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SEMINAR ONSEMINAR ON
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TAENIASIS IN MAN
BYBY
MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern). MLS. ODUMOSON, NEWTON CLESTON (Intern).
TO TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY SERVICE,THE DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY, MEDICAL LABORATORY SERVICE,
FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA.FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, YENAGOA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS AN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION AS AN
ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL OF ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COUNCIL OF
NIGERIA (AMLSCN). NIGERIA (AMLSCN).
SUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZISUPERVISOR: MLS. NWAJANA NGOZI
SEPTEMBER, 2016.SEPTEMBER, 2016.
OUTLINEOUTLINE INTRODUCTION
TAXONOMY
HABITAT
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TESTS
TREATMENT
PARASITE CONTROL MEASURES
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Taeniasis pose a public health hazard in man, hence, the pose a public health hazard in man, hence, the
growing need to understand the health implications of this growing need to understand the health implications of this
endemic disease.endemic disease.
Taeniasis is an intestinal infection of human with the adult Taeniasis is an intestinal infection of human with the adult
stage of the tapeworm of the genus stage of the tapeworm of the genus Taenia.Taenia. The most The most
important causative agents are important causative agents are T. solium T. solium and and T. saginata T. saginata
and their respective larval stages and their respective larval stages Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus cellulosae
and and Cysticercus bovis.Cysticercus bovis.(Radostits et al., 2007).
TAXONOMYTAXONOMY Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia Phylum -Phylum - PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes ClassClass -- CestodaCestoda OrderOrder -- CyclophyllideaCyclophyllidea FamilyFamily - - TaeniidaeTaeniidae GenusGenus - - TaeniaTaenia Species -Species - T. saginata & T. saginata &
T. soliumT. solium (Bowles et al., 1994).
HABITAT
Adult worms live in the small intestine of
their definitive host
Larval stage found in intermediate host tissue
Eggs are diagnostic stage
(Newton et al., 1949).
EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY IsIs found worldwide. found worldwide.
About About 50 to 70 million people 50 to 70 million people are affectedare affected
Rural, developing Rural, developing countries with poor countries with poor hygienehygiene
places where pigs are places where pigs are allowed to roam freely allowed to roam freely and eat human faeces and eat human faeces allows the cycle to allows the cycle to continue. continue.
(Boa et al., 2003).
MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY
(Gracey, 1994).
MORPHOLOGY cont’d.TAENIA SAGINATA TAENIA SOLIUM
Length (meters) 3 to 10 (up to 25) 2 to 5 (upto 7)
Suckers 4 4
Rostellum & Hooklets
Absent Present
Proglottids 1000 to 2000 1000
Eggs production /proglottid
100000 50000
(Bowles et al., 1994).
(Gracey, 1994).
MORPHOLOGY CONT’D.MORPHOLOGY CONT’D.
The eggs of Taenia saginata and T.
solium are indistinguishable
morphologically.
The eggs are spherical, diameter 31 to
43 µm, with a thick radially striated
brown embryophore.
Inside each is an oncosphere with 6
hooklets.
EGGEGG
LIFE CYCLE OF TAENIA SPP
(CDC, 1993).(CDC, 1993).
Eggs of gravid proglottids faeces and passed into environment
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSMost people are Asymptomatic or mild symptoms.
Tapeworms can cause digestive problems including
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhoea and
stomach upset.
Most visible symptom - passing of proglottids
RARE - tapeworm segments become lodged in the appendix
(appendicitis), or the bile ducts (cholangitis)
Infection with T. solium tapeworms can result in human
cysticercosis, - cause seizures and muscle or eye damage.
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA APPENDICITIS ABDOMINAL PAIN CONSTIPATION DIARRHOEA LOSS OF APPETITE CYSTICERCOSIS IN MUSCLE NEUROCYTOCISIS OPHTHALMIC CYSTICERCOSIS INSOMNIA
(Medina et al., 1990).
Taeniasis Direct faecal smear Brine floatation technique Cellophane-tape technique
Visualization of Taenia eggs-has poor sensitivity and difficult to differentiate from T. saginata
Coproantigen detection ELISA-95% sensitivity and 99% specificity
Cysticercosis Biopsy of subcutaneous nodules, X-ray, CT scan or MRI are used
for the diagnosis of brain type and ophthalmoscope examination is used for ocular form
Histopathological diagnosis (cysticercus in autopsy tissue). Differential leucocyte count (eosinophilia)
Diagnosis
(Garcia et al., 2003).
Taeniasis is easily treated with Taeniasis is easily treated with praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)
Niclosamide (adults and children over Niclosamide (adults and children over 6 year, 2g single dose)6 year, 2g single dose)
Albendazole is also highly effective for Albendazole is also highly effective for treatment of cattle and the pig infectiontreatment of cattle and the pig infection
Surgical removal is required for ocular Surgical removal is required for ocular and superficial cysticercosisand superficial cysticercosis
TREATMENTTREATMENT
(Botero et al., 1993)
Through proper cooking of meat at a temp not less
than 60oC, Heat treatment-sterilize by heat or boiling
at 95-100oC for 30 minutes or heat 72oC for 2hrs
Freeze at -150C for at least 30 days
Avoid feeding swill or garbage to pigs
Drying is ineffective, but salting and smoking can be
effective
PARASITE CONTROL MEASURESPARASITE CONTROL MEASURES
(Boa et al., 2003).
Taeniasis is an important zoonotic disease that affects both
humans and animal healths, it occurs as a result of eating
raw/under cooked meat, backyard slaughtering especially in
holyday, and lack of sanitation gives a great favour for continual
existence of parasite/disease within human and animal
population.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS There should be public awareness campaigns about health and
economic importance of the disease through social and public
media Avoid raw/undercooked meat consumption The community should use latrines/toilets Untreated human faeces should not be used as fertilizer on
pasture.
“Eat healthily, sleep well, breathe deeply, move
harmoniously.”
REFERENCESREFERENCESArechavaleta, F., Molinari, J. L., & Tato, P. (1998). A Taenia solium metacestode factor nonspecifically
inhibits cytokine production. Parasitology Research, 84, 117-122.
Boa, M., Mukaratirwa, S., Willingham, A. L., & Johansen, M. V. (2003). Regional Action Plan for Combating Taenia solium Cysticercosis/Taeniosis in Eastern and Southern Africa. Acta Tropical, 87,183-186.
Botero, D., Uribe, C. S., Sanchez, J. L., Alzate, T., Velasquez, G., Ocampo, N. E., & Villa, L. A. (1993). Short course Albendazole treatment for neurocysticercosis in Columbia. Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87, 576-577.
Bowles, J. & McManus D. P. (1994). Genetic characterization of the Asian Taenia, a newly described taeniid cestode of humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 33-44.
Bowles, J. & McManus, D. P. (1994). Genetic characterization of the Asian Taenia, a newly described taeniid cestode of humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 33-44.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993). Recommendations for the International Tasks Force for Disease Eradication. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 28-38.
Garcia, H. H., Gonzalez, A. E., & Gilman, R. H. (2003). Diagnosis, treatment and control of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease, 16, 411-419
Gracey, J. L. (1994). Thornton’s Meat Hygiene. Economic losses resulting from bovine cysticercosis with reference to Botswana and Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 10, 127-
140.
Medina, M. T., Rosas, E., Rubio, D. F. & Sotelo, J. (1990). Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late onset epilepsy in Mexico. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 325-327.
Newton, W. L., Bennett, H. J. & Figgat, W. B. (1949). Observations of the effects of various sewage treatment processes upon eggs of Taenia saginata. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 166-175.
Radostits, M. O., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Constable, P.D. (2007). Veterinary Medicine. Text book of the disease of cattle, sheep, goats pigs and horses(10 ed.) Saunders:
Philadeliphia .( Pp, 1581-1583).