7 tulang tarsal- bahagian proksimal kaki- talus bersambungan dgn tibia & fibula (ankle joint)
• Metatarsal- 5 tulang metatarsal- Bahagian tengah kaki- bahagian proksimal bersambungan tarsal & bahagian distal bersambungan dgn phalanges
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• Phalanges- 14 tulang- bahagian distal kaki
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Superior view
Phalange
Metatarsal
Tarsal
TalusCalcaneus
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Fungsi Tulang
Sokongan badan
Perlindungan Internal Organ
Pergerakan
Penghasilan Sel Darah
PenyimpananTriglycride
Homeostasis
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1.Sokongan badan – Struktur rangka tulang menyokong tisu-tisu
& menyediakan tempat pelekatan otot rangka
2. Pergerakan – Otot rangka melekat pada tulang. Apabila otot berkontraksi, bersama-sama otot & tulang ini menghasilakan pergerakan
3. Penyimpanan Triglyseride – Triglyseride disimpan dalam sel adipos pada
Yellow bone marrow
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4. Penghasilan Sel Darah – Sel darah dihasilkan oleh red bone marrow
5. Perlindungan internal organ – Melindungi organ dalaman daripada
kecederaan
6. Homeostasis
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Homeostasis = keadaan di mana persekitaran dalam badan berada kekal dalam keseimbangan.
1. Penyimpanan & pengeluaran kalsium - Aras Ca 2+ dalam darah dikawal atur dengan:i. Resorpsi Ca 2+ dari tulang ke dalam darahii. Deposisi Ca 2+ dari darah ke dalam tulang
Fisiologi tulang dalam mengekalkan Homeostasis
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Aras Ca 2+ dalam darah
Hormon Paratiroid (pTH) mengesan perubahan ini
Lebih banyak pTH dibebaskan dlm darah
Tingkatkan aktiviti Osteoclast (Proses
resorbsi tulang)
Di ginjal, kurangkan
kehilangan Ca2+ dlm urine
Ransang pembentukan
Calcitriol
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Ca 2+ Dibebaskandr tulang ke dlm
darah
Aras Ca 2+ meningkat & kembali ke aras normal
Ca2+ akan kekaldalam darah
Promote absorpsi
Ca2+ dari GIT
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Aras Ca 2+ dalam darah
Kelenjar Tiroid rembeskan Calsitonin (CT)
CT rencatkan activiti Osteoclast
Pengambilan Ca 2+ dari darah ke tulang
Ca 2+ deposit dalam tulang utk pembentukan tulang
Aras Ca 2+ rendah & kembali ke aras normal
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