1
aip saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti
PP
Tamar xarxeli
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba da mis winaaRmdeg
brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebis
SemuSaveba
sadisertacio naSromi soflis meurneobis doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad
d i s e r t a c i a
specialoba: 62 ,,mcenareTa dacva”
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: Teo uruSaZe,
s/m mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori;
mzia beruaSvili,
s/m akad. doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
Tbilisi
2012
2
sarCevi
Sesavali _______________________________-____________ 5
Tavi I. kartofilis daavadebebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba _____________________________________ 14
1.1. kartofilis sokovan daavadebaTa mimoxilva _______ 14
1.2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis Seswavlis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ________________________ 23
Tavi II. kvlevis meTodebi _______________________________ 40
Tavi III. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis
gamomwvevi sokoebis saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da
gavrceleba samcxe-javaxeTSi _____________________ 55
3.1. traqeomikozuri Wknobis mavneoba da gavrceleba
samcxe- javaxeTSi ______________________________ 55
3.2. traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis
saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da kulturaluri niSnebis
Seswavla ____________________________________ 65
3.3. latenturi daavadebebi da misi roli infeqciis
SenaxvaSi ---___________________________________ 69
Tavi IV. Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis biologiuri
Taviseburebani _________________________________ 74
4.1. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium
Berk. paTogenoba ________________________________ 74
4.2. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko F. oxysporum da
soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze _______________ 83
4.3. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F. oxysporum
da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ____________- 91
3
4.4. sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F.
oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ____ 96
4.5. sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum
da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ___________ 100
4.6. sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis
gavlena soko F. oxysporum da soko V. lateritium zrda-
ganviTarebaze _________________________________ 104
4.7. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko Fusarium oxysporum
Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-ganviTarebaze
______________________________________________ 109
Tavi V. fuzariozisa da verticiliozis gamomwvev sokoebis
Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk.
moqmedebis meqanizmis SeswavlisaTvis --___________- 115
5.1. soko F. oxysporum-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-
mcenareze moqmedeba ____________________________ 115
5.2. soko V. lateritium-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-
mcenareze moqmedeba ____________________________ 118
5.3. soko F. oxysporum-isa da soko V. lateritium-is
celulozoliruri fermentebis aqtivoba da moqmedeba
mcenareze _____________________________________ 120
Tavi VI. daavadebul mcenareSi mimdinare paTologiuri
cvlilebebi da gamZleobis zogierTi maCvenebeli.
katalazas, peroqsidasa da vitamin ,,C“-s Semcveloba
saR da daavadebul mcenareebSi _________________ 124
Tavi VII. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo
RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba ________________________ 129
4
7.1. sargavi tuberebis fitosanitaruli mdgomareobis
Semowmeba da SerCeva __________________________ 129
7.2. biopreparati ,,lile”, rogorc mZlavrი
imunizatoruli saSualeba kartofilis
traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT _________________ 131
7.3. niadagis mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis
traqeomikozuri Wknobis daavadebis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebasa da mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv
maCveneblebze ________________________________ 147
daskvnebi _____________________________________________ 153
rekomendaciebi ________________________________________ 157
citirebuli literatura _______________________________ 160
5
Sesavali
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis mniSvnelovani
elementebia soflis meurneobis resursuli bazis SenarCuneba
da aRdgena, miwaTmoqmedebis qimizaciis saSualebis moxmarebis
optimizacia, agroekologiuri situaciis obieqturi daxasiaTebis
safuZvelze miwaTsargeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, niadagis
struqturis gaumjobeseba.
bunebaze anTropogenuri datvirTva agrokulturis gaCenas
ukavSirdeba. adamianma bunebis aTviseba miwis gakulturebiT
daiwyo. Tanamedrove etapze mosaxleobis sasursaTo
produqtebiT dakmayofileba erT-erTi urTulesi problemaa,
romlis gadasawyvetad, uaxloes periodSi, mecnierTa
gaangariSebiT, produqtebis warmoeba unda gaizardos 75%-iT,
rac kulturul mcenareTa mosavlianobis aranakleb samjeradi
da mecxoveleobis produqtebis eqvsjeradi gadidebiT unda
moxdes. am problemebis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia ufro
efeqturi meTodebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba, romelic Tavis
mxriv, dakavSirebulia mravalferovan socialur-ekonomikur,
ekologiur da sxva problemebTan.
adaptaciuri miwaTmoqmedeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc
mcenareuli da cxoveluri produqciis warmoebis teqnologiebis
integrirebuli sistema, romelic momavalSi uzrunvelyofs:
kvebis produqtebze kacobriobis moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebas;
ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebasa da biocenozebis
aRdgenas, razec uSualodaa damokidebuli soflis
meurneobis ekonomika;
6
araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis metad
efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas;
fermeruli meurneobis rentabelobis SenarCunebas; Sedegad,
fermerTa da, mTlianad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis donis
amaRlebas.
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebis gadidebaSi
mniSvnelovani adgili kartofilis kulturas ukavia.
kartofili ZaRlyurZenasebrTa Solanaceae-s ojaxs
ganekuTvneba, igi mravalwliani tuberiani mcenarea. Solanum-is
gvaris ori saxeoba (Tuberarium-is seqciidan) iviTarebs tuberebs.
2000-mde veluri da kulturuli saxeobidan, kulturaSi
danergilia, umTavresad, ori monaTesave saxeoba: andiuri
kartofili (Solanum andigenum) da Ciluri kartofili (Solanum
tuberozum). isini farTodaa gavrcelebuli zomieri havis qveynebSi.
kartofilis anatomiuri struqtura Cveulebrivi Reros msgavsia,
mWidrod Sekruli gulguliT, romelSic grovdeba saxamebeli.
tuberebs sakvebad iyeneben.
kartofili mravldeba vegetatiurad – tuberebiT romelic
saSualod Seicavs 76,3% wyalsa da 23,7% mSral nivTierebas,
romalTagan 17,5% saxamebelia, 0,5% Saqari, 1-2% cila, 1%-mde
mineraluri marilebi da C, B1, B2, B6, PP da sxva jgufis vitaminebi.
(seleqciis mizniT _ gamravleba mimdinareobs TesliT).
mecnierTa Soris dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani azri
kartofilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. erTni Tvlian, rom kartofili
perudanaa Semotanili, meoreni amtkiceben, rom Ciledan modis,
Tumca ueWvelia, rom kartofilis samSoblo samxreT amerikaa.
arqeologiuri cnobebiT, kartofilis yvelaze adreuli formebi
kultivirebulia peruSi, 4500 wlis win. gareuli
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kartofilisagan inkebma gamoyves yinvagamZle sxvadasxva saxeoba,
romelTac isini sakvebad iyenebdnen. cnobilia kartofilis 150-
ze meti veluri jiSi. sxvani amboben, rom espaneli
konkistadorebi, romlebic Cr. amerikaSi oqros saZebnelad
imyofebodnen waawydnen ramodenime uCveulo produqts: siminds,
bardasa da ,,triufelebs”. rac espanelebma trufelebs
miamsgavses, kartofilis tuberebi iyo, romlebic me-16 saukuneSi
espaneTSi Caitanes. is TandaTanobiT damkvidrda evropaSi, Semdeg
– mTel msoflioSi.
kartofilis gakultureba liuter berbankis mier moxda. man
me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo zrunva
kartofilis gemos gasaumjobeseblad da Seecada mosavlianobis
amaRlebis gzebis Ziebas. Kkartofils amravlebda TesliT,
yvavilebis damtvervis Semdeg. rac tuberebis gaormagebas
iwvevda. Aam gziT, mis mier, gamoyvanili jiSi ,,karpofel
berbankas” saxeliTaa cnobili. swored, es iyo kartofilis
pirveli kulturuli jiSi, romelic mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelda da, amJamad, iwodeba ,,meore purad”.
saqarTveloSi kartofilis nargaobebi pirvelad 1820-ian
wlebSi gaCnda, Tbilisis axlomaxlo. 1913 wels kartofilis
moyvanis arealma 6800ha-s miaRwia. 1975 wels kartofilis saTesi
farTobi 28 aTas ha-s aRemateboda. saqarTveloSi kartofils
Tesaven, umTavresad, axalqalaqis, axalcixis, walkis, dmanisis,
TeTri wyaros, xulos, Suaxevis raionebSi. mohyavT mTaSic
(ninowmindis raioni, svaneTi, raWa da sxva), sadac naTesebi,
zRvis donidan 2200-2300m-mde aRwevs. 70-ian wlebSi farTod
gavrcelda saadreo kartofilis moyvana, umTavresad, bolnisis
raionSi. saqarTveloSi kartofilis saSualo mosavlianoba 12,0
8
t/ha Seadgens. Aaxalqalaqis, axalcixisa da walkis raionebSi
kartofilis mosavali ufro metia _ 17,4-17,8t/ha. saqarTvelos
baris zonaSi kartofils Tesaven zafxulSic, TavTaviani
pureulis aRebis Semdeg da meore mosavals iReben. Aam zonaSi
(zRvis donidan 500m-mde) saadreo mosavlis misaRebad kartofili
SeiZleba daiTesos Semodgomazec _ noemberSi.
Kkvebis fiziologiuri normiT, wlis manZilze, CvenSi, erT
sul mosaxleze gaTvaliswinebulia 97kg kartofili.
sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebi
iyofian: sasufre, saqarxno, sakveb da universalur jiSebad.
kartofilis yvela organo SeiZleba samkurnalod iqnas
gamoyenebuli, ufro xSirad ki _ iyeneben tuberebs, romlebic
amJRavneben wylulebisa da anTebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas.
kartofili iZleva saxamebels (cilebs, Saqarsa da `C~ vitamins
(askorbin mJavas). am ukanasknels, gansakuTrebiT didi
mniSvnelobiT Seicaven axalgazrda tuberebi, ris gamoc farTod
gamoiyeneba suravandis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad. kartofili
`B1”, ,,B6” jgufis vitaminebis Semcvelobis gamo, organizms
nervuli da sisxlZarRvebis daavadebisagan icavs. tuberebi
Seicavs A vitaminis provitamin karotinisa da sxva sasargeblo
vitaminebs, romlebic aumjobeseben adamianis organizmis saerTo
mdgomareobas. kartofili PP vitaminis simciriT gamowveul
pelagris sawinaamdego saSualebacaa.
Zveli droidan kartofili gamoiyeneba: furunkulebis,
simsivnuri warmonaqmnebis winaaRmdeg, buasilis, filtvebis
tuberkulozis, kuWisa da Tormetgojas wylulovani
daavadebebis, gastritis, arTritis, xvelis, gaciebis, maRali
9
temperaturis, mastitis, anginis, revmatizmis, hipertoniis,
Tvalis irgvlivi naoWebis, meWeWebisa da sxvaTa samkurnalod.
kartofils maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis gamo, didi adgili
ukavia samomxmareblo bazarze. GgamoirCeva maRali
kaloriulobiT, riTac cota CamorCeba xorblovan kulturebs
(Claassens M., 2002). gaerTianebuli erebis sursaTisa da soflis
meurneobis organizacia ,,FАО-s” monacemebiT, msoflioSi,
kartofilis wliuri moixmareba 290 mln.t-s Seadgens. Mmisi
tuberebi, praqtikulad, Seicaven adamianisaTvis yvela saWiro
sakveb nivTierebas, romelTa Soris umTavresia saxamebeli.
sxvadasxva jiSis tuberisaTvis mSrali nivTierebis masa
Seadgens 17-30%, maT Soris 70-80% saxamebels ekuTvnis, 3%-mde
cilebs, 1% ujredanas, 0,2-0,3% cximebs da 0,8-1% nacris
elementebs (Литун Б.П., Замотаев А.И., 1988).
2006 wels, FAOSTAT monacemebiT, kartofilis warmoebaSi,
lideri CineTi iyo (23%), mas mohyveboda ruseTi (12%), indoeTi
(8%), ukraina, aSS (6%), Ggermania (4%), poloneTi, belorusia (3%),
niderlandebi, safrangeTi, britaneTi, bangladeSi, kanada (2%),
irani, TurqeTi, rumineTi, peru, brazilia, iaponia, belgia (1%),
danarCeni qveynebi mTlianad kartofilis 20%-s awarmoeben.
Kkartofilis mcenare mimRebiania mravali daavadebis
mimarT, romelTac SeuZliaT, mniSvnelovnad Seamciron mosavlis
raodenoba da xarisxi. zogierT mkvlevarTa monacemebiT (Воловик
А.С. и др.,1989; Тютерев Л.С., 2000; Иванюк В.Г. и др., 2003), kartofilis
mcire mosavlianobis erT-erTi mizezi, sokovani da baqteriuli
daavadebebia, romelTa mier gamowveulma danakargebma, SeiZleba
Seadginos potenciuri mosavlis 30-50%-dan 40-60%-mde Semcireba.
daavadebebi azianeben, rogorc aqtiurad vegetirebul mcenareebs
10
mindvris pirobebSi, aseve tuberebs _ Senaxvis dros. igi
ziandeba baqteriebiT, sokoebiT, virusebiT, viroidebiTa da
fitoplazmuri daavadebebiT (Platfоrd G., 2001). kartofilis
fiziologiuri simwife iwyeba maSin, rodesac tuberebSi mSrali
nivTierebani miaRweven maqsimalur zRvars, xolo xsnadi
naxSirwylebis Semcveloba minimaluri odenobiTaa. mSrali
nivTierebisa da xsnadi naxSirwylebis Semcvelobis cvlileba
damokidebulia fotosinTezuri aparatis funqcionaluri
dinamikis cvlilebaze, vegetaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi (Nope et
al., 1960). kartofilis dacva daavadebebisagan, aqtualuri
problemaa msoflio masStabiT.
Temis aqtualoba _ kartofils sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturaTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.
gavrcelebis mxriv, msoflioSi meore adgilzea, marcvlovani
kulturebis Semdeg. misi esoden didi gavrceleba gamowveulia
am mcenaris saxalxo-sameurneo mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT,
radgan kartofilis kulturas Seguebis didi unari aqvs mTiani
havis pirobebisadmi. Aamitom, saqarTvelos mTaSi, soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, mecxoveleobis amaRlebisa da
Semosavlianobis gadidebisaTvis, mas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba. Kkartofilis mosavlianobas, mniSvnelovnad
amcireben misi sokovani daavadebebi, romelTa Soris
traqeomikozuri Wknoba erT-erTi ZiriTadia Tavisi mavneobiT.
kartofilis Wknoba, ZiriTadad, gamowveulia niadagis sokoebiT.
daavadebuli mcenaris foTlebi kargaven turgors, mcirdeba
qlorofilis marcvlebis raodenoba, ris gamoc daavadebuli
mcenares dasawyisSi Ria mwvane Seferva aqvs; Semdeg, Reros wveri
igrixeba da mcenare Wkneba. mcenareebSi Senelebulia tuberebis
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warmoqmnis procesi, an viTardeba 2-3 wvrili tuberi, romelic
sakvebad da saTesled uargisia. Mmcirdeba saxameblis
Semcveloba, xdeba tuberebis gauwyloeba. saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT, urwyav pirobebSi, kartofilis Wknoba farTo
gavrcelebiT gamoirCeva da didi mavneobiT xasiaTdeba, rac
mkveTrad aisaxeba mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebis mniSvnelovan SemcirebaSi. ris gamoc misi Seswavla
da brZolis RonisZiebebis dasaxva friad aqtualuria.
kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi _ sakvalifikacio Temis kvlevis
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda kartofilis traqeomikozuri
Wknobis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla da mis winaaRmdeg
brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.
amasTan kavSirSi, kvlevis amocanebs Seadgenda:
Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi
identifikacia, paTogenTa saxeobrivi Semadgenlobis dadgena
da TiToeuli maTganis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra
kartofilis Wknobis paTogenezSi;
daavadebis gamomwvevTa biologiuri Taviseburebebis
Seswavla;
sokos moqmedebis meqanizmi da misi gavlena mcenareSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebze; mcenaris sapasuxo
TavdacviTi reaqciebi da Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis
toqsikuri da fermentuli aqtivoba;
traqeomikozuri Wknobisadmi gamZle jiSebis gamovlineba da
gamZleobis maCveneblebis Seswavla;
traqeomikozuri Wknobis winaaRmdeg ekologiurad
usafrTxo brZolis RonisZiebebis biologiuri, sameurneo
da ekonomikuri efeqturobis Sefaseba.
12
mecnieruli siaxleebi _ pirvelad, Cvens mier, saqarTveloSi,
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi, Seswavlil iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi:
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis intensivoba;
moyvanis regionebisa da ubnebis mikroklimatis gavlena
traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobaze axladSemotanili jiSebis mimarT;
Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk. paTogenoba
axlad introducirebuli jiSebis mimarT;
V. lateritium-is paTogenoba kartofilis Rero-foTlebze,
samcxe-javaxeTis pirobebSi;
traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT introducirebuli jiSebis
gamZleoba da misi maCveneblebis dadgena;
biopreparati ,,liles” roli, rogorc mZlavri
fitoimunizatoruli saSualeba;
subalpuri Tivis mulCis fitonciduri aqtivoba
kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis mimarT.
Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba _ Catarebuli kvlevis
Sedegad dadgenilia Wknobis gamomwvevi paTogenuri sokoebis
biologiuri Taviseburebani, ris safuZvelzec SemuSavebulia
brZolis RonisZiebaTa sistema, romlis Sedegebi
mniSvnelovanwilad dagvexmareba kartofils traqeomikozuri
Wknobis gamomwvev paTogenTa mier miyenebuli zianis minimumamde
SemcirebaSi, amaRldeba mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebi da uzrunvelyofili iqneba mosaxleobis mzardi
moTxovna am produqtisadmi; rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi.
13
gamovlinebulia introducirebuli kartofilis gamZle da
mimRebiani jiSebi;
dadginda am jiSTa ganTavsebis kanonzomiereba maTi
traqeomikozuri Wknobisadmi gamZleobis xarisxisa da
SerCeuli nakveTis mikroklimaturi pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT;
SemuSavda pesticidebis, kerZod, fungicidebis gamoyenebisa
da misi xarjvis normebis Semcirebis gzebi;
dadginda bioaqtiuri preparat ,,liles”
fitoimunizatoruli efeqti;
SemuSavda mosavlis optimizaciisaTvis, brZolis
ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebaTa sistema.
aprobacia _ sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi
wardgenil da ganxilul iqna agroekologiis departamentis
sxdomaze (oqmi #2; 17.01.2012).
publikacia _ sadisertacio Temis irgvliv gamoqveynebulia 6
samecniero naSromi.
moculoba da struqtura _ disertacia Sedgeba Sesavalis, 7
Tavis, daskvnebis, rekomendaciebisa da citirebuli
literaturisagan. naSromi moicavs 183 gverds, ¿32 cxrils, ¿41
suraTs da 19 diagramas. gamoyenebulia 260 dasaxelebis
literaturuli wyaro, aqedan ¿29 qarTul da 231¿ ucxour
enaze.
14
I Tavi
kartofilis daavadebebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
da kvlevis meTodebi
1.1. AKkartofilis sokovan daavadebebaTa mimoxilva
mavne organizmebis mier gamowveuli kartofilis
danakargebi msoflioSi yovelwliurad 30%-s Sedgens da
zogierT wlebSi 45%-sac ki aRwevs. Ddanakargebis wili izrdeba
Senaxvisas sawyobebSi. mSrali da sveli sidampleebis mavneoba
30-40%-sac ki Seadgens, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs, rogorc
Senaxul produqcias, aseve abinZurebs saTesle masalasac da
warmoadgens momdevno savegetacio periodisaTvis infeqciis
wyaros.
kartofili mravali sokovani, baqteriuli, virusuli,
viroiduli, fitoplazmuri, nematoduri daavadebebiTa da
mavneblebiT ziandeba. Mmasze aRiniSneba, agreTve, mTeli rigi
funqcionaluri daavadebani, romlebic garemos araxelsayreli
pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. infeqciis maragi sargav masalaSi an
mcenareul anarCenebSia.
daavadebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebens mcenaris zrda-
ganviTarebaze, sargavi masalis gaRivebisa da aRmocenebis
unarze, rac iwvevs kartofilis mosavlis sagrZnob Semcirebas,
misi xarisxisa da sasaqonlo Rirebulebis gauaresebas.
daavadeba mcenaris, paTogenisa da garemos urTierTqmedebiT
gamowveuli procesia, romlis Sedegadac irRveva mcenareSi
mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebi, rac aisaxeba janmrTeli
mcenarisagan gansxvavebul garegnul niSnebSi. mcenareSi
mimdinare paTologiuri procesebi garegnulad simptomebis
saxiT vlindeba. xSirad mcenaris daavadebis sawyisad
15
simptomebis gamovlinebas ver miviCnevT, vinaidan, mcenareSi
paTologiuri procesebi latenturad mimdinareobs. K
kartofilis dacvis sistema daavadebebisagan, dRemde ar
aris orientirebuli ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebze, ar
aris dadgenili mosavlis aRebis zusti vadebi (Кондратов А.Ф.,
Чулкина В.А., Торопова Е.Ю., 1996). kartofilis drouli aReba
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs mis danakargebs. Ffiziologiurad mwife
mosavlis aReba mniSvnelovani pirobaa misi warmatebuli
SenaxvisaTvis. mousvlel tuberebSi, Senaxvisas, mniSvnelovnad
ecema mSrali nivTierebis odenoba (Chase R., 1976). mkvlevarTa
erTi nawili (Kosuge T., 1969; Lovrekovich et al., 1967; Lyon G., 1989),
mcenaris infeqciisagan dacvis meqanizmSi, mniSvnelovan rols
aniWebs fenolur SenaerTebs, romelTa metabolizms SeuZlia
gansazRvros metabolurad aqtiur nivTierebaTa warmoqmna da
tuberebis gamZleobis amaRleba paTogenuri sokoebis,
baqteriebisa da virusebis mimarT.
xsnadi naxSirwylebi gansazgvraven tuberebis daavadebaTa
mimarT mdgradobas, xangrZlivi Senaxvis pirobebSi. kartofilis
formirebis Tavisebureba damokidebulia jiSis genotipze.
tuberebis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs intensiuri gardaqmnebi.
sinTezirebis procesSi adgili aqvs xsnadi naxSirwylebis
gardaqmnas saxameblad, aminomJavebi gardaiqmneba cilebad.
Cndeba flavonoidebi, fenolkarbonmJavebi, fitohormonebi da
sxva fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, proteqtoruli da
antioqsidanturi komponentebi ( Hajirezaei M., 1999; Claassens M., 2002).
aRniSnuli nivTierebebis Semcveloba da urTierTqmedeba
gansazRvravs tuberebis sakveb Rirebulebasa da daavadebaTa
mimarT gamZleobis unars, Semodgoma-zamTari-gazafxulis
16
periodSi. Ffiziologiur-biologiuri xasiaTis gansazRvra
mniSvnelovania axali, naklebad Seswavlili jiSebis
tuberebisaTvis, mosavlis aRebis optimaluri vadebis dadgenis
mizniT (fiziologiurad mwife fazebi).
sxva agronomiul RonisZiebaTa danergvasTan erTad,
kartofilis mosavlis gadidebisaTvis mTavari mniSvneloba aqvs
Cveulebrivi naTesebis Secvlas maRalmosavliani, mavne
organizmebis mimarT gamZle jiSebiT.
msoflios samecniero-kvleviTma institutebma kartofilis
mravali gaumjobesebuli jiSi mogvca. kartofilis moyvanisas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs maTi jiSobrivi siwmindis dacvas, rac
saSualebas mogvcems, vawarmooT mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg
diferencirebuli brZola.
daavadebebTan brZolis RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis
winapirobaa paTogenTa gamovlena, identifikacia da gamomwvevis
biologiis Seswavla.
fitoftorozi _ Phytophthora infestans (Mont) De Bary. sokovani
daavadebaa. Kkartofilis fitoftorozi aavadebs mcenaris yvela
organos da iwvevs mosavlis did danakargebs, rogorc
savegetacio periodSi, ise Senaxvis drosac. Mmis mier -
gamowveuli danakargebi, zogierT wlebSi, 70-80%-sac ki aRwevs.
aRniSnuli daavadeba, xSirad gvxvdeba fuzariozTan da
verticiliozTan erTad. Ddaavadeba, pirvelad, mcenaris qveda
foTlebze Cndeba, momwvano-wylulovani laqebis saxiT,
romlebic qveda mxridan garSemovlebulia mqrali
movardisfero-moTeTro arSiiT, rac warmoadgens sokos
konidialur nayofianobas. tuberis zedapirze, dasawyisSi,
zedapiruli moyavisfro laqa Cndeba, romelic swrafad
17
vrceldeba tuberis rbilobSi da alpobs mas. aseTi tuberis
qsovili ganaWerSi moJangisfro-yavisferia, specifikuri suniT.
infeqciis ZiriTadi wyaroa daavadebuli saTesle tuberebi.
suraTi 1. kartofilis fitoftora
rizoqtoniozi _ Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Kkartofilis Wknobis
erT-erTi gamomwvevi polifagi soko organizmia. aavadebs mraval
mcenares. iwvevs fesvebis, fesvis yelis, Reroebis, foTlebisa da
tuberebis dazianebas. Aavadmyofoba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia,
rodesac Rivebi ziandeba. tuberebze adgili aqvs talaxismagvari
Savi feris sklerociumebis ganviTarebas, romelic iwvevs
Rivebis dazianebas. Aadre gazafxulze, irgveba ra
sklerociumebiani tuberebi, RivebTan erTad, iRviZeben sokos
sklerociumebi da iwveven axalgamotanili Rivebis dasenianebas.
rac ufro xangrZlivia Rivis gamotanis procesi (gaWianurebuli
grili gazafxulia), miT intensiurad ziandebian isini
rizoqtonioziT da, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo, tuberebze
18
garTxmuli sklerociumebi, 10-15%-iT naTesebis gameCxerebas
iwveven. xSirad, misi gavrceleba 30-40%-sac ki aRwevs.
zafxulis periodSi kartofilis dazianeba intensiurad
vlindeba Warbi tenis pirobebSi. rizoqtonioziT daavadebuli
mcenaris garegani niSnebi traqeomikozuri Wknobis sokoebiT
gamowveul daavadebaTa simptomebs emTxveva, rac gamoixateba
foTlebis aWrelebaSi, kedlebis akecvasa da gayviTlebaSi. am
SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs mcenaris fesvis yelTan qerqis lpobas.
ferxdeba nivTierebaTa cvla da mcenare Wkneba. daavadebuli
fesvis yelze viTardeba TeTri feris miceliumi, ris gamoc
daavadebas TeTrfexasac uwodeben.
Ffomozi _ Phoma tuberosa (Melh, Rossenb. et Schulc.)da Phoma
solanicola (Pr.et Del.), sokovani daavadebaa. Aazianebs Reroebs,
tuberebs. dasawyisSi mcire zomis moyavisfero Cazneqili laqa
Cndeba, romelic TandaTan izrdeba, rogorc tuberis zedapirze,
ise qsovilebis siRrmeSi da alpobs mas. Semdgom, laqaze Savi
wertilebi viTardeba (sokos gamravlebis saSualeba), es
piknidiumebia, wvrili erTujrediani sporebiT, 4-6×2-4 mkm-is
(Дьяченко В. С., 1985).
Aalternariozi _ Alternaria solani Sor. _ sokovani davadebaa.
aavadebs foTlebs, mis yunwebs, Reroebs, tuberebs. tuberebze
momrgvalo an dakuTxuli yavisferi zonaluri laqebis saxiT
vlindeba. Llaqebi Cazneqilia, zonaluri. dasawyisSi foTlis
firfitaze patara mrgvali, mSrali laqebi Cndeba, romlebic
TandaTan diddeba da xSirad, foTlis mTel firfitas moicavs.
sokosaTvis ganviTarebis xelsayrel pirobebSi, is viTardeba
Reroebsa da ylortebzec, romlebic xSiri yavisferi laqebiT
ifareba da mcenaris zeda nawili mTlianad xmeba (yanCaveli l.,
19
1987). tuberebze daavadebuli qsovili saRisagan gamoyofilia
sademarkacio zoliT (Дьяченко В. С., 1985). nayofianoba Cndeba
laqebze, mokle, martivi konidiaTmtarebis saxiT, rac mura an
yavisferia, wverze grZeli, komblisebri, mravalujrediani
konidiumebiT. Kkonidiumebis saerTo zoma 128-200 mkm-ia, sigane 14-
20 mkm.
KKkartofilis foTlebze aRiniSneba meore, amave sokos
msgavsi organizmi, soko _ Makrosporium solani Ell. et Mart. is mcire
morfologiur gansxvavebas iZleva (yanCaveli l., 1987), ris gamoc
am ori saxeobiT gamowveuli daavadeba Alternaria solani-s saxeliTaa
cnobili.
Ooosporiozi _ Oospora pustulans Owen. Et Wakef. _ ZiriTadad,
Reroebsa da tuberebs aavadebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad
vlindeba: tuberis zedapirze viTardeba, xan patara brtyeli, an
amoburculi meWeWebi, xanac arawesieri formis Cazneqili laqebi,
romlis kani daWmuWnuliviTaa. Llaqebs zogjer Rrmulis saxe
aqvs Suaze gamonazardiT. daavadeba iwvevs tuberis Tvlebis
Zlier dazianebas. Aar iviTarebs Rivebs. maRali tenianobis
pirobebSi tuberebze warmoiqmneba moruxo-moTeTro fifqi, rac
sokos gamravlebis saSualebaa. infeqcia niadagSi inaxeba 3-5wlis
ganmavlobaSi. tuberebSi infeqcia Tvlebidan, dazianebuli
adgilebidan, Cveulebrivi an fxvieri qecis wylulebidan iWreba
da Tavs inaxavs tuberis mTeli arsebobis periodSi. sasawyobe
meurneobaSi adgili aqvs tuberebis axal infeqciebsac.
Cveulebrivi qeci, romlis gamomwvevebia sxvadasxva
aqtinomicetebi (Actinomices tricolor, A. intermedium da a.S.), romlebic
binadroben niadagSi da xvdebian tuberebSi, azianebs fesvebs,
stolonebs, Reroebsa da tuberebs. daavadebuli tuberebi
20
daxorklilia, masze Cndeba, aseve, wylulovani iarebi,
meWeWisebri amonaburcebi da konusisebri CaRrmavebebi
(rexviaSvili l., 2004).
infeqciis wyaroa niadagi da daavadebuli tuberebi.
avadmyofoba, garda imisa, rom dabla scems tuberebis sasaqonlo
Rirebulebas, xels uwyobs da Ria kars qmnis sxva
mikrorganizmebis SeWrisaTvis.
fxvieri qeci _ Spongospora subterranea Walr. esec sokovani
daavadebaa. Aamcirebs sasaqonlo Rirebulebasa da
Senaxvisunarianobas. tuberze meWeWebi viTardeba, romelzedac
tuberis qerqi varskvlaviviT skdeba Signidan da fxvniliviT
mura feris masa Cans, rac sokos gamravlebis organoebia.
infeqciis wyaroa niadagi, sadac qecis gamomwvevi sokos sporebi
(cistebi) 3-5wlamde cocxloben. xelSemwyobad iTvleba yvela is
piroba, rac vegetaciis xangrZlivobas zrdis, rogoricaa
naleqebis didi raodenoba, azotovani sasuqebis siWarbe da a. S.
vercxlisferi qeci _ am daavadebis gamomwvevi soko
Spondylocladium atrovires Hanz. Aaavadebs tuberebs, romelzedac muqi
yavisferi, mrgvali laqebi Cndeba. isini jer gluvia, Semdeg ki
Cazneqili. soko Slis qsovils, romelic iqercleba;
warmoqmnili laqebi vercxlisferia; tenian garemoSi viTardeba
sokos nayofianoba sklerociumebis saxiT (Волков С. М., 1955);
daavadebul tuberebze advilad saxldeba sxva paraziti da
saprofiti sokoebi, romlebic daavadebis gamomwvevi meWeWebidan
iWrebian; infeqciis wyaro niadagi da daavadebuli tuberebia.
tuberebis daavadeba Senaxvis pirobebSic vrceldeba. Kkonidiebi
mosavlis aRebis periodSi xvdeba tuberze da iwveven mis
dazianebas.
21
fuzariozuli Wknobis gamomwvevebia Fusarium-is gvaris
sokoebi. xSirad, mas iwveven Semdegi saxeobebi: F. solani (Mart.), App.
Et Wr., F. martii App.et Wr., F. coeruleum (Lib.) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuck., F.
culmorum (W. G. Am.) Sacc. , F. oxysporum Schl. Dda sxva (Волков, С. М., и др.,
1955). isini polifagi soko-organizmebia. aavadeben Reroebs,
tuberebsa da foTlebs. daavadebas xSirad kerobrivi xasiaTi
aqvs. Aavadmyofoba swrafad viTardeba da mcenare ramdenime
dReSi iRupeba. daavadebuli tuberi lpeba mSrali sidamplis
saxiT, stolonebze mimagrebis adgilidan. Mmcenaris gaWrisas
SeiniSneba iasamnis suni. soko Tavs inaxavs niadagSi,
dasenianebul tuberebsa da mcenareul narCenebze.
aRniSnuli daavadebis gamomwvevi sokos gvaris Fusarium-is
zogierTi warmomadgeneli iwvevs mSral sidamples Senaxvis
pirobebSi da maT mier gamowveuli danakargebi xSirad, 90%-sac
ki aRwevs. am sokoebiT umniSvnelod dabinZurebuli an
dasenianebuli tuberebi Tesvisas iwveven mosavlis did
danakargebs, radganac seniandeba aRmonacenTa didi nawili.
dasenianebuli Rivi an sul ar viTardeba an aRmocendebian
susti, dakninebuli mcenareebi.
miRebuli tuberebi Tumca garegnulad saRad gamoiyureba,
magram Senaxvis periodSi maTi umetesoba lpeba da asenianebs
sxvebsac. Ppirveli niSnebi tuberebze mRvrie, moyavisfro laqis
saxiT vlindeba, romelic tuberis epidermisiTaa dafaruli.
daavadebuli tuberi mTlianad lpeba da gamovsebulia
movardisfro fumfula miceliumiT, romelzec maRali
tenianobis pirobebSi tuberebis zedapirze viTardeba
konidiumebis masa, romlebic SeiZleba iyos erT
22
(mikrokonidiumebi) da mravalujrediani (makrokonidiumebi)
naxevarmTvaris formis.
verticiliozuri Wknoba sokovani davadebaa _ gamomwvevebia
Verticillium-is gvaris sxvadasxva saxeobebi, maT Soris: Verticillium
albo-atrum Reinke et Berth, V. dahlia Kleb., V. lateritium Berkeley da a.S. isini
polifagi soko-organizmebia. azianeben Reroebs, tuberebs,
foTlebs. Wknoba iwyeba yvavilobis periodSi; qveda foTlebidan
dawyebuli mcenare TandaTan Wkneba. foTlebi, sabolood, xmeba
da cviva. tuberebze daavadeba Tvlebs azianebs, saidanac Rrmad
Cadis qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas. Ddaavadeba
gadadis tuberebiT, mcenareuli narCenebiTa da niadagiT. soko
niadagidan iWreba tuberebis, stolonebisa da fesvebis gziT.
daavadebas xels uwyobs mwerebiT an sxva raime mizezebiT fesvTa
sistemis meqanikuri dazianeba. Wknobis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
zafxulis Tveebis mSrali da cxeli amindebi. verticilioziT
gamowveuli mosavlis danakargebi, xSirad mniSvnelovan
raodenobas aRwevs (xazaraZe e., 1948).
samxreTuli fesvis sidample _ Sklerotium rolfsii Sacc. _ im
organizmebs unda mivakuTvnoT, romlebic kartofilis kulturis
Wknobas iwveven.
Wknoba da xmoba erTdroulad mimdinareobs, sakmarisia 4-5
dRe, rom daavadebuli mcenare sruliad gaxmes (yanCaveli, l.,
1987). daavadebuli nawilebi ifareba TeTri, qeCisebri
miceliumiT, maTze moyviTalo-mowiTalo-moyavisfro mrgvali
sklerociebi viTardeba. Mmcenare swrafad, mwvane mdgomareobaSi
Wkneba. Aavadmyofobis gavrceleba, umTavresad, kerobrivia
xasiaTisaa.
23
Kkartofilis kibo _ Sinchithrium endobioticum Schlb. Pers. _
yvelaze seriozul avadmyofobad iTvleba, romelic pirvelad
aRmoaCines ungreTSi 1896w-s. is saerTaSoriso sakarantino
obieqtia da saqarTveloSi, mxolod erTxel aris aRniSnuli l.
rexviaSvilis mier (1998w.), lentexis raionSi. Ddaaavadeba
xasiaTdeba tuberebis zedapirze didi, yvavilovani kombostos
msgavsi warmonaqmniT, dasawyisSi isini TeTria, Semdeg
TandaTanobiT icvlis fers, bolos ki TiTqmis, mTlianad,
Savdeba. iwyeba tuberebis qsovilebis daSla; lpeba korZic da
tuberi mTlianad fuWdeba. Kkibos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia tuberebis dawva, radganac kibos gamomwvevebi
niadagSi 20-30 weli inaxaven Tavs, uZleben cxovelis kuWSi
moxvedrisas kuWis wvenis moqmedebasac da inarCuneben
cxovelmyofelobas.
1.2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis Seswavlis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba
traqeomikozuri Wknoba erT-erTi metad gavrcelebuli da
zianis momtania kartofilis kulturisaTvis. aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelos mSral da cxel raionebSi xSirad
adgili aqvs kartofilis intensiur Wknobas, rasac gvalvisas
urwyav nakveTebze Tan sdevs mcenareTa sruli xmoba da
mosavlis didi danakargebi. Senaxvis pirobebSi, am daavadebaTa
gamomwvevi sokoebis intensiur gavrcelebas aRniSnavdnen: n.
ivaniSvili (1989), a. s. voloviki (Воловик А. С., 1976), n. a. doroJkini
(Дорожкин Н. А., 1955), s. i. belskaia (Бельская С. И., 1979), k. v. popkova
TanaavtorebiT (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980), l. rexviaSvili (1997) da
sxvani. Wknoba SeiniSneba tuberebze, Rerosa da foTlebze.
24
gamowveulia sokoebiTa da baqteriebiT, romlebic xvdebian
niadagidan, mcenaris WurWel-boWkovani gamtar konebSi, fesvebis
dazianebuli nawilis meSveobiT. traqeomikozuri Wknobis
gamomwvevi sokoTa miceliumebi vrceldebian qsilemaSi, sadac
soko gamoyofs toqsinebs, romlebic xels uwyoben gumismagvari
nivTierebebis warmoqmnas, riTac xdeba WurWlebis dacoba. am
dros, wylis moZraoba wydeba, adgili aqvs osmosuri wnevis
Semcirebas, xdeba mcenaris gauwyloeba, plazmolizi da,
Sesabamisad, turgori mcirdeba da mcenare Wkneba. Aam process
Tu gvalva daemTxva adgili aqvs turgoris ufro mkveTr
Semcirebas, rasac saboloo jamSi mcenaris swrafi daRupva
mosdevs.
Tavisi simptomebiT baqteriuli Wknoba ramdenadme
gansxvavdeba traqeomikozuri Wknobisagan. Cveni mizani iyo,
Segveswavla soko-organizmebiT gamowveuli Wknoba, romelic
cnobilia traqeomikozuri Wknobis saxelwodebiT.
Cveni gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom traqeomikozuri Wknobis
gamomwvevi ori gvaris: Fusarium-isa da Verticilium-is
warmomadgeneli sokoa; isini polifagi soko-organizmebia. es
gvarebi usruli sokoebis klasis Deuteromicetes anu Fungi imperfeqti
– is, hifomecetebis Hiphomicetales – is rigs, dematiaceebis
Dematiaceae-s ojaxs miekuTvneba (suraTi 2).
25
suraTi 2.
treqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebidan yvelaze meti
gavrcelebiT xasiaTdebian Fusarium-is gvaris warmomadgenlebi.
fuzariozi _ farTod gavrcelebuli da saSiSi daavadebaa,
romelic iwvevs mcenareTa daavaddebas nebismier asakSi.
sokos ganviTarebas xels uwyobs azotovani sasuqebisa da
nakelis siWarbe (www.mts-agro.com). Ees sokoc niadagSia, da
iWreba mcenareSi Rividan an fesvTa sistemidan. Ddaavadebas
axasiaTebs kerobrivi gavrceleba. Zlier mimRebian mcenareebSi,
swrafad viTardeba daavadeba, 5-7 dReSi mcenare mTlianad
iRupeba. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi, daavadebas qronikuli
xasiaTi aqvs da kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. sokoebi
gamoyofen fermentebsa da toqsinebs, riTac ikvleven gzas
WurWel-boWkovan konebSi da aavadeben mcenares. Ddaavadebuli
mcenaris Reros Wrilis daTvalierebis dros, SeiniSneba muqi-
ruxi an mura rgolebi, romlebic gasdeven WurWel-boWkovan
konebs. xdeba fuzarioziT daavadebuli mcenaris Reroebis
dawvrileba da gamuqeba. mcenareTa vegetaciis adreul stadiaSi
26
daavadebis dros, adgili aqvs mcenaris wveris xmobas, rasac Tan
sdevs mcenaris mTliani Wknoba. Aam dros adgili aqvs WurWel-
boWkovani sistemisa da sxva qsovilebis inficirebasac;
mcenareTa daRupva xdeba mcenareTa sasicocxlo funqciebis
darRvevis gamo, rac gamowveulia WurWel-boWkovani konebis
sokos miceliumebis dacobiT da maT mier gamoyofili
toqsikuri nivTierebebis (fuzariumis mJava, likomarazmini da a.
S.) zemoqmedebiT, riTac wamlaven qsovilebs (www. wikipedia. org).
daavadebis gamomwvevebi didxans inaxebian niadagSi da
mcenareul narCenebSi. infeqciis wyaro SeiZleba iyos, agreTve,
sargavi masalac. daavadebis swraf gavrcelebas xels uwyobs
araxelsayreli garemo faqtorebi (gaWianurebuli gazafxuli,
temperaturis, niadagisa da haeris tenianobis ryevadoba,
arasakmarisi sakvebi nivTierebani da a. S.).
daavadeba iwyeba fesvebis lpobiT, dasawyisSi lpobas
bususa fesvebi iwyeben, Semdeg ki mTel fesvTa sistemas moicavs;
vrceldeba WurWel-boWkovan konebSi, aRwevs Rero-foTlebamde.
Wknoba pirvelad qveda foTlebze SeiniSneba, danarCenebis
napirebi wyliania, xolo calkeuli nawilebi aWrelebulia
uferuli-mwvane da Ria-yviTeli laqebiT. foTlebi vertikalurad
dabla eSveba (suraTi 3). +160C-ze dabal temperaturaze
daavadebuli mcenareebi swrafad iRupebian. Aam dros, rogorc
zemoTac aRiniSna sokoebi gamoyofen toqsinebs, romlebic
iwveven qsovilebis mowamvlas, daSlas, fesvebis lpobas,
ylortebisa da foTlebis gamuqeba-xmobas (Митяевы М. и А., 2007).
n. a. naumovis monacemebiT (Наумов Н. А., 1940). sokos toqsikur
moqmedebasTan erTad adgili aqvs sokos miceliumis mcenaris
WurWel-boWkovan gamtar konebSi gavrcelebas, riTac ferxdeba
27
wylisa da sakveb samarago nivTierebaTa gadaadgileba, rac
Wknobis umTavresi mizezi xdeba. ganiv ganaWerSi, qsilemis
ujredebis gamuqeba SeimCneva stolonebis fesvebSi, tuberebSi,
ReroebSi, totebsa da foTlis ZarRvebSi.
fuzariumiT ziandeba, agreTve, tuberi (suraTi 4). daavadeba
cnobilia, TeTri da mSrali sidamplis saxelwodebiT.
daavadebul tuberebze warmoiSoba wablisferi laqa. fuzariums
eZaxian Wrilobis parazits, radgan is mxolod dazianebul
tuberebze viTardeba. amerikel mkvlevarTa monacemebiT,
tuberebis meqanikuri dazianebis SemTxvevaSi (naJeJi, Wrilobebi,
nabegvi da sxva) ufro metia fuzariumiT daavadeba, vidre sxva
paTogenebiT, maT Soris, fitoftoraTi. aqedan, fuzariumi ufro
swrafad da intensiurad viTardeba dabeJil tuberebze.
WrilobaTa swrafi moSuSeba anu qsovilTa aRdgena xels uSlis
mis ganviTarebas.
aRniSnuli daavadebis gamomwvevi Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis
sxvadasxva saxeobani iwveven mSral sidamples Senaxvis
pirobebSi: F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F. martii App. et Wr., F. coeruleum
(Lib.) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuck., F. culmorum (W. G. Am.) Sacc. Da sxva.
dazianebuli tuberebi garegnulad inarCuneben Tavis
formas, imis miuxedavad, rom mTeli tuberi mumificirdeba da
ifareba didi, mSrali laqebiT (Волков С. М. и др., 1955). tuberebze
pirveli niSnebi mRvrie-yavisferi laqebis saxiT vlindeba,
romelic tuberis epidermisiTaa dafaruli. daavadebuli tuberi
mTlianad kvdeba; gamovsebulia fumfula miceliumiT (Болдырев В.
Ф. и др., 1936).
28
suraTi 3. fuzariozuli Wknoba. suraTi 4. soko F.oxysporum daav. tuberi
n. a. naumovis (Наумов Н. А., 1940) monacemebiT, ,,mSrali
sidample” xasiaTdeba Semdegi simptomebiT: tuberebis zedapirze
gamoCndeba amonaburcebi, maT nabdisebri an qeCisebri zedapiri
aqvT, romelic mokremo-moTeTrodaa Seferili. tenis naklebobis
pirobebSi tuberebi naoWebr-zonaluria. Llpoba, sabolood,
gadadis saR nawilebze. daavadebuli tuberebi Sreba da
mumificirdeba, dabolos, mTlianad gardaiqmneba moyviTalo-
TeTr fxvnilisebr masad.
Senaxvis pirobebSi fuzariozis mier gamowveuli
danakargebi 90 %-s aRwevs (Болдырев В. Ф. и др., 1936). Mmisive
monacemebiT, soko ikvebeba ujredis protoplazmiT. mSral
pirobebSi, saxamebeli magar koStad iqceva, tenianobis
SemTxvevaSi ki Tan erTvis sveli sidample. Kkartofilis mSrali
da sveli sidampliT gamowveuli danakargebi, ruseTSi, Senaxvis
pirobebSi, 20-35 %-ia (Фадук А. Л., 2004). aSS-is 17 StatSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom daxarisxebul
29
kartofilSi fuzariumis saSualo gavrceleba 3-4 %-s aRwevs,
calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki fuzariozis gavrceleba 5 %-s,
zogierT StatSi ki 25 %-sac Seadgens (badriSvili g., 1940).
fuzariozuli EWknoba gavrcelebulia Sua aziaSi,
ukrainaSi, kavkasiaSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac iwvevs
kartofilis mosavlis mniSvnelovan danakargebs.
tuberTa dazianeba fuzarioziT, dekembridan aprilamde
TandaTanobiT izrdeba. burovisa da ianicenis (Буров и Яницен,
1923-27) monacemebiT, Senaxvis dasawyisSi, dampali tuberidan 28
% fuzariumiT iyo daavadebuli. TebervalSi maT raodenobam 56,3
%-mde, xolo martsa da aprilSi _ 100 %-s miaRwia. aseTi
intensiuri ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi isini saWirod Tvlian,
Catardes tuberebis zamTris gadarCeva.
kartofilis tuberebis mSrali sidample, gansakuTrebiT,
azianebs saadreo jiSebs.
Senaxvis pirobebSi, saqarTveloSi, kartofilis fuzariozi
yvela sxva daavadebas sWarbobs. fuzarioziT gamowveuli
mosavlis danakargebi, saSualod _ 10-12 %-s aRwevs.
e. a. kosogorovas (Косогорова Э. А., 2002) monacemebiT,
daavadebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs fuzariozTan
erTad, mniSvnelovani ziani moaqvs verticiliozur Wknobas
daavadeba gavrcelebulia ruseTis Crdilo da Crdilo-
aRmosavleT raionebSi. daavadebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi
pirobebis dadgomis dros, fuzariozulma Wknobam, SesaZloa
mosavlianoba 40 %-iT Seamciros (www. syngenta). Ffuzariozuli
Wknoba verticiliozurisagan ganirCeva daavadebis ganviTarebis
siswrafiT. amitom, is xSirad mcenaris vegetaciis dasawyisSic
gvxvdeba.
30
sokoebi kartofilis infeqciur daavadebaTa umTavresi
gamomwvevebia. isini, did zians ayeneben kartofils, rogorc
mcenares mTeli vegetaciis periodSi, aseve tuberebs _ Senaxvis
dros.
kartofilis didi danakargebi, Senaxvis pirobebSi,
ganpirobebulia umetesad Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis mier; misi
saxeobebi cnobili iyo jer kidev, wina saukuneebSi, rogorc
kartofilis mSrali sidamplis gamomwvevebi. dReisaTvis, kidev
ufro, gafarTovda sokos gavrcelebis areali da mis mier
gamowveul dazianebebs vxvdebiT mekartofileobis yvela
raionSi.
fineTSi, sidampliT, tuberebis saerTo dazianeba _ 10 %-s
aRwevs, romlis naxevari gamowveulia Fusarium-is gvaris
saxeobebis mier. kartofilis dazianebuli tuberebidan
gamoyofili iyo am gvaris 14 saxeobis soko: F. solani, F. solani var.
coeruleum, F. tricinatum, F. sporotrichiella, F. avenaceum, F. oxisporum var.
redolens, F. acumibatum, F.culmorum, F. gramineuarum, F. sambucinum, F.
sambucinum var. coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F. trichothecioides (Seppänen E., 1981,
1983).
Sexvedrianobis meti sixSiriT xasiaTdeboda soko F. solani
57,2 % da F. oxysporum 29,2 % (Vranỳ J., Dobiàa K., Horàckovà V., 1986). j.
savoris (Savor Joze, 1985) monacemebiT, slovakeTSi, fuzariozuli
mSrali sidample Zlieri mavneobiT gamoirCeva Senaxvis
pirobebSi. avtorTa mier gamoyofil iyo, Fusarium-is gvaris
Semdegi saxeobebi: F. solani, F. sambucinum, F. lateitium, F. avenaceum, F.
gramineuarum. poloneTSi, daavadebuli tuberebidan gamoiyofilia
amave gvaris 16 saxeoba. metad gavrcelebuli paTogeni aRmoCnda
31
F. sulphureum _ 55,4 %, Semdeg, F. avenaceum 9,9% (Choroszewski Piotr Pawel,
1985).
j. kapsas (Kapsa J., 1983) monacemebiT, kartofilis sidamples
iwvevs Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobaTa kompleqsi: F. solani var.
coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F.culmorum, F. sambucinum. g. taskasa da b.
plamadelas (Tasca G. H., 1983; Plamadela B., 1980) monacemebiT ki
rumineTSi, kartofilis tuberebs Senaxvis pirobebSi aavadeben F.
sambucinum, F. solani var. coeruleum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. avenaceum-isa
da F.culmorum-is saxeobebi. germaniaSi, sidamplis 40 %
gamowveulia Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobebiT (Sahn M., 1979; Langerfeld
E., 1983). s. liCis (Leach S., 1985) cnobebiT aSS-s minezotas StatSi,
kartofilis tuberebze, Senaxvis pirobebSi, xSirad vxvdebiT
soko F. coeruleum-s, gamonakliss warmoadgens F. sambucinum-i,
romelic cnobilia, rogorc farTod gavrcelebuli agresiuli
paTogeni aSS-s sxva raionebisTvis.
l. hornokis (Hornok L., 1982) mixedviT, ungreTSi, pirvelad
aRmoCenil iqna soko F. trichothecioides Woll. mier gamowveuli
mSrali sidample.
Ffuzariozuli Wknoba da tuberis sidample aRiniSneboda
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze (Бордукова М. В., 1956,
1969; Попкова К. В., Воловик А. С., Шнеидер Ю. И., 1966,1967; Шамирханян Р.Т.,
1971; Воловик А. С., Шмыгля В. А., 1974; Суркова Т. А., 1978 1982, Смирнов К. С.,
Смирнова Г. М., 1979; Воловик А. С., Шнеидер Ю. И., 1980, 1987; Дорожкин Н.
А. и др., 1984). mkvlevarTa erTi nawili aRniSnavda, rom mSrali
sidampliT gamowveuli danakargebi umetesad 3-15%-mde aRwevs da
SeiZleba 40-50 %-sac ki miaRwios (Рыкова М. М., 1975). Ppirvelad,
fuzariozuli sidample belorusiaSi, 1955 wels aRiniSna ,
32
rogorc kartofilis metad gavrcelebuli daavadeba Senaxvis
pirobebSi (Дорожкин Н. А., 1955). n. v. saburova, m. v. antonovis
(Сабурова Н. В., Антонов М. В., 1958) monacemebiT, moskovis xil-
bostneulis sawyobebSi, kartofilis tuberebis daavadebebidan,
mSrali sidample 90 %-s Seadgenda. yazaxeTSi, mSrali sidampliT
gamowveuli kartofilis danakargebi, yovelwliurad, 20-30 %
Seadgens. (Искаков Н. С., Сарбенбаев К. Б., 1980). a. v. petuxovi (Петухов А.
В., 1986). aRniSnavda, rom bamis zonaSi, Senaxvis periodSi,
kartofilis danakargebi 25-40 %-s aRwevs. Ffuzariozuli
sidampliT daavadebuli tuberebis rgvisas, aRmocenebul
tuberTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, xolo maTgan
aRmocenebul mcenareTa zrda-ganviTareba Senelebulia (Адамян
К. М., 1984).
a. i. railos (Райлло А. И., 1950) monacemebiT, ssrk-Si
kartofilis tuberebze parazitoben: FF. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F.
trichotecioides Wr., F. Javanicum Kootd., xolo v. i. bilaisa da i. a.
elanskis (Билай В. И., Эланский И. А., 1977, 1978) kvlevebis Sedegad,
daavadebis gamomwvevebad miCneulia: F. sambucinum Fck., F. sambucinum
Fckl. var. minus Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var.
eumartii (Carp.) Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var. coeruleum (Lib.) Bilai, F.
merismoides Crd., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var. argillaceum (Fr.) Bilai, F.
javanicum Koord. maTgan umTavresia _ F. solani, F. solani var. coeruleum da
F. sambucinum (Городецкий В. С., 1970; Воловик А. С., 1973; Бенкен А. А. и др.,
1968; Суркова Т. А., 1978).
ukrainis tyestepebSi gavrcelebulia sidamplis gamomwvevi
fuzariumis Semdegi saxeobebi: F. oxysporum Schlecht. (Надводнюк,1967);
xabarovskis olqSi _ F. solani var. eumartii, F. sambucinum var. minus, F.
33
avenaceum (Витукевичб 1958), dasavleT cimbirSi _ F. moniliforme Sheld.
var. subglutinans Wr. et Rg., F. sambucinum var. trichothecioides (F. trichothecioides
Wr.), F. gibbosum App. var. bullatum (Sherb.) Bilai (Белова Л. Б., Гребенюк И. Н.,
Иванова И. В., 1979), belorusiaSi _ F. sambucinum Fckl. (Дорожкин Н. А.,
Михальчук В. Т., 1978).
garda Fusarium-is saxeobebisa tuberebis sidamples iwvevs
fomozic, romlis gamomwvevebia soko Phoma tracheiphila da Ph.
solanicola. xSirad adgili aqvs Sereul infeqciebs: fomozis,
fuzariozis, fitoftorozis mier gamowveuli tuberebis
erTobliv lpobas. zogjer adgili aqvs tuberebis dazianebas
rizoqtonioziT, Cveulebrivi da vercxlisferi qeciT,
alternarioziTa da sxva.
garda fuzariozuli Wknobisa Sexvedrianobis sixSiriT
ganoirCeva verticiliozuri Wknoba (vilti), romelmac SesaZloa
gamoiwvios mosavlis seriozuli danakargebi. verticiliozuri
Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebia gvari Verticillium-is warmomadgenli
saxeobebi, maT Soris ZiriTadia: V. albo-atrum Reinke et Berth., V. dahliae
Kleb. Dda V. lateritium Berk. P
Verticillium-is gvaris fitopaTogenuri sokoebi warmodgenilia
mravalricxovani saxeobebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian paTogenobis xarisxiT, patron mcenaris saxeobisa
da geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT. maTgan, ufro meti
paTogenobiTa da gavrcelebis arealiT gamoirCevian V. dahliae da
V. albo-atrum. Bbolo dros, dadgenil iqna, kulturul mcenareebs
Soris farTod gavrcelebuli paTogenuri sokoebi V. nigriscens da
V. tricorpus (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В., 1980).
cnobebi, gvar Verticillium-is mravali saxeobebis paTogenobis
Sesaxeb ganisazRvra erTeuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, romlis
34
kvlevac Semdgomi aswleulebis manZilze aRar gagrZelebula da
dazusteba ar momxdara (Филиппов В. В., Андрее Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В.,
1978).
dawvrilebiTi cnobebi, am saxeobaTa paTogenobis Sesaxeb,
mocemuli aqvT a. isaakisa da d. grifitsis (Isaac I., 1956; Isaac I.,
Griffiths D., 1962) naSromebSi. Ddadgenila, rom V. dahliae-sa da V.
albo-atrum-is paTogenoba TiTqmis erTnairia. V. nubilum-isa da V.
tricorpus-is izoliantebi iwveven mxolod erTeul dazianebebs. V.
nubilum-i paTogenuri iyo pamidvrisa da kartofilis mimarT,
xolo V. tricorpus _ mxolod kartofilisaTvis (Isaac I., 1953).
a. isaakisa da j. harisonis (Isaac I., Harrison J., 1968) mier,
aRniSnulia V. albo-atrum-isa da V. dahliae-s maRali paTogenoba
kartofilis mimarT. dabali paTogenoba gamoavlines V. nigrescens
da V. nubilum-ma, xolo V. tricorpus-i da V. lateritium-i ar iwveven
kartofilis daavadebas.
Be. berklis (Berkeley E. A., 1931) monacemebiT, V. albo-atrum-i
ufro met paTogenobas iCens, vidre V. dahliae pamidvris,
kartofilisa da kitris mcenareebisaTvis. d. robinsoni, r.
larsoni, j. velkeri (Robinson D., Larson R., Walker J., 1957)
aRniSnavdnen, kartofilis mimarT, V. albo-atrum-isa da V. dahliae-s
paTogebobas.
p. vagoneri (Waggoner P., 1956) akvirdeboda kartofilis jiSTa
gamZleobis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi. misi
mosazrebiT, es cvalebadoba gapirobebulia niadagSi Verticillium-
is ufro paTogenuri rasebis arsebobasTan. aRniSnuli rasebi
SesaZloa niadagSi mudmivad iyos an adgili hqondes maT gaCenas.
SesaZloa, am daavadebisadmi mimRebiani kulturebi
35
warmoadgendnen infeqciis wyaros niadagSi, da iwveven mcenaris
gamZle jiSebis dazianebasac (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н.,
Базилинская Н. В., 1978).
j. rinkesa da g. bertholdis ( Reinke J., Berthold G., 1879) mier,
pirvelad, iqna aRwerili kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi soko V.
albo-atrum. dRevandlamde ar arsebobs erTiani mosazreba
saxeobaTa Soris urTierTobaze. kartofilis Reroebidan
gamoyofil iqna mcenarisaTvis paTogenuri sokos ramdenime
saxeoba. yvela isini, mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis
SemTxvevaSi, iwveven daavadebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. am
saxeobebs miekuTvneba: V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, V. nigresceps da V.
nubilum (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).
soko V. lateritium-i gavrcelebulia yvelgan: niadagSi,
wyalsatevebSi, mcenareul da cxovelur narCenebze, kartofilze
(Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).
literaturul wyaroebSi cnobilia soko V. lateritium-i
sxvadasxva sinonimiT (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В.,
1980). v. valentas (Valenta V., 1948) mier, 1860 wels dadgenil iqna
soko V. lateritium-isa da Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus identuroba. mis
mier dazustebul iqna, rom V. lateritium-is saxelwodebis avtoria
ara e. berkli, aramed rabengorsti. mogvianebiT, j. rinkem da g.
bertoldma (Reinke J., Berthold G., 1879) Seiswavles da aRweres soko
Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus-s, rogorc Verticillium cinnabarinus-i. v.
valentam, Verticillium affine-sa da V. ruberrinum-is niSan-TvisebaTa
Seswavlis Sedegad daadastura maTi identuroba V. lateritium-Tan.
Kkulturaruli niSnebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, s. hagesma (Hughes
36
S., 1958) soko V. lateritium-i da V. terenum-i gaaerTiana da misca am
ukanasknelis saxelwodeba.
saqarTvelos pirobebSi, soko V. lateritium-i gamoyofili iyo
kitrisa da sazamTros rizosferodan (kotetiSvili z., 1985).
soko V. lateritium Berk., kartofilis Reroze, saqarTveloSi
pirvelad, gamovlinebuli iyo l. rexviaSvilis mier (2007w.),
xolo tuberebze, Senaxvis pirobebSi _ n. ivaniSvilis (1989w.)
mier. is ZiriTadad, Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianobas iviTarebs.
Verticillium-is gvaris warmomadgenlebi niadagis binadari
sokoebia, romlebic miceliumebisa da qlamidosporebis saxiT
arian niadagSi (Митяевы М. и А., 2007). maTgan, ufro xSirad,
gvxvdeba V. albo-atrum. isini azianeben Reroebs, tuberebsa da
foTlebs. dazianeba vlindeba Wknobis saxiT. daavadebuli
mcenare yvavilobamde normalurad viTardeba, Semdeg foTlebi,
daavadebul mcenareebze, kideebidan iwyeben gayviTlebas, Cndeba
yviTeli arSiiT Semovlebuli laqebi, Semdeg adgili aqvs
foTlebis qveda iarusidan zeda mimarTulebiT daxvevas.
sabolood ki _ Rero xmeba. Zlier dazianebul mcenareebs,
mxolod wveris foTlebi rCeba mwvane.
cxel amindebSi, foTlebi Wkneba manamde, sanam daxvevas
daiwyeben. xandaxan, adgili aqvs aRmonacenebis dazianebas
niadagidan amosvlamde. isini ixvevian spiralurad da kvdebian.
soko mcenareSi xvdeba fesvTa sistemis saSualebiT an mwerebisa
da nematodebis mier dazianebuli adgilebidan. mcenareSi
moxvedris Semdeg, soko vrceldeba qsilemis konebSi, sadac
adgili aqvs wylis moZraobasa da masSi gaxsnil sakveb
nivTierebaTa zemod, foTlebSi gadaadgilebas. avsebs ra mas
37
miceliumiT, mkveTrad ecema turgori da mcenare, sabolood,
Wkneba (suraTi 5).
suraTi 5. verticiliozuri Wknoba. suraTi 6. soko V.lateritium daav. tuberi
tuberebze daavadeba Tvlebidan iWreba, Rrmad vrceldeba
qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas (suraTi 6). gadadis
mcenareuli narCenebiT, TesliTa da niadagiT. n. a. naumovis
(Наумов Н. А., 1936) monacemebiT, daavadebis pirvel niSnad iTvleba
daavadebuli mcenaris turgoris dakargva, rac upirvelesad,
mcenaris qveda foTlebze SeimCneva, Semdeg TandaTanobiT
moicavs zeda iarusebs. daavadebisas, sawyis stadiaSi, turgoris
dacema SeiniSneba dRisiT, mogvianebiT ki _ mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi.
verticiliozi gavrcelebulia yvelgan, sadac ki
kartofils awarmoeben gamudmebiT erTsa da imave adgilze,
magram, gansakuTrebiT, did zians ayenebs samxreT da samxreT-
aRmosavleT, kerZod, samcxe-javaxeTis urwyav nakveTebs gvalvis
dros. Aaq verticiliozi 30-35 %-iT, zogjer 50 %-iT scems
mosavals (xazaraZe e., 1948).
38
l. rexviaSvilis (1997w.) mier, pirvelad iqna
registrirebuli kartofilis fesvis yelis verticiliozuri
lpoba da mcenareTa verticiliozuri Wknoba _ onisa da
lentexis raionebSi, Semdeg ki aRiniSna mestiis, axalcixis,
adigenis, aspinZisa da gurjaanis raionebSi, sadac daavadeba
gamovlinda tuberebis lpobis saxiT.
Wknobis intensiuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, dazianebuli
budnebis mosavali, saRTan SedarebiT, 40-50 %-iT mcirdeba. misi
gavrceleba zogierT jiSze 10 %-s aRwevda (onis raioni), xolo
gurjaanis raionSi 2003 wels _ 25-30 %-s miaRwia (rexviaSvili
l., 2003).
Wknobas Zlieri mavneoba moaqvs sxvadasxva qveynebis soflis
meurneobisaTvisac. gansakuTrebiT, unda aRiniSnos ruseTis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi raionebi, ris gamoc, mosavlis raodenoba
30-50 %-iT mcirdeba (Болдырев В. Ф. и др., 1936). Mm. s. utkinas (Уткина
М. С., 1922-1924) monacemebiT, sxvadasxva jiSis kartofili, am
daavadebis mimarT sxvadasxva gamZleobas iCens. yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi, verticiliozuri Wknobis irgvliv, pirvel cnobebs m. s.
utkinas (Уткина М. С., 1922-1924) SromebSi vxvdebiT, romelTa
daavadebis gamomwvevi aRwera, rogorc V. dahliae. igi am daavadebis
50 %-mde gavrcelebas aRniSnavs moskovisa da serpuxovos
mazrebSi. Aavtoris monacemebiT, dazianebuli iyo aramarto
miwiszeda organoebi da kartofilis Reroebi, aramed tuberTa
WurWlebis mTeli sistema.
l. rexviaSvilis mier, 2007 wels, gamovlinebuli iyo jiS
felisitasis tuberebis 2 %-is dazianeba verticilioziT.
daavadebul qsovilebSi, dasawyisSi, badesaviT iyo ganfenili
Jangisferi laqebi, TviT tuberi ki garegnulad sruliad saRad
39
gamoiyureboda, radgan darRveuli ar iyo ujredebis garsi da
rbilobis konsistencia. or kviraSi daavadeba moedo mTel
qsovilebs da tuberi mTlianad sporebis masad iqca.
Cvens mier, samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi aRiniSna Fusarium-isa da
Verticillium-is gvaris sokoebiT gamowveuli dazianeba kartofilis
nargavebSi (suraTi 7.1 da 7.2).
suraTi 7.1 Wknobis gavrceleba erTeul suraTi 7.2. Wknobis gavrc. nargaobaSi.
mcenareze.
40
Tavi II.
kvlevis meTodebi
Fusarium-isa da Verticilium-is mier gamowveuli traqeomikozuri
Wknoba da misi simptomebi zustdeboda bunebriv da xelovnur
pirobebSi daavadebul nimuSebze _ daavadebis pirveli niSnebisa
da maTi Semdgomi cvlilebebze dakvirvebiT.
avadmyofobis gavrceleba-ganviTareba aRiricxeboda samcxe-
javaxeTis regionSi (axalqalaqi, ninowminda, adigeni, aspinZa,
axalcixe, borjomi). Kkvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda kartofili
da misi daavadebuli nimuSebidan gamoyofili traqeomikozuri
Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi. aRricxvebi tardeboda sxvadasxva
dros introdicirebul jiSebze.
daavadebaTa gavrceleba anu Sexvedrianobis sixSire
ganisazRvra saRi da daavadebuli mcenareebis aRricxviT, ВИЗР
meTodikiT (1972). nimuSebis aReba xdeboda nakveTis texil anu
kibisebr diagonalze, aT-aT adgilas, aT-aT mcenareze, jiSebis
mixedviT. TiToeuli jiSis nakveTze aRvricxavdiT mcenareTa
saerTo da WknobiT daavadebulTa raodenobas. aRricxul
mcenareTa saerTo raodenobasa da daavadebis gavrcelebis
intensivobas viTvlidiT yovel jiSsa da nakveTze. mcenareTa
daavadeba aRiricxeboda 5 baliani SkaliT. gavrcelebas
vangariSobT formuliT:
P P=n/N*100% , sadac
P – gavrcelebis procenti;
n – daavadebuli mcenareebis raodenoba;
NN – aRricxul mcenareTa saerTo raodenoba
41
daavadebaTa simptomebi, maTi ganviTarebis dinamika
iswavleboda sistematuri dakvirvebebiT, rogorc bunebriv aseve
xelovnuri dasenianebis pirobebSi.
daavadebaTa ganviTarebis intensivoba ganisazRvra
formuliT:
R= ∑𝑎(𝑏)
𝐾𝑁 *100% , sadac
R – daavadebaTa ganviTarebis intensivobaa %-Si;
a - daavadebul mcenareTa raodenoba;
b - daavadebis Sesatyvisi bali;
∑- a da b-s warmoebulTa jamia;
K - Skalis umaRlesi bali;
N - aRricxuli mcenareebis saerTo raodenoba.
naTesebis gamokvlevebi xdeboda 5 baliani SkaliT,
kartofilis yvavilobisas. kartofilis naTesebis saerTo
mdgomareoba iTvleba kargad, Tu mcenareebi kargadaa
ganviTarebuli da avadmyofobis gavrceleba 10%-s ar aRemateba.
Tu daavadebul mcenareTa raodenoba 25%-s Seadgens, saSualos,
xolo sustad ganviTarebul mcenareTa da daavadebis
gavrcelebis ufro maRali maCvenebelia – cuds.
jiSTa mdgomareobis zusti SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia
aRiricxos aT-aT adgilas 10-10 mcenare jiSebis mixedviT.
kvlevis Sedegebi iangariSeba gamokvleuli mcenareTa daavadebis
gavrcelebis saSualo ariTmetikuliT.
kartofilis Wknobis mizezebis dasadgenad daavadebul
mcenareTa nimuSebis gamokvleva xdeboda laboratoriaSi, sadac
mimdinareobda maTi vizualuri daTvaliereba, anatomiuri
Wrilebis da nayofianobis mikroskopuli gamokvleva, sakveb
42
areze gadaTesva da TermostatSi 220-250 C temperaturaze
moTavseba wminda kulturebis gamosayofad, maTi gvarobrivi da
saxeobrivi identifikaciis mizniT.
Ddaavadebis gavrceleba saTesle kartofilis tuberebze
tardeboda tuberebis analizis meTodiT (Чумаков А. Е. и др., 1974;
Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).
imisaTvis, rom Segveswavla kartofilis jiSebis tuberebis
saSualo dazianebis xarisxi, grovebis 10 sxvadasxva siRrmisa da
adgilidan viRebdiT 10-10 tubers da xdeboda maTi gamokvleva,
rogorc zedapiruli, ise anatomiuri Wrilebis daTvalierebiT.
calkeuli budnidan irCeoda saRi da daavadebuli
tuberebi. xdeboda tuberebis detaluri daTvaliereba.
daavadebuli tuberebis raodenobas vsazRvravdiT procentebSi,
saRi da daavadebuli tuberebis urTierTSefardebiT. tuberis
faruli da vizualurad TvalsaCino daavadebis gavrcelebis
gansazRvrisaTvis 100 tuberi iWreboda. daavadebis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis intensivoba gamoiangariSeboda imave formulebiT.
sokos morfologiuri niSnebi iswavleboda sxvadasxva
jiSis damWknari kartofilis qsovilebisa da masze
ganviTarebuli sokos nayofianobis mikroskopuli analiziT.
dakvirveba warmoebda, agreTve, daavadebul mcenareebidan
gamoyofil wminda kulturebze. maTi sistematuri analiziTa da
vantigemis kamerebSi sporebis gaRivebasa da mis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze dakvirvebiT. zustdeboda traqeomikozuri
sokoebis morfologiuri niSnebi da maTi cvalebadoba,
optimaluri temperaturis pirobebSi.
Cvens mier sokos morfologiuri niSnebis Seswavlis
mizniT gamoyenebuli `vantigemis~kamerebi mzaddeboda Semdegi
43
wesiT: viRebT sasagne minas, vasufTavebT spirtiT, movavlebT
spirtnaTuris alze, vdebT masze, gasufTavebuli sinjaris
gadanaWers, fuZeze irgvliv vyriT parafinis namcecebs, vaCerebT
spirtnaTuris alze. misi dadnobis Semdeg, sasagne mina da
sinjaris gadanaWeri ekvris erTmaneTs; iqmneba patara auzi. minis
gadanaWers vusvamT zemodan vazelins, masSi vasxamT mcire
raodenobis wyals (1-2 ml.), notio garemos Sesaqmnelad. viRebT
safar minas, vasufTavebT da centrSi vawveTebT gamdnar sakveb
ares, agarizebuli ludis tkbilis 1 wveTs. masze gadagvaqvs 6-8
dRiani kulturisgan damzadebuli sporovani suspenzia, erTeuli
sporebiT. vdebT patara avzze, wylisaken mimarTuls,
sinotivisaTvis. vazelinwasmul kameras vdgamT sufTa petris
avzSi, vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi da vawarmoebT sistematur
dakvirvebas sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze.
pirveli ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, dakvirvebas vawarmoebdiT
yovel or saaTSi, xolo momdevno dReebSi 8sT-Si erTxel (10-12
dRe). yuradReba eqceoda sporebis gaRivebas, miceliumis
warmoqmnas, mis Taviseburebebs, nayofianobis ganviTarebasa da
sxva.
sokoebis paTogenobis, infeqciis gzebisa da sainkubacio
periodis xangrZlivobis Seswavla xdeboda kartofilis
sxvadasxva jiSis mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis gziT.
inokulacia xdeboda 20 dRiani sokoebis kulturebidan aRebuli
inokulumiT da sporovani suspenziiT, meqanikurad dazianebul
da dauzianebel qsovilebSi inokulumis SetaniTa da wminda
kulturebis sporovani suspenziis SesxurebiT mcenareTa Rero-
foTlebze.
44
dasenianebisaTvis gankuTvnili mcenaris organoebi winaswar
iyo izolirebuli dolbandis ori fenis tomrebiT. sporovan
suspenzias vasxurebdiT, entomologiuri nemsiT, qsovilebis
meqanikurad dazianebis Semdeg da meqanikuri dazianebis gareSe.
sporovani suspenziiT Sesxurebuli mcenareebis nawilebs
vfaravdiT sveli bambiT da vaTavsebdiT polieTilenis parkebSi
24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo sveli bamba,
teniani garemos Sesaqmnelad. organoTa xelovnuri dasenianeba
xdeboda, agreTve, sokos 20 dRiani sufTa kulturebidan
aRebuli inokulumis moTavsebiT steriluri lancetiT
miyenebul WrilobaSi da dauzianebeli organoebisa da
inokulumis meqanikuri kontaqtiT. ris Semdegac am adgilebs
vfaravdiT sveli bambiT da vaxvevdiT 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
polieTilenis naWrebiT da vaTavsebdiT svel bambian
polieTilenis parkebSi. sakontrolod, imave saxiT dazianebul
da dauzianebel organoebs, sporovani suspenziis nacvlad,
vasxurebdiT sufTa wyals. inokulumis magier sufTa agars
vdebdiT. 24 saaTis Semdeg, rogorc inokulirebul, ise
sakontrolo organoebs vxsnidiT polieTilenis parkebsa da
bambis saxvevebs, vakvirdebodiT avadmyofobis niSnebis pirvel
gamoCenebs da mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. cdebi Catarda 3-3
ganmeorebiT.
qsovilebSi mimdinare paTologiur cvlilebebs
vakvirdebodiT Rero-foTlebisa da tuberebis anatomiur
Wrilebze dakvirvebiT, droebiTi preparatebis damzadebis
meTodiT. samarTebliT aRebuli paTogenuri qsovilebis Txel
anaTalebs, SeuRebavebs, vaTavsebdiT sasagne minebze, vawveTebdiT
wylis an glicerinis, spirtisa da wylis 1:1:1 nazavi xsnaris 1-1
45
wveTs, vafarebdiT safar minebs. maTi daTvaliereba-
SeswavlisaTvis viyenebdiT mikroskopuli analizis meTods (X120,
X600).
sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlenas sokoebis zrda-
ganviTarebaze da misi morfologiuri niSnebis cvalebadobaze
vswavlobdiT sxvadasxva sakveb areebze, petris Tasebsa da
sinjarebSi sokos sufTa kulturebis gadaTesviT. sakveb areebad
gamoyenebuli gvqonda lud-agari, kartofilis agari glukoziTa
da uglukozod, lobios, brinjis, Svriis, simindis naxarSTa
agarizebuli sakvebi areebi 10% glukoziT. cda tardeboda 22-
250C temperaturaze (optimaluri), sami ganmeorebiT. CaTesvis
meore dRidan warmoebda dakvirveba kulturalur niSnebze da
maT cvalebadobaze, xdeboda ganviTarebuli koloniebis
biometriuli analizi da maT pigmentaciaze dakvirveba, petris
TasebSi 3-3 ganmeorebiT. mikroskopuli analizisaTvis viyenebdiT
sinjarebSi gadaTesil kulturebs.
sokoebis moqmedebis meqanizmis Seswavlisa da maT
morfologiur-kulturalur niSnebis gavlenaze dakvirvebis
mizniT viyenebdiT naxSirbadisa da azotis Semcvel wyaroebs.
eqsperimenti tardeboda v. lilisa da g. barnetis (Лилли В., Барнетт
Г., 1953) meTodiT. sakvebad gamoyenebuli iyo Capekis are,
romalsac emateboda sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaro, kerZod,
monosaqaridebidan – glukoza, arabinoza, fruqtoza;
disaqaridebidan _ maltoza, laqtoza da saqaroza;
polisaqaridebidan _ saxamebeli. Aazotovani wyaroebidan
gamoyenebuli iqna…NaNO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, asparagini.
kontrolad aRebuli gvqonda Capekis are, naxSirwyalbadebisa
46
(Saqrebis gavlenis SeswavlisaTvis) da azotis (azotovani
wyaroebis gavlenis SeswavlisaTvis) gareSe.
cdis ganmavlobaSi vakvirdebodiT sokos zrda-ganviTarebis
xasiaTs: zrdis dasawyiss,Anayofianobis warmoqmnis periodsa da
zrdis intensivobas.
aRniSnul sakveb areze 20-42 dRis ganmavlobaSi 250C
temperaturis pirobebSi ganviTarebuli wminda kulturebi
gafiltvris Semdeg, mudmiv wonamde dagvyavda. miRebuli mSrali
miceliumebis mosavlis mixedviT vadgendiT traqeomikozuri
sokoebisaTvis naxSirwyalbadis saukeTeso wyaros, romlidanac
isini ukeT iTvisebdnen maT. sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze azotovani
wyaroebis gavlena dgindeboda igive meTodiT.
temperaturuli zRvrebis gansazRvris mizniT,
vakvirdebodiT sxvadasxva temperaturaze sporebis gaRivebis
intensivobas, risTvisac viyenebdiT ,,Ria wveTis” meTods (Наумов
Н. А., 1937). am mizniT, winaswar Semowmebul sicocxlisunarian
sporebis suspenzias vawveTebdiT sasagne minebze da notio
kamerebiT (petris Tasebi) vaTavsebdiT poliTermostatSi
sxvadasxva temperaturaze ( 00, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 320, 350, 370, 380,
400C ). gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobas vricxavdiT yovel or
saaTSi erTxel. cda Catarda sami ganmeorebiT. cdis bolos,
TiToeul temperaturaze gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobis
mixedviT, vadgendiT gaRivebisaTvis optimalur, minimalur da
maqsimalur temperaturebs.
sokos zrda-ganviTarebis xasiaTsa da morfologiuri
niSnebis cvalebadobas vswavlobdiT petris TasebSi da
sinjarebSi.Kpetris TasebSi, koloniis ganviTarebis Semdeg, mis
diameters vzomavdiT yovel meore dRes. sokos nayofianobis
47
warmoSoba isazRvreboda sinjarebSi ganviTarebuli kulturebis
yoveldRiuri mikroskopuli analiziT, sxvadasxva temperaturis
pirobebSi.
sporebis gaRivebaze sxvadasxva fardobiT tenianobis
Seswavlis mizniT, sxvadasxva tenian garemos vqmnidiT,
gogirdmJavas sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebiT,
eqsikatorebSi, i. koJanCikovis (Кожанчиков И. В., 1937) meTodiT. am
gziT Seqmnil sxvadasxva farTobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi
vaTavsebdiT sokoebis mSral sporebs sakontrolod, sporebs
wylis wveTSi vaRivebdiT. cda Catarda sami ganmeorebiT.
tenianobis gavlena sporebis cxovelmyofelobaze,
iswavleboda mSrali sporebis moTavsebiT sxvadasxva
tenianobaze, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT. sporebis
cxovelmyofelobis Semowmeba xdeboda misTvis optimalur
temperaturaze 24-250C, sami ganmeorebiT.
sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze temperaturis zemoqmedeba
iswavleboda sxvadasxva temperaturaze moTavsebul lud-agaris
areze ganviTarebuli erTi xnovanebis koloniebze dakvirvebiT.
petris TasebSi sistematuri dakvirveba xdeboda koloniis
zrdis intensivobaze, ferze da nayofianobis warmoqmnaze. cdebi
sami ganmeorebiT Catarda.
sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze tenianobis gavlena SeviswavleT
m. ezz-eldinisa da m. SarabaSis ( Ezz-Eldin M., Sharabash M., 1959)
meTodebiT. cdisaTvis viyenebdiT erTnairi zomis petris Tasis
naxevrebs. erT naxevarSi vasxamdiT 1,5% lud-agaris sakveb ares,
romlis gamyarebis Semdeg gadmobrunebuli petris Tasis meore
naxevarSi vasxamdiT sxvadasxva koncentraciis (9,2; 7.2; 4,8; 2,4%)
qimiurad sufTa sufris marilis wyalxsnars. vxuravdiT petris
48
Tasebs da vayovnebdiT 48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, romlis drosac,
maTSi iqmneboda, Sesabamisad, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% haeris
fardobiTi tenianoba. 100%-iani tenianobis gansazRvrisaTvis
gamoyenebuli iyo gamoxdili wyali. inokulumis gadaTesvis
Semdeg, petris TasSi arsebuli sakvebi aris zedapirze, Tasis
naxevrebs hermentulad vxuravdiT leikoplastiris gamoyenebiT
da vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi 250C temperaturis pirobebSi. cdebi
sam-sami ganmeorebiT Catarda. miceliumis zrda-ganviTarebaze
dakvirveba iwyeboda 24-48 sT-is Semdeg da tardeboda yovel
meore dRes.
sakvebi aris wyalbadionTa koncentraciis gavlenis
Seswavla sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze, xdeboda v. lillisa da
g. barnetis (В.Лилли, Г.Барнетт, 1953) meTodiT. risTvisac winaswar
mzaddeboda sxvadasxva pH-is mqone xsnarebi da iTeseboda 15
dRiani kulturebidan aRebuli inokulumi. sacdelad aRebuli
iyo 2,5; 3,6; 4,6; 5,6; 6,5; 7,6; 8,7; 8,9; 10,4 pH-is mqone xsnarebi.
sxvadasxva pH-is Sesaqmnelad viyenebdiT ludis tkbilis 1^: 1
ganzavebul xsnars, romelsac vamatebT sxvadasxva raodebobis
marilmJavasa (HCI) da kaliumis tutis (KOH) decinormalur
xsnarebs. zemoTaRniSnuli pH-is mqone xsnarebi 50-50 ml-is
odenobiT isxmeboda 100 ml-ian erlen meieris kolbebSi,
romelTa gamdinare orTqlze gasterilebis Semdeg iTeseboda
sokos 15 dRiani kulturidan aRebuli inokulumi; maT
vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi 250C temperaturaze. cdebi Catarda 3-5
ganmeorebiT. dakvirveba sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze xdeboda
vizualurad. 20 dRis Semdeg, kulturebi ifiltreboda winaswar
mudmiv wonamde dayvanil filtris qaRaldebze, vaTavsebdiT
saSrob karadaSi da dagvyavda mudmiv wonamde, vadgendiT mSrali
49
miceliumis wonas. yovel TiToeul variantSi vangariSobdiT
miRebuli miceliumis mSrali wonis saSualo ariTmetikuls.
sokoebis toqsikurobas vswavlobdiT Capekis Txevad sakveb
areze maTi kultirivirebiT. kulturaruli filtratis
toqsikurobis gansazRvras vawarmoebdiT aTdRiani intervaliT.
Bbioindikatorad gamoyenebuli iyo soko Coniothyrium-is sporebi.
kontrolad viyenebdiT Capekis xsnarsa da sterilur wyals.
sokos celulozuri fermentebi isazRvreboda a. a.
imSeneckis (Имшенецкий А.А., 1958) meTodiT. am mizniT, sokos
kultivireba xdeboda Capekis Txevad areze, romelic
moTavsebuli iyo 100 ml-ian erlen-meieris kolbebSi, 40-40 ml-is
odenobiT. cda Catarda samjeradi ganmeorebiT, sadac
celulozis wyaros warmoadgenda mudmiv wonamde dayvanili
filtris qaRaldi, romelic ikeceboda samjer da vaTavsebdiT
Capekis areSi, romlis samjeradi sterilizaciis Semdeg
gamdinare orTqlze, iTeseboda sporovani suspenzia.
sakontrolo kolbebSi sufTa Capekis xsnari iyo filtris
qaRaldis gareSe. cda grZeldeboda 80 dRe, 24-250C temperaturis
pirobebSi.
jiSTa GgamZleobis maCveneblebis dasadgenad, saRsa da
daavadebul gamZle da mimRebian jiSebSi vakvirdebodiT
sasicocxlo procesebSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. isazRvreboda,
katalazasa da peroqsidazas aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba.
warmoebda fermentTa aqtivobisa da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcvelobis
gansazRvra Rero-foTlebsa da tuberebSi, sxvadasxva siZlieriT
daavadebis dros.
vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba iswavleboda prokoSevis (Васильева
З.В., Кирилова Г.А., 1968) iodometruli meTodiT, katalaza _
50
gazimetruli meTodiT (Ермаков А. И. и др., 1952) vsazRvravdiT,
peroqsidazas _ baxisa da zbarskis (Белозерский А.Н., Поскуряков Н.И.,
1980) meTodiT.
traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT brZolis RonisZiebaTa
dasazusteblad icdeboda fungicidebi da bioaqtiuri naerTebi.
jer laboratoriis, xolo Semdeg, mindvris pirobebSi,
kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze.
sargavi masala, Senaxvis win muSavdeboda fungicid
,,maqsimis” 0,5%-iani xsnariT, xolo uSualo dargvis win,
traqeomikozuri Wknobis mier SesaZlo gamowveuli zaralis
Semcirebis mizniT, Cvens mier, xdeboda sargavi kartofilis ori
kviriT adre gamotana sawyobebidan, moTavseba 14-180-ze,
latenturi infeqciebis gamomJRavnebisa da gamorCevis gamo.
garda amisa, sargav kartofils vaTavsebdiT mzis gulze, rgvis
win; radgan am dros tuberebSi warmoiqmneba solanini, rac maT
infeqciebisagan icavs.
radganac Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi niadagis binadaria da
maTi ganviTareba qsovilebis SigniT mimdinareobs, maT
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sistemuri
moqmedebis preparatebs da im preparatebs, romlebic uSualod
mikro organizmebze ki ar moqmedeben, aramed warmoadgenen
mZlavr imunizatorebs, riTac xels uSlian am daavadebis
gavrceleba-ganviTarebas.
am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba,
ekologiurad sufTa bioaqtiur naerTebs. maTgan, gansakuTrebiT,
kargi Sedegi aqvs miRebuli, aRniSnul daavadebaTa mimarT,
samamulo ekologiurad sufTa preparat ,,liles” (rexviaSvili
l., 1985), ris gamoc, Cvens mier, gamoyenebuli iyo preparat
51
,,liles” 2 %-iani xsnari, riTac muSavdeboda kartofilis Tesli
30 wT-is eqspoziciiT, uSualod, Tesvis win, xolo am
preparatis 3 %-iani xsnariT xdeboda kartofilis aRmonacenTa
fesvgareSe (SesxurebiT) da fesqveSa gamokveba (morwyviT).
SeviswavleT biopreparat ,,liles” moqmedebis meore
varianti. Teslis damuSaveba xdeboda, aRniSnuli preparatis 2
da 3 %-iani xsnarebiT. isev 30 wT-is eqspoziciiT, uSualod,
Tesvis win. mcenareTa aRmocenebisTanave naTesebze Sesxurebuli
iyo imave koncentraciis xsnarebi anu xdeboda fesvisgare
gamokveba, romlis paralelurad vaxdendiT, Sesabamisi
koncentraciis xsnarebiT mcenareTa rwyvas (fesvisqveSa
gamokveba). mTeli vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi vawarmoebdiT
aRricxvebs traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
Seswavlis mizniT. aRniSnuli preparatis mosavlianobaze
gavlenis dasazusteblad, aRiricxeboda aRebuli mosavlis
raodenoba da fraqciaTa Sedgeniloba.
dadgenil iqna preparat ,,liles” roli mosavlis
raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCvenebelze. cda Catarebuli iqna sami
wlis manZilze da, saboloo, Sedegebi dadgenil iqna miRebul
sidideTa saSualo ariTmetikuliT.
Cvens mier, uSualod, Tesvis win, sargavi masala
gadairCeoda da muSavdeboda 0,5%-iani ,,moncereniT” an 0,5%-iani
,,prestiJiT” (kolorados xoWoebis gavrcelebis kerebSi) da
xelaturi tipis, bioaqtiuri naerTi _ ,,liles” 2-3%-iani
xsnarebiT, am ukanasknelT, viyenebdiT kartofilis paTogenuri
organizmebis mier gamowveul daavadebaTa mimarT, gamZleobis
gazrdis mizniT.
52
garda sargavi masalis damuSavebisa ,,lileTi” da
fungicidebiT, savegetacio periodSi xdeboda mcenareTa
damuSaveba ,,liles” 2-3%-iani xsnarebiT, kontaqtur-sistemuri
fungicid ,,ridomil goldi mc” (0,5%) da kontaqtur fungicid
,,spilenZis qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnarebiT.
cdebi Catarda ramdenime jiSze 3-3 ganmeorebiT,
biometriuli analizebi mimdinareobda mTeli vegeteciis
ganmavlobaSi da cdis bolos. aRiricxeboda daavadebaTa
ganviTarebis intensivoba, mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.
Cvens mier cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantebiT:
1. sargavi masalis damuSaveba xdeboda ,,liles” 3%-iani
xsnariT, mimdinareobda amave koncentraciis siTxiT
mcenareTa oTxjeradi wamloba, aRmocenebidan yovel 10-12
dRis Semdeg da, am wamlobaTa paralelurad 2-jer, moxda
mcenareTa, imave xsnariT, gamokveba (rwyva).
2. sargavi masala muSavdeboda fungicidi ,,moncerenis” 0,5%-
iani siTxiT da xdeboda ,,liles” 3%-iani xsnariT
oTxjeradi wamloba, aRmocenebidan yovel 10-12 dRis Semdeg.
3. xdeboda daumuSavebeli sargavi masalis aRmonacenebis
orjeradi wamloba, vegetaciis pirvel periodSi.
miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT isazRvreboda biologiuri
efeqturoba procentebSi, verticiliozisa da fuzariozis
SemTxvevebSi.
Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebi gamiznuli iyo
mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gazrdasa da
daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis Semcirebaze.
am mizniT, cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantSi. SeviswavlidiT
53
sargavi masalis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da
wamlobaTa prognozul vadebSi Catarebis gavlena mosavalze:
1. sargavi masala muSavdeboda ,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariT, amave
xsnariT xdeboda aRmonacenTa oTxjeradi wamloba da ori
gamokveba.
2. xdeboda daumuSavebeli sargavi masalis aRmonacenTa ori
wamloba: ,,ridomil goldi mc-s” 0,5%-iani da ,,spilenZis
qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnarebiT.
3. ,,lile” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebuli sargavi masalis
aRmonacenTa samjeradi wamloba amave xsnariT.
4. ,,lile” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebuli sargavi masalis
aRmonacenTa oTxi wamloba, amave xsnariT.
5. ,,lile” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebuli sargavi masalis
aRmonacenTa xuTi wamloba, amave xsnariT, fenofazebis
mixedviT.
Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi vrceldebian mcenareTa gamtar
konebSi, iwveven mcenareTa intensiur Wknobas. es, erTis mxriv,
gamowveulia maT mier gamoyofili toqsinebis zemoqmedebiT,
meore mxriv ki _ wylis deficitis mavne zegavleniT. amitom,
garda aRniSnuli RonisZiebebisa, Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iyo
kartofilis naTesebis mulCireba subalpuri TiviT. mulCi erT
mxriv, xels Seuwyobda tenis SenarCunebas niadagSi,
ganapirobebda nivTierebaTa normalur cvlas mcenareul
organizmebSi da daicavda maT wylis deficitiT gamowveuli
mavne zemoqmedebisagan. meore mxriv, ki misi fitonciduri
aqtivobis zegavlena Seamcirebda sokoebis paTogenur
zemoqmedebas. Cvens mier, kartofilis nakveTis mulCireba
xdeboda pirveli Toxnis Semdeg. mulCad gamoyenebuli iyo Tiva,
54
romelic, ZiriTadad, velurad mozardi subalpuri marcvlovani
mcenareebisagan Sedgeboda da Segrovili iyo mTis saZovrebze.
mulCirebis Semdeg sistematuri dakvirveba mimdinareobda
mcenareT zrda-ganviTarebaze, maTze daavadebaTa pirveli
gamoCenasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. mcenareTa daavadebebis
gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba aRiricxeboda vegetaciis
Sua periodSi (ivlisis III dekada) da cdis bolos (ВИЗР-is
meTodikiT). mcenareTa biometriuli analizebi da mosavlis
raodenobis gansazRvra xdeboda savegetacio periodSi da cdis
bolos, mosavlis aRebisas.
cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantebSi, TiToeul variantSi
sam-sami ganmeorebiT. TiTo ganmeorebaSi aRiricxeboda 10-10
mcenare, jiSebis mixedviT. miRebuli Sedegebi damuSavda
variaciuli statistikis wiladobrivi meTodiT (Рокицкий П.Ф.,
1961; Доспехов Б.А., 1965).
mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitonciduri aqtivobis
gansazRvra xdeboda Tivis eqstraqtSi damzadebul sporovan
suspenziaze dakvirvebiT, gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da
Rivis ganviTarebis siZlieris mixedviT. Bbio-indikatorad
viyenebdiT Fusarium oxysporum-is 15 dRian kulturas. sporovani
suspenzia 2 – 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi Tavsdeboda TermostatSi 250
temperaturaze (kontrolad viyenebdiT onkanis wyals).
mulCad gamoyenebul mcenareTa fitoncidur aqtivobaze
dakvirveba xdeboda meore meTodis gamoyenebiTac. am mcenareTa
gamonawuris vantigemis kameraSi moTavsebiT (,,dakiduli wveTis”
meTodiT) da sporebis gaRivebis intensivobaze dakvirvebiT.
sakontrolo variantSi, vantigemis kameraSi, vasxamdiT onkanis
wyals.
55
III Tavi
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis
saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da gavrceleba samcxe-javaxeTSi
3.1. traqeomikozuri Wknobis mavneoba da gavrceleba samcxe-
javaxeTSi
samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobs. samcxes
miakuTvneben: aspinZis, adigenisa da axalcixis municipalitetebs.
marTalia, borjomi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT zemo qarTlis
teritoriazea viwro xeobis saxiT, magram gaerTianebulia
samcxeSi. javaxeTis teritoria moicavs ninowmindisa da
axalqalaqis municipalitetebs.
wyaroebSi javaxeTi (zabaxa) pirvelad Zv. w. 785 wels
ixsenieba urartus mefis argiSTi I-is warweraSi, rogorc
dapyrobili mxare. uZvelesi droidan javaxeTi qarTlis samefos
erT-erTi saerisTavo iyo.
samcxe-javaxeTis teritoriis nawili javaxeTis zeganze
mdebareobs, romelic vulkanuri warmoSobisaa da adgil-adgil
gavrcelebulia tbiuri naleqebi. reliefSi gabatonebulia 1500-
2200 metri simaRlis aziduli vakeebi, romlebic garTulebulia
tbiani da Waobiani tafob qvabulebiTa da mdinareTa
kanionisebrTa xeobebiT.
javaxeTis zegans TrialeTis qedi hyofs, sadac borjomis
raioni mdebareobs. mTian samcxe-TrialeTSi gavrcelebulia
yavisferi, tyis yomrali, eweri da mTa-mdelos niadagebi.
yavisferi niadagebi gvxvdeba axalcixis qvabulis kalTebze; tyis
yomral niadags didi farTobi ukavia borjomisa da bakurianis
midamoebSi.
56
javaxeTis mTianeTis gaSlili mindvrebi mTis Savmiwa da
mTa-mdelos niadagebiT xasiaTdeba.
hava gardamavalia, zomierad notiodan mTianeTis mSral
klimatze. zafxuli mSrali da cxelia, zamTari Tovliani da
civi icis. saSualo wliuri temperatura 4-60 C-ia, ianvari -5 -100
C , ivlisi 15-160 C , absoluturi minimumi -34 -410 C, absoluturi
maqsimumi 30-350 C, naleqebi 600-750 mm. weliwadSi. gavrcelebulia
stepuri mcenareuloba.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityvebiT: `axal-cixe qalaqi, haviT
ars mSvenieri, zamTari civi da Tovliani, zafxuli ara eg-oden
cxeli. garemos qalaqisa walkotni, venaxni da xilni mravalni~;
`samcxe, SigniT mziani, goriani, Rrantoiani, xevian-kldiani,
magari mTabarTa siaxloviTa, venaxiani, xiliani mravlad~.
samcxe-javaxeTi maRalmTiani adgilebisaTvis, aucilebelia,
saadreo, yinvagamZle jiSebis SerCeva, aseve rogorc
mekartofileobis Zveli raioni, saWiroa SeirCes umTavresi
avadmyofobebisadmi gamZle jiSebi.
Tu ucxoeTidan super elitis, elitis an pirveli
reproduqciis sargavi masalis saSualeba ara gvaqvs da viyenebT
adgilobriv Tesls, saWiroa adgilebi mainc vucvaloT, radgan
axal teritoriaze gadatanisas es kultura ukeTes mosavals
iZleva. SeZlebisdagvarad davicvaT Teslbrunva da kulturaTa
morigeoba. saukeTeso winamorbedia marcvleuli kulturebi.
daavadebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs mcenaris zrda-
ganviTarebaze, saTesle tuberebis aRmocenebasa da gaRivebis
unarze, rac iwvevs kartofilis mosavlis sagrZnob Semcirebasa
da misi xarisxis gauaresebas, ris gamoc kargavs sasaqonlo
Rirebulebas.
57
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi kartofilis daavadebebidan,
umTavresad, gavrcelebulia: fitoftorozi, rizoqtoniozi,
Wknoba, fomozi, alternariozi-makrosporozi, Cveulebrivi,
fxvieri da vercxlisferi qeci, rgoluri da sveli sidampleebi,
kartofilis Savfexa, virusuli, viroidiuli da fitoplazmuri
daavadebani.
sxva daavadebaTa Soris, samcxe-javaxeTis urwyav nakveTebze,
xSirad intensiurad viTardeba Wknoba, ris gamoc, miznad
davisaxeT, dagvedgina kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi
paTogenuri sokoebi, mogvexdina maTi identifikacia da
dagvezustebina yoveli maTganis xvedriTi wili kartofilis
Wknobis paTogenezSi da dagvesaxa maT winaaRmdeg brZolis
radikaluri RonisZiebebi.
kvleviTi samuSaobi, aRniSnuli daavadebis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT, Catarda samcxe-javaxeTis
regionSi, laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi l. yanCavelis
mcenareTa dacvis institutis fitopaTologiis ganyofilebasa
da saqarTvelos agrarul universitetSi.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi gamokvlevis Sedegad Cvens mier
gamovlenili iqna mcenareTa traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi
sokoebis 2 gvari: Fusarium-i da Verticilium-i. aRiniSna, agreTve,
mcenaris Wknoba sxva daavadebebis Sedegadac.
rogorc aRvniSneT, marSutuli gamokvlevebi mimdinareobda
borjomis, aspinZis, axalcixis, adigenis, axalqalaqis da
ninowmindis municipalitetebSi, ivlisi-agvisto-seqtembris
TveebSi.
pirveli gamokvlevis periodSi daavadebebi, vizualurad,
SeiniSneboda erTeul mcenareebze. daavadebis intensiuri
58
ganviTareba aRiniSneboda agvistodan. vegetaciis bolos _
aRiricxeboda mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.
daavadebuli mcenareebi yvavilobamde normalurad
viTardeboda, Semdeg ki SeiniSneboda jer calkeuli foTlebis,
xolo Semdeg mTeli Reros Wknoba. daavadebis sawyis etapze,
foTlis firfitaze, dawyebuli kideebidan, aRiniSneboda
moyviTalo arSiamovlebuli muqi laqebi. xSirad adgili hqonda
daavadebul mcenareTa uecar Wknobas. foTlebi gaxmobas
iwyebdnen erTi meores miyolebiT, rasac Tan sdevda Reros
xmobac. tuberebze Verticilium-i Tvlebidan iWreba, Rrmad
vrceldeba qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas. Fusarium-
is warmomadgenlebi tuberebze warmoqmnian wablisfer laqebs.
sainfeqcio sawyisi inaxeba mcenareuli narCenebSi, sargav
masalasa da niadagSi.
kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrilis
mikroskopuli analizisas, aRiniSneba WurWel-boWkovani konebis
gamovseba miceliumiT (suraTi 8.1, 8.2).
suraTi 8.1, 8.2 kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrili (miceliumebiT
gamovsebuli WurWel-boWkovani konebi).
59
sigrZiv ganaWerSi aRiniSneboda gamuqebuli WurWel-
boWkovani konebi muqi xazebis saxiT, xolo ganiv ganaWerSi _
wriulad ganwyobili miceliumiT gamovsebuli WurWel-
boWkovani konaTa rgolebi (suraTi 9.1, 9.2). Wknobis intensiuri
ganviTarebis Sedegad dazianebuli budnebis mosavali, jiSebis
mixedviT, saRTan SedarebiT 30-50%-iT da zogjer metadac
mcirdeba.
suraTi 9.1, 9.2 kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrili (wriulad
ganwyobili miceliumiT gamovsebuli WurWel-boWkovani konaTa rgolebi).
paTologiuri qsovilebis lud-agaris sakveb areze
gadaTesvisas viTardeba odnav moWuWyiano kremisferi koloniebi,
romlis konidiaTmtarebi rgoluri datotviT xasiaTdeba.
yvela morfologiuri niSnis mixedviT identificirebuli
iqna: V. albo-atrum Reinke, V. dahliae Kleb. da V. lateritium Berk.
paTologiuri qsovilebis zogierTi nawilebis gadataniT
lud-agaris sakveb areze viTardeboda movardisfro kolonia.
ganviTarebul koloniis mikroskopuli analizisas aRiniSneboda
naxevarmTvarisebri elifsuri formis an odnav moxrili mikro
da makro konidiumebi, rac fuzariumisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli,
gamoyofili sokoebis identificirebiT dadginda, rom es
60
saxeobebia: Fusarium oxysporum-i (Schlecht) Shyd-et Hans. da F. solani-a
(Mart. App. Et Wr.), maTi Sexvedrianoba TiTqmis Tanabari iyo.
Cvens mier gamovlinebuli sokoebiT gamowveuli
traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva mikroklimatur ubnebsa da
municipalitetebSi, agreTve kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSebSi.
daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba sxvadasxva
jiSis kartofilis mimarT gansxvavebulia. SedarebiT gamZlea
pikaso, kosmosi da sante da metad mimRebiani agria da marabeli.
amrigad, Cvens mier, kartofilis daavadebuli nimuSebidan
gamoyofili iqna gvar Verticillum - is sami saxeoba V. albo-atrum, V.
dahlliae da V. lateritium. Fusarium - is gvaridan soko FF. oxysporum da
F. solani. gamoyofili kulturebis mikroskopuli analiziTa da
SexvedrianobiT saSualeba mogveca mogvexdina Verticillum-iTa da
Fusarium - iT gamowveuli daavadebul mcenareTa gavrcelebis
gansazRvra %-Si, municipalitetebisa da jiSebis mixedviT.
(cxrili 1, diagrama 1; 2).
rogorc, cxrili 1-dan da diagrama 1 da 2-dan Cans, samcxe-
javaxeTis regionSi, verticiliozuri Wknoba ufro naklebad
dafiqsirda vidre fuzariozuli. verticiliozuri Wknoba ufro
maRali aRmoCnda ninowmindis municipalitetSi, sadac misma
gavrcelebam saSualod 6% Seadgina, xolo aspinZis
municipalitetSi _ fuzariozuli, sadac am daavadebis
gavrceleba saSualod 8% iyo, rac ganapiroba gansxvavebulma
klimaturma pirobebma. jiSebis mixedviT SedarebiT gamZlea
pikaso, romelSic traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrcelebis saSualo
procentia 2,8. metad mimRebiania jiSi-agria, sadac fuzariozuli
61
da verticiliozuri Wknobis gavrcelebis saSualo procenti
9,2-ia (cxrili 1 da diagrama 1, 2).
cxrili 1
verticiliozuri da fuzariozuli Wknobis gavrcelebis
procenti samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi ( 2008 _ 2010ww.)
daavadebaTa gavrcelebis procenti kartofilis
sxvadasxva jiSze
muni
cipal
itet
ebi jiSebi
daavadebebi
marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi saSualo
axal
cix
e V. albo-atrum, V.
dahlliae, V.lateritium 6 2 8 5 2 4,6
F. oxysporum F.solani 9 3 11 5 3 6,2
aspinZa
V. albo-atrum V.
dahlliae, V.lateritium 7 4 10 4 3 5,6
F. oxysporum F.solani 13 3 12 7 5 8
adig
eni
V. albo-atrum V.
Dahlliae,V.lateritium 7 3 8 4 2 4,8
F. oxysporum F.solani 8 3 10 6 4 6,2
axal
qalaqi V. albo-atrum V.
dahlliae,V.lateritium, 5 2 8 4 2 4,2
F. oxysporum F.solani 6 3 8 3 3 4,6
nino
wminda V. albo-atrum V.
dahlliae, V.lateritium 7 3 10 7 3 6
F. oxysporum F.solani 10 3 11 6 4 6,8
borjomi V. albo-atrum V.
dahlliae, V.lateritium 3 2 5 3 2 3
F. oxysporum F.solani 7 3 9 4 2 5
62
diagrama 1
6
7 7
5
7
3
2
4
3
2
3
2
8
10
8 8
10
55
4 4 4
7
3
2
3
2 2
3
2
4,6
5,6
4,8
4,2
6
3
ახალციხე ასპინძა ადიგენი ახალქალაქი ნინოწმინდა ბორჯომი
.daavadebaTa (V. albo-atrum, V. dahlliae, V.lateritium) gavrcelebis procentikartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze
მარებელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი საშუალო
63
diagrama 2
9
13
8
6
10
7
3 3 3 3 3 3
11
12
10
8
11
9
5
7
6
3
6
4
3
5
4
3
4
2
6,2
8
6,2
4,6
6,8
5
ახალციხე ასპინძა ადიგენი ახალქალაქი ნინოწმინდა ბორჯომი
daavadebaTa (F. oxysporum, F.solani) gavrcelebis procenti kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze
მარებელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი საშუალო
64
cxrili 2
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis intensivoba samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi (2008_2010ww.)
rogorc cxrili 2-dan Cans, Wknoba yvelaze metad aRiniSna
aspinZaSi, fuzariozulma da verticiliozurma Wknobis
gavrcelebam Seadgina 13,6%, SedarebiT naklebi maCvenebelia
muni
cipal
itet
ebi
daavadebebi
Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, %
kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSebze
marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi saSualo
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
gavrcel
eba
ganviTar
eba
axal
cix
e
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 15 8 5 2 19 9 10 5 5 2,5 10,8 5,3
aspinZa
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 20 10 7 4 22 12 11 6 8 4 13,6 7,0
adig
eni
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 15 8 6 3 18 9 10 5 6 3 11 5,6
axal
qalaqi
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 11 5,5 5 2,5 16 8 7 3,5 5 3 8,8 4,5
nino
wminda
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 17 8,5 6 3 21 10,5 13 6,5 7 3,5 12,8 6,4
borjomi
fuzariozi+
verticiliozi 10 5 5 2,5 14 7 7 3,5 4 3 8 4,0
65
borjomis municipalitetSi, fuzariozuli da verticiliozuri
Wknobis gavrceleba _ 8,0%-s aRwevda. Sesabamisi iyo daavadebis
ganviTarebis intensivobac, e. i. ufro intensiurad ganviTarda
daavadebebi aspinZis municipalitetSi, sadac fuzariozuli da
verticiliozuri WknobaTa ganviTarebis intensivoba 7,0%-s
aRwevda; borjomis municipalitetSi _ fuzariozuli da
verticiliozuri Wknobis ganviTarebis intensivoba, SedarebiT
naklebi aRmoCnda da Seadgina _ 4,0%.
amrigad, Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis intensiuri gavrceleba-
ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTis pirobebSi.
identificirebulia traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi
sokoebi: Verticilium-is gvaris saxeoba _ Verticilium albo-atrum da V.
Dahliae, V.lateritium da Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobebi: FF. oxisporum-i da
F. solani. kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSi sxvadasxva gamZleobas iCens
WurWel-boWkovani Wknobis mimarT. gamovlenilia SedarebiT
gamZle jiSebi _ pikaso da sante da mimRebiani jiSi _ agria.
kartofilis WurWel-boWkovani Wknobis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva intensivobas ganapirobebda kartofilis
mwarmoebeli municipalitetebisa da ubnebis mikroklimaturi
pirobebi da warmoebul jiSTa Tavisebureba.
3.2. traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis saxeobrivi
Semadgenloba da kulturaluri niSnebis Seswavla
kartofilis Wknobis eTiologiis Seswavlisa da paTogenTa
gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi identifikaciisaTvis xdeboda maTi
gadaTesva ludagaris sakveb areze, romelic mzaddeboda ludis
tkbilis, gamoxdili wylisa da agar-agarisagan. sakvebis aris
66
neitralizaciisaTvis pHH_ 6-7-mde, viyenebdiT saWmeli sodis
(NaHCO3) wyalxsnars.
lud-agarze gadaTesili kulturebi sinjarebiT Tavsdeboda
TermostatSi 250 temperaturaze.
paTologiuri qsovilebis zogierTi nawilis gadataniT
lud-agaris sakveb areze, viTardeba ufero an movardisfro
koloniebi, romlis konidiebi erT an mravalujrediania.
fuzariumis gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi identifikacia sarkvevebis
gamoyenebiT moxda (…Билай В. И., 1977).……………………
mikro da makro konidiumebi _ naxevradmTvariseburia,
elifsuri formisa, rac soko Fusarium-isaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. Mmisi identifikaciis Sedegad gamoiyo
aRniSnuli gvaris ori saxeoba: F. oxysporum-i da F. solani.
Fusarium oxysporum Schl. sporebi namgliseburad moxrili
formiT xasiaTdeba, 3-4 tixriT, 27 – 46 × 3 - 5 mkm zomis. Fusarium
solani (Mart.) App. Et. Wr _ ( Литвинов М. А., , 1967; Билай В. И., 1977;
Пидопличко Н. М., 1977; Лугаускас А. Ю., Михульскене А. И., Шляужене Д.
Ю., 1987) gamoyofilia tuberebis fxvieri masidan da mis
zedapirze arsebuli Ria-movardisfro baliSebidan. tuberebis
siRrme amovsebulia haerovani miceliumiT. Seferili baliSebi
Sedgeba naxevarmTvarisebiri sporebisagan 1-5 tixriT an wvrili,
utixro elifsuri mikrokonidiebisagan. sporebis zoma 20 – 40 ×
4,3 - 5 mkm-ia, gvxvdeba 20 – 60 × 4 - 7 mkm zomis konidiumebic.
daavadebul tuberebze aRiniSneba wablisferi rbili laqa.
mSralad Senaxvis pirobebSi kani laqaze koncentruli wreebis
saxiT naoWdeba. gaWril tuberebze laqebis qveS moCans dampali
qsovili siRruviT, romelic sokos ZafebiT aris daqselili.
daavadebuli tuberi mTlianad lpeba da gamovsebulia
67
movardisfro fumfula miceliumiT, am masis gadataniT,
steriluri nemsis meSveobiT, sakveb areze ganviTarda kolonia,
romlis mikroskopuli analizisas aRiniSna naxevradmTvarisebri
elifsuri formis an odnav moxrili mikro da makro konidiumebi
(suraTebi 10.1, 10.2).
fuzariumebi qmnian mopirisfro fifqs, rac mis nayofianobas
warmoadgens.
sur. 10.1 soko F. oxysporum mikro da makro sur. 10.2 soko F. oxysporum (X600).
konidiumebi (X120). 1. sokos miceliumi;
2. sokos sporebi.
paTologiuri qsovilis lud-agaris sakveb areze
gadaTesvisas, verticilioziT daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarda
odnav moWuWyiano kremisferi koloniebi, nazi fifqiT,
romelzec viTardeboda konidiaTmtarebi da maTze rgolurad
ganwyobili sterigmebi. koloniebi moTeTroa da Znelad
SesamCnevi, magram mikroskopSi iolad SeimCneoda.
konidiaTmtarebis rgolurad ganwyobil sterigmebze Tavakadaa
Sekruli erTujrediani konidiosporebi, kvercxisebr-elifsuri
formis, romlebic uferoa, Semdeg ki yavisferdeba. damWknari
mcenareebidan wminda kulturebis analiziT, maTi morfologiur-
68
kulturaluri niSnebis SeswavliT identificirebuli iyo
Verticilium-is gvaris sami saxeoba.
Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berth. _ romelic lud-agarze
moruxo-moWuWyiano feris koloniis saxiT viTardeba. aRmamdgom
konidiaTmtarebze rgoluradaa ganwyobili sterigmebi,
romlebzedac Tavakad Sekruli wvrili, erTujrediani
kvercxisebr-mogrZo sporebi viTardeba (3,5 - 10,5 × 2 - 4 mkm,
gvxvdeba 5 – 12 × 3 mkm zomisac).
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. koloniebSi aRiniSna momwvano-
moyavisfro pigmentacia, rac mikrosklerociumebis ganviTarebiT
iyo gamowveuli. konidiumebis zomebi 16 – 35 × 1 -2,5 mkm-ia da
Tavakebad aris Sekruli. vxvdebiT, agreTve, 4 – 6 × 2,3 mkm
zomisasac.
Verticillium lateritium Berkeley ( Литвинов М. А., 1967; Лугаускас А. Ю.,
Михульскене А. И., Шляужене Д. Ю., 1987), Cvens mier, gamoyofilia
tuberidan da damWknari mcenareebidan.
dazianebuli tuberebi danaoWebulia, dasawyisSi TeTria,
Semdeg SigniT sicarieleebiT, romlis zedapiri dafarulia
bambisebri moyavisfro-moagurisfro miceliumiT. miceliumebi
datotvilia, dasawyisSi TeTri, Semdeg moagurisfro-wiTeli.
konidiaTmtarebi swormdgomia, 200 mkm sigrZis, rgolurad
ganwyobili sterigmebiT, romelTa raodenoba 4-6-ia,
wagrZelebuli. sterigmebi _ fialidebi, solisebri an mogrZo
boTlisebria, 7,5 -15 (29) × 2,5 - 3,4 mkm. konidiebi elifsuria an
gaWimul-elifsuri, boloebze momrgvalebuli, xandaxan
cilindruli, uswormasworo gverdebiT, mravalricxovani, Ria-
agurisfer-wiTeli. lorwovani masiT Tavakebadaa Sekrulia, isini
agurisferia (suraTebi 11.1, 11.2).
69
suraTi 11.1 soko V. lateritium (X1350). suraTi 11.2 soko V. lateritium (X600). 1. konidiaTmtarebi; 2. sokos sporebi.
verticiliozur Wknobas xels uwyobs zafxulis Tveebis
mSrali da cxeli amindebi. n. a. naumovis (Наумов Н. А., 1937)
monacemebiT, verticiliozi ufro swrafad vrceldeba da
aRiniSneba qviSnari da msubuqi niadagebisaTvis, vidre mZime
Tixnari niadagebisaTvis.
samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi, kartofilze, Cvens mier
gamovlinebuli sokoebidan, Sexvedrianobis sixSiriTa da meti
mavneobiT gamoirCeoda sokoebi: Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da
Verticillium lateritium Berk.
3.3. latenturi daavadebebi da misi roli infeqciis SenaxvaSi
traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria infeqciis wyaro
da misi gadazamTrebis gzebi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani
iyo faruli infeqciebi, romlebic inaxebian tuberSi,
vizualurad SeumCnevelia, mihyvebian sargav masalas da iwveven
traqeomikozuri Wknobis intensiur ganviTarebas mindvrad. aqedan
gamomdinare, miznad davisaxeT, Segveswavla Wknobis daavadebaTa
70
faruli formebi, romelic lokalizebuli iyo tuberebis
siRrmeSi da vizualurad ar SeimCneoda, mogvexdina gamomwveTa
saxeobrivi identifikacia da dagvezustebina maTi roli
kartofilis nargaobaTa gameCxerebaSi da daavadebaTa
gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intevsivobaSi. mizani ganpirobebuli
iyo imiTac, rom Cvens mier mimdinare kvlevebis pirobebSi, axlad
Semotanil introducirebul jiSTa nargaobebSi, xSirad, adgili
hqonda aRmonacenTa gameCxerebas.
Cvens mier gamokvleuli iyo fermeris mier Semotanili,
sargavad gamiznuli, sxvadasxva jiSi: dezire, karatopi, kolete,
marabeli da pikaso.
Tesvis win, Cvens mier, xdeboda mewarmis mier gadarCeuli
sargavi tuberebis ganaWeris daTvaliereba. keTdeboda yoveli
jiSis 10-10 tuberis sigrZivi ganaWeri 10-10 ganmeorebaSi.
paTologiuri qsovilebi gadagvqonda lud-agaris sakveb areze,
wminda kulturebis gamosayofad. xdeboda yoveli paTogenuri
organizmis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra sakvlev masalaSi da
mosalodnel daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis prognozi,
nakveTis mikroklimatis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
garegnulad saRi tuberebi iTeseboda Ria gruntSi da
xdeboda sistematuri monitoringi maT aRmonacenebze.
daavadebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba
isazRvreboda ВИЗР meTodikiT (1972). monacenTa damajereblobis
Sefaseba xdeboda variaciuli statistikis wiladobrivi
meTodiT (Рокицкий П.Ф., 1961; Доспехов Б.А., 1965).
sakontrolod gamoyenebuli iyo, Tesvis win, ori kviriT
adre, 14-180-ze moTavsebuli sargavi masalidan xelaxla
71
gadarCeuli Teslis nargavebi da sameurneo kontroli (mimdebare
teritoriaze arsebuli kerZo fermerTa nargavebi).
Catarebuli eqsperimentebiT dadgenilia, rom sargav
tuberTa latenturi infeqciebis 7-18% fuzariozsa da
verticiliozze modis, xolo 10-17% sxva danarCen daavadebebze
modis, xSirad adgili hqonda Sereul infeqciebsac, monacemebi
motanilia cxrili 3-Si. latenturi infeqciis umetesobaSi
infeqcia stolonebis mimagrebis adgilidan iyo SeWrili. adgili
hqonda, agreTve, Tvlebidan infeqciis SeWrasac. zogjer,
infeqciis SeWras adgili hqonda meqanikurad dazianebuli
adgilebidanac. maTi gadafarva axlad warmoqmnili epidermisiT
xdeboda; infeqcia ki Rrmad iWreboda da lokalizdeboda
tuberis centralur nawilSi.
daavadebaTa latenturi formebi, xSirad Sereuli infeqciis
saxiTaa warmodgenili da paTologiuri qsovilebis lud-agaris
sakveb areze gadaTesvisas, ramdenime paTogenuri organizmis
gamoyofas hqonda adgili. tuberis centralur nawilSi, zogjer
erTdroulad iyo lokalizirebuli Fusarium-isa da Verticillium-is
gvaris sokoebi (suraTebi 12.1, 12.2). maT garSemo, tuberebis
qsovilebi, garegnulad, saRi iyo.
suraTi 12.1. 12,2. fuzariozisa da verticiliozis Sereuli infeqciebiT
daavadebuli tuberebi.
72
cxrili 3
latenturi infeqciebis gavrceleba axlad introducirebul
jiSTa mosavalSi (samcxe-javaxeTi)
#
jiSebi
daavadebaTa gavrceleba, %
SeniSvna fuzariozi verticili
ozi
sxva
danarCeni
1 dezire 2,0 1,0 11-15
elit
uri
Tes
lis
I
reproduqc
ia
2 karatopi 4,0 5,0 8-17
3 kolete 2,0 1,0 12-18
4 marabeli 3,0 _ 9-16
5 pikaso 1,0 1,0 10-19
m%=7,6
HCP0,95=6,2
farul infeqciebSi SexvedrianobiT fuzariozi sWarbobs
verticiliozs (cxrili 4).
Catarebuli eqsperimentebiT dadgenilia, pirdapir
korelaciuri kavSiri, sargavi masalis faruli infeqciebisa da
aRmonacenTa daavadebebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobas
Soris, sadac, korelaciis koeficienti 0,8-s aRwevs. Tumca,
Tanafardoba TeslSi daavadebaTa gavrcelebasa da aRmonacenTa
daavadebis gavrcelebisas Soris, iseTive ar iyo, rogorc sargav
masalaSi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, aminduri pirobebiTa da
nakveTis mikroklimatiT, aseve paTogenTa biologiuri
TaviseburebebiT. kargad ganaTebul ferdobebze ufro
intensiurad iyo gavrcelebuli fuzariozi da verticiliozi,
vidre maRaltenian daCrdilul adgilebSi, sadac WurWel-
boWkovani Wknoba 2-10%-s ar aRemateboda.
73
cxrili 4
sxvadasxva paTogenTa mier gamowveuli daavadebebis xvedriTi
wili farul infeqciebSi
#
jiSebi
daavadebul tuberebSi yoveli
daavadebis gavrceleba, %
SeniSvna
fuzariozi verticili
ozi
sxva
danarCeni
1 dezire 7,1 3,8 40-42
elit
uri
Tes
lis
I
reproduqc
ia
2 karatopi 6,5 3,6 34-36
3 kolete 7,3 3,0 30-32
4 marabeli 6,0 _ 15-16
5 pikaso 7,0 2,0 19-22
m%=5,2
HCP0,95=10,3
Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom sargavi
kartofilis latenturi infeqciebi mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobaSi.
Tumca, gadamwyveti nargaobaTa dazianebaSi, mainc aminds,
nakveTis mikroklimatsa da paTogenTa biologiur Taviseburebebs
eniWeba. kerZod, daavadebis gamomwvevTa damokidebulebas amindis
elementebisadmi, sporebis gavrcelebis gzebsa da sxva.
74
IV Tavi
traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis biologiuri
Taviseburebani
4.1. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko Verticilliul lateritium Berk.
paTogenoba
sokoebis paTogenobis, infeqciis gzebisa da sainkubacio
periodis xangrZlivobis dadgena xdeboda kartofilis
sxvadasxva jiSis mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis meSveobiT. 15
dRiani sokoebis wminda kulturebis inokulaciiT mcenareTa
meqanikurad dazianebuli adgilebidan da sporovani suspenziis
mcenareebis Rero-foTlebze SesxurebiT, temperatura da
tenianoba isazRvreboda fsiqrometriT (suraTebi 13.1, 13.2, 13.3,
13.4).
cdebi Catarda 3 ganmeorebiT da saboloo Sedegebi
gaviangariSeT miRebulis saSualo ariTmetikuliT. miRebili
Sedegebi warmodgenilia 5, 6, 7 cxrilebSi.
rogorc cxrilebidan Cans, daavadebis gamoCenis pirveli
niSnebi, kartofilis jiSebze: dezire, agriasa da pikasoze,
dasenianebis sxvadasxva formis SemTxvevaSi (WrilobaSi
inokulumis Setana, suspenzia daCxvletil qsovilze, suspenzia
dauzianebel qsovilze) aRiniSna xelovnuni dasenianebidan
sxvadasxva dros, 18-72 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, jiSebis mimRebianobis
mixedviTa da paTogenTa gansxvavebuli kontaqtis Sesabamisad;
rac gamoxatuli iyo mcire zomis nekrozuli laqebis saxiT.
samive jiSis SemTxvevaSi, mcenareTa sruli Wknoba, yvelaze
swrafad, dafiqsirda 200C temperaturisa da 85% tenianobis
dros, dasenianebis samive variantSi.
75
suraTi13.1 xelovnurad dasenianebuli mcenare. suraTi13.2 xelovnurad dasenianebuli
nargaoba.
suraTi13.3 haeris fardobiTi tenianobisa suraTi13.4 muSaobis procesi.
da temperaturis gansazRvra.
76
cxrili 5
kartofilis fuzariozuli Wknobis ganviTarebis dinamika
WrilobaSi inokulumis Setanisas
.
Tar
iRi
saS
ual
o t
eniano
ba%
-Si,
t0C
variant
ebi
WrilobaSi inokulumis Setana
sainkub
acio
period
is
xangrZ
livoba
, sT
nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris sruli Wknoba, dRe
SeniS
vna
dasenian
ebidan
me-3 dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-4 dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-5 dRe
daseni
anebid
an me-6
dRe
20.07
250 C
65%
dezire
kontroli 24 1,7 1,7×1,9 1,9×2,1 2,2×2,1 12
mTel
saveg
etac
io per
iodSi
aRiniS
neboda maRal
i far
dobiT
i
teniano
ba, u
xvi n
aleqebi. x
Sir
ad t
emperat
uris
mkveT
r r
yevadobas
hqond
a ad
gil
i, r
amac
ganapir
oba mc
enar
eTa
Wknobis
int
ensiu
ri
ganviTar
eba.
agria
kontroli 18 1,7 1,9×2,0 2,1×2,2 2,2×3,0 10
pikaso
kontroli 24 1,3 1,5×3,0 1,5×3,0 1,7×3,0 14
2.08
220 C
80% dezire
kontroli 24 1,5 1,8×2,1 1,9×2,9 2,2×3,0 10
agria
kontroli 18 1,6 1,8×2,0 2,1×2,2 2,5×4,0 7
pikaso
kontroli 36 1,1 1,3×2,5 1,4×2,5 1,4×3,0 14
18.08
200 C
85% dezire
kontroli 18 1,6 1,8×3,0 2,0×3,1 2,5×3,5 7
agria
kontroli 18 1,7 1,8×2,2 2,0×3,0 3,0×4,5 5
pikaso
kontroli 24 1,2 1,3×3,0 1,3×3,0 1,5×3,5 13
77
cxrili 6
kartofilis fuzariozuli Wknobis ganviTarebis dinamika
meqanikurad dazianebul qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis
Sesxurebisas
Tar
iRi
saS
ual
o t
eniano
ba%
-Si,
t0C
.
variateb
i suspenzia daCxvletil qsovilze
sainkubacio
periodis xangrZlivoba, sT
nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris sruli Wknoba, dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-3 dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-4 dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-5 dRe
dasenian
ebidan
me-6 dRe
20
.07
250C
65%
dezire
kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,5 1,2×5,0 10
agria
kontroli 36 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,5 1,5×4,0 10
pikaso
kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,4×3,0 1,5×3,5 1,5×3,4 17
2.0
8 220C
80%
dezire
kontroli 36 1,0×3,5 1,0×4,0 1,5×4,5 2,0×5,5 7
agria
kontroli 36 1,2×3,5 1,5×3,5 1,7×4,0 1,9×4,3 9
pikaso
kontroli 48 1,3×3,0 1,3×3,3 1,5×3,5 1,5×3,5 17
18
.08
200C
85%
dezire
kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,5×3,0 2,0×3,0 2,5×4,0 7
agria
kontroli 36 1,0×3,5 1,3×4,0 1,8×5,0 2,5×6,0 6
pikaso
kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,3×3,5 1,5×3,5 1,5×4,0 15
rogorc Catarebulma kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, Wknobis
gamomwvevi sokoebi, ufro intensiurad viTardebian maRali
fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi, Tumca gvalvian amindSi
adgili aqvs mcenareTa ufro swraf Wknobas, rac ganpirobebulia
tenis deficitiT, romlis mavne zegavlenas aZlierebs
traqeomikozuri sokoebis qsilemaSi intensiuri gavrceleba.
78
cxrili 7
kartofilis fuzariozuli Wknobis ganviTarebis dinamika
dauzianebul qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebisas
soko V. lateritium-is paTogenobis dadgenis mizniT, Catarda
sxvadasxva jiSebis: agria, pikaso da dezire xelovnuri
dasenianeba soko V. lateritium-is 15 dRiani kulturiT _ WrilobaSi
inokulumis SetaniTa da entomologiuri nemsiT daCxvletili
kartofilis sxvadasxva organoebis sporovani suspenziis
SesxurebiT. Mmcenareebze, romlis Reroze, WrilobaSi Setanili
iyo inokulumi, meore dResve aRiniSna Reros dazianeba, Savi
patara nekrozuli laqebis saxiT da TeTri miceliumis
ganviTareba. meoTxe dRes ki _ SeiniSneboda sporebis warmoqmna.
Tar
iRi
saS
ual
o t
enianoba%
-
Si,
t0C
variant
ebi
suspenzia dauzianebel qsovilze
sainkubac
io
periodis
xangrZli
voba sT-
Si
nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris
sruli
Wknoba,
dRe
dasenia
nebidan
me-3
dRe
dasenia
nebidan
me-4
dRe
dasenia
nebidan
me-5
dRe
dasenia
nebidan
me-6
dRe
20.07 250
C
65%
dezire
kontroli 60 1×3 1×3 1×3.5 1.5×4 12
agria
kontroli 48 1×2.5 1×2.7 1.2×3 1.2×3 10
pikaso
kontroli 72 1×3 1×3.2 1.1×3.3 1.2×3.3 17
2.08 220
C
80%
dezire
kontroli 60 1×3 1.2×3.3 1.5×3.3 1.5×3.3 12
agria
kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1.2×4 1.5×4.5 10
pikaso
kontroli 72 1×3 1.2×3.2 1.4×3.2 1.4×3.2 17
18.08 20 t
0C
85%
dezire
kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1×3.6 1.1×3.6 12
agria
kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1.5×4 1.5×4.5 10
pikaso
kontroli 72 1×3 1×3 1.2×3.5 1.2×3.5 17
79
erTi Tvis Semdeg, adgili hqonda daavadebis mTel mcenareSi
gavrcelebas. Kkartofilis tuberis ganaWerSi aRiniSneboda
Jangisferi pigmentacia, romelic badesaviT iyo ganfenili
daavadebul qsovilebSi, tuberi ki _ garegnulad, sruliad
saRad gamoiyureboda. darRveuli ar iyo ujredebis garsi, misi
rbilobis konsistencia. or kviraSi ki daavadeba mTlianad
moedo mis qsovilebs, sporebis masad aqcia mTeli tuberi,
romlis zedapiri dafaruli iyo bambisebri, moyavisfro-
agurisferi miceliumiT. xSirad, tuberis zedapirze, SeimCneoda
sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna, damaxasiaTebeli feriT.
amrigad, V. lateritium-is paTogenobis dadgenis mizniT
Catarebulma eqsperimentma cxadyo, rom xelovnuri dasenianebis
meore dResve aRiniSna Reros dazianeba, xolo daavadeba mTel
mcenareSi erT TveSi gavrcelda. tuberebs dasawyisSi aReniSna
yavisferi pigmentacia, 2 kviris Semdeg ki mTeli tuberi sporebis
masad iqca da zedapirze SeiniSna sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna.
aseTive simptomebi aRiniSna entomologiuri nemsiT
daCxvletili organoebis sporovani suspenziiT dasenianebisas.
daavadeba ufro intensiurad ganviTarda jiS agriaze.
xelovnurad dasenianebuli Reros ganaWerSi aRiniSna sokos
gavrceleba WurWel-boWkovan konebSi, romlebic sigrZiv
zolebad gasdevda mTel Reros, xolo ganiv ganaWerSi
aRiniSneboda daavadebuli WurWlebis gamuqebuli rgolebi.
soko V. lateritium-is morfologiuri niSnebis Seswavla
xdeboda van-tigemis kamerebSi dakidebuli wveTis meTodiT.
safar minaze vawveTebdiT lud-agaris wveTs da gaciebis Semdeg,
masze vawveTebdiT sporovan suspenzias. Ddakvirvebas, mis
ganviTarebaze, viwyebdiT 12-sT-is Semdeg. rogorc eqsperimentma
80
cxadyo, sporebi ganviTarebas iwyebdnen 14 sT-is Semdeg. 72 sT-
dan, miceliumebze SeimCneva patara Cephalosporum-is tipis
warmonaqmnebi. xandaxan, aseTi sporovani Tavakebi Cndeba
pirdapir miceliumze. 3-4 dRis Semdeg, miceliumebze aRiniSneba
mogrZo fialidismagvari sterigmebi, rac verticiliumisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli. moyavisfro miceliumze warmoiqmneba
swormdgomi, mravalujrediani, datotvili konidiaTmtarebi.
totebis daboloebebze rgolurad ganlagebulia 3 - 3 an meti
sterigma, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia boTlisebri forma.
fialidebis wverze moTavsebulia TiTo spora, an Tavakebi,
romlebic erTujrediani, cilindruli sporebisagan Sedgeba,
uswormasworo gverdebiT. axalgazrda kulturis
konidiaTmtarebi moklea, erT an or rigad ganlagebuli
fialidebiT. rac Seexeba xnier kulturas, mniSvnelovnad grZeli
konidiaTmtarebi aqvs, fialidebis ramodenime rigiT.
konidiaTmtarebis sigrZea 168-238 mkm; fialidebis sigrZe 14,0-
22,4×2-3,7 mkm-ia, konidiebis zomebi 4,2-5,6×2,8-4,2 mkm-ia. xnier
kulturebSi adgili aqvs sokos qlamidosporebis warmoqmnas,
romelic warmodgenili iyo mokle Zewkvis saxiT (suraTebi 14.1,
14.2).
sokos gadaTesvisas lud-agaris sakveb areze,
Tavdapirvelad, ganviTarda lorwovani, Semdeg moyavisfro-
agurisferi miceliumi, romelic mTel substratze iyo
gavrcelebuli. warmoqmnili kultura Camoyalibebul saxes
inarCunebda. Verticillium-is gvaris ramdenime warmomadgenlis
ganviTarebis ciklSi Cephalosporum-is stadiis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen waqaZe T. a. da mSvidobaZe l. v. (1967w.),
81
literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT, adreul periodSi
dasturdeba gargarze, atamze, xurmasa da citrusebze.
suraTi 14.1, 14.2 soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. (X600).
1.konidiaTmtari; 2.sterigma; 3.Tavaki; 4.konidiospora; 5.qlamidospora.
badrijnidan gamoyofil V. albo-atrum-isa da V. melongenae-s
ganviTarebis ciklSi Cephalosporum-is stadias aRniSnavdnen l. a.
yanCaveli da n. a. zurabiSvili (1974w.). Cveni gamokvlevebiT, kidev
erTxel, dasturdeba, rom Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianobis
warmoqmna damaxasiaTebelia Verticillium-is gvaris sxva
saxeobebisaTvisac.
Ria gruntis garda kvlevebi tardeboda daxurul gruntSic,
laboratoriul pirobebSi, qoTnebSi, sterilur niadagSi, 250
temperaturisa da 72% tenianobis pirobebSi. Wknoba yvela
qoTanSi aRiniSna. jiSebi igive iyo rac Ria gruntSi kvlevisas.
magram, rogorc Cans, sargavad gamoyenebuli yvela tuberi
latenturi formiT atarebda infeqciis wyaros. ramac ganapiroba
maTi intensiuri dazianeba. verticiliozisa da fuzariozis
gavrcelebis intensivobam, Sesabamisad, 40 : 60%-s miaRwia, xolo
ganviTarebis intensivoba 21 : 30 % Seadgina (suraTi 15).
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
r
t
f
c
c
v
b
6
7
8
3
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
1
1
1
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
r
t
f
c
c
v
b
6
7
8
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
r
t
f
c
c
v
b
6
7
8
82
kartofilis nargaobebis xelovnuri dasenianebisas (suraTebi
16.1, 16.2) mcenareTa Wknobamde, Cvens mier, aRiricxeboda dRe-
Ramuri temperaturebi da tenianoba, risTvisac viyenebdiT
fsiqrometrs. SeiniSneboda proporciuli kavSirebi amindis
miTiTebul parametrebsa da Wknobis intensivobas Soris.
pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba aRiniSna Wknobis
intensivobasa da temperaturis ryevadobas, agreTve, maRal
temperaturasa da Wknobis intensivobas Soris. ukuproporciuli
damokidebuleba aRiniSneboda haeris fardobiT tenianobasa da
Wknobis intensivobas Soris.
suraTi 15. latenturad inficirebuli tuberebis aRmonaceni
suraTi 16.1, 1.2 xelovnuri dasenianebuli kartofilis mcenareebi daxurul
gruntSi
83
4.2. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko Fusarium oxysporum
Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-ganviTarebaze
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna temperatura da teni gavlenas
axdens daavadebis ganviTarebisa da misi gamomwvevi sokoebis
ganviTarebis intensivobaze. am faqtorTa xelsayreli SeTanwyoba
ganapirobebs sokoebis masobriv ganviTarebas, rasac daavadebis
epifitotiis Sedegebamde mivyavarT.
sokoebis zrda-ganviTareba mimdinareobs temperaturebis
farTo diapazonSi (2-dan 400C-mde). sokosaTvis, ZiriTadad,
ganviTarebis optimaluri temperatura 20-250C-ia. 00C-ze dabal
temperaturaze, sokoebis aqtiuri zrda Dar xdeba. Mmxolod, maTi
sporebi da miceliumebi inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas
Zlieri yinvebis drosac ki (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).
fuzariozuli Wknobis gamomwvevi sokos ganviTareba iwyeba
jer kidev mindvrad, tuberebis daavadebis ZiriTadi etapebi ki
mimdinareobs jer kidev sawyobebSi, gansakuTrebiT intensiurad
17-250C temperaturisa da 70% fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi
(Андреева Е. И., 1984).
temperaturas mcenareTa paTogenezSi gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs da daavadebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes
parametrs warmoadgens.
Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis mier gamowveuli paTologiuri
procesebi mimdinareobs temperaturis farTo diapazonSi.
temperatura gavlenas axdens, ara mxolod sokoebis zrdis
siCqareze, aramed konidiebis warmoqmnaze, maT formebsa da
zomebze, tixrebis raodenobaze da a. i. railos (Райлло А. И., 1950)
monacemebiT, soko F. oxysporum Schlecht. 150C-ze dabali
temperaturisas anelebs zrdas, xolo 50C da 350C-ze maRali
84
temperaturis dros, saerTod wyveten ganviTarebas. F. oxysporum
da F. trichothecioides-is ganviTarebis optimumi sxvadasxvaa da
meryeobs 15-dan 200C-mde. optimaluri temperatura, Fusarium-is
mravali saxeobisaTvis, mdebareobs 21-dan 230C-is farglebSi. v. i.
bilai (Билай В. И., 1955) miuTiTebda, rom miceliumis zoma da
nayofianobis warmoqmna, Fusarium-is mravali saxeobisaTvis
yvelaze ukeT 24-260C temperaturis pirobebSi mimdinareobs.
v. n. mende (Менде В.,Н., 1953) aRniSnavda, rom Fusarium-is gvaris
sokoebi, romlebic parazitebs miekuTvnebian, aavadeben mcenares,
vrceldebian WurWel-boWkovan sistemaSi da didia maTi
optimaluri da minimaluri temperaturuli zRvrebi.
k. v. popkova da sxvebis (Попкова К.В. и др., 1980) monacemebiT,
saxeoba F.coeruleum-is minimaluri temperatura 20C-ia, maqsimaluri
350C da optimaluri 12-170C. F. avenaceum ukeTesad viTardeba 24-
270C temperaturis farglebSi.
s. t. peskovas (Пескова С. Т., 1973)cnobiT, F. oxysporum-is da F.
solani-s zrdis optimaluri temperaturaa 250, xolo F. gibbosum,
F.semilectum-i da F. moniliform-i viTardeba 200C temperaturaze.
e. seppanenis (Seppanen E, 1981) monacemebiT, gv. Fusarium-is 14
saxeobisaTvis, tenisa da temperaturuli zRvrebi gansxvavebulia.
F. sambucinum var. coeruleum saWiroebs dabal temperaturasa (10-120)
da dabal fardobiT tenianobas (40-25%). F. sulphureum-i da F.
trichothecioides, aseve saWiroeben dabal fardobiT tenianobas da
axasiaTebT ori optimaluri temperatura (10-120 da 24-270), roca
F. culmorum-isa da F. sporotrichoides-isaTvis optimaluri
temperaturebi igivea, magram saWiroeben metad maRal fardobiT
tenianobas (90-100%). F.graminearum-i da F.solani var. coeruleum ki
85
yvelaze ukeT, 200C-isa sa maRali fardobiTi (90-100%)-is
pirobebSi viTardebian.
m. t. xomiakovi da k. m. adamiani (Хомяков М. Т., Адамян К. М.,
1982) aRniSnavdnen, rom Senaxvis pirobebSi, sokoebiT F.
sambucinum-i da F.solani var. coeruleum-iT tuberebis dazianebisaTvis
optimaluria 5-200C. Semdgomi temperaturis mateba ki amcirebs
dazianebuli tuberebis raodenobas.
taskas (Tasca, 1998) cnobiT, F. sambucinum-i da F. culmorum-i
kartofolis tuberebis dazianebis unars amJRavneben 3-dan 180C-
mde temperaturaze, optimaluri 80C-ia. Gd. gindrati (Gindrat D.,
1984) aRniSnavs, rom F. sambucinum-i da F. sambucinum var.sambucinum
met paTogenobas amJRavneben 10-150C-is pirobebSi. 200C
temperaturaze, F. oxysporum-is 6-ve Stami Zlier gansxvavdeba
virulentobis xarisxiT.
Joze savoris (Savor Joze, 1989) gamokvlevebiT, gv. Fusariumis-is
yvela saxeobis izoliati, romelic gamoyofilia daavadebuli
tuberebidan, ganviTarebis unariania 1-dan 360C temperaturis
pirobebSi. gansxvavebulia mxolod, maTi optimaluri
temperaturebi. misive monacemebiT, am gvaris zogierTi saxeoba
ar amJRavnebs saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel reaqcias fardobiTi
tenianobis cvlilebebis mimarT.
e. xazaraZis (1948w.) monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi, sawyobis
pirobebSi, kartofilis tuberebis daavadebiT soko F.solan-
isTvis xelsayrelia 10 - 200C temperatura da 100% haeris
fardobiTi tenianoba.
sokos zrda-ganviTarebis temperaturuli zRvrebis
dasadgenad, Cvens mier, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva temperaturis
86
gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze, romlebic
gamoyofili iyo daavadebuli mcenaris Reroebidan. soko
kultivirebuli iyo lud-agaris sakveb areze, petris Tasebze,
sxvadasxva temperaturaze (5-dan 370C-mde).
Catarebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 8-Si.
cxrili 8
sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-
ganviTarebaze
t0C
koloniis diametri, sm
koloniis feri nayofianobis
warmoqmnis
dro,dRe
ganviTarebi
s dawyeba
5dR.Semd.
M±m
ganviTarebi
s dawyeba
10dR.Semd.
M±m
ganviTarebis
dawyeba
15dR.Semd.
M±m
5 0,5±0,02 1,2±0,1 1,3±0,01 sxeulisferi
miceliumi _
10 1,2±0,03 2,7±0,5 2,9±0,03 WuWyiani-TeTri
miceliumi _
15 1,4±0,07 1,2±0,01 7,1±2,1 “ 5
20 2,7±0,51 7,1±2,1 9,0±0,1
fumfula, haerovani
miceliumi, TeTri
feris, centri
vardisferi
3
25 4,1±0,4 9,0±0 9,0±0 “ 3
30 4,6±1,1 9,0±0 9,0±0 sqeli, mkvrivi
miceliumi, moTeTro-
movardisfro
3
32 3,7±0,02 6,6±1,3 9,0±0 wvrili,sxeulisferi
lorwovani miceliumi _
35 1,0±0,1 3,6±1,2 3,9±1,1 _ _
37 _ _ _ _ _
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, sokos zrda aRiniSneba 5-320C
temperaturis farglebSi, xolo 50C-ze dabal da 350C-ze maRal
temperaturaze is saerTod ar viTardeba. dabal temperaturaze
F.oxysporum-i izrdeboda Zalian nela. momatebul temperaturaze,
87
ganviTarebis siCqare da nayofianobis warmoqmnis intensivobac
izrdeboda. Ooptimaluri temperaturisas (20-300C) konidiebis
warmoqmna aRiniSna mesame dRes, TiTqmis erTdroulad, petris
TasebSi, substratis zedapiri daifara konidiebiT.
dabali temperaturisas (10-150C) viTardeba WuWyiani-TeTri
miceliumis Txeli fena, mokle hifebiT 150C –ze ki erTeuli
koloniebiT. momatebuli temperaturisas icvleba koloniis
zrdis xasiaTi da miceliumis Seferiloba, 20-250C warmoiqmneba
TeTri feris fumfula, haerovani, miceliumi, vardisferi
centriT; 300C-ze F.oxysporum-i inviTarebis Zalian sqel, mkvriv,
moTeTro-movardisfro miceliums. 320C-is pirobebSi wvrili,
lorwovani miceliumi viTardeba, xolo nayofianoba, saerTod,
ar viTardeba (suraTi 17).
suraTi 17. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena (minimaluri, optimaluri,
maqsimaluri) soko F. oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze (7 dRis Semdeg).
1. minimaluri temperatura 50C;
2. optimaluri temperatura 250C;
3. maqsimaluri temperaturi 350C.
amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis
optimaluria 250C, qveda da zeda zRvrebi ki 50 da 350-ia C-is
SkaliT.
88
temperaturis gavlena sporebis gaRivebaze iswavleboda
poliTermostatSi sporovani suspenziis sxvadasxva
temperaturaze sxvadasxva eqspoziciiT moTavsebiT. Sedegebi
dajamebulia cxrilSi 7-Si. rogorc me-7 cxrilidan Cans,
sporebis gaRiveba iwyeba 50 temperaturaze 24 saaTis, xolo 100-
ze 12 sT-is Semdeg. maqsimums aRwevs 20-250 temperaturaze,
romlis Semdgomi matebisas _ adgili aqvs sporebis gaRivebis
intensivobis klebas, rac srulad wydeba 380-ze.
cxrili 9
temperaturis gavlena soko F.oxysporum sporebis gaRivebaze
amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is zrdasa da misi sporebis
gaRivebisaTvis, minimaluri temperaturaa 50C, optimaluri _ 20-
250C, xolo maqsimaluri _ 370C.
soko V. lateritium-ze zRvruli temperaturebis dadgenis
mizniT, Cvens mier, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva temperaturuli
reJimebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze.
dakvirvebebis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 10-Si.
t0C
sporebis
gaRiveba 12 sT-
is Semdeg,%
sporebis
gaRiveba 24 sT-
is Semdeg,%
5 _ 5±1,1
10 16±2,2 34±1,5
15 66±3,4 80±4,3
20 76±3,4 100
25 77±10 100
30 68±5 100
35 57±3 86±3,5
37 _ 20±1,2
89
cxrili 10
sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-
ganviTarebaze
t0C ganviTarebis
dasawyisi
koloniis
diametri,mm
me-10 dRes M±m
koloniis
feri
nayofianobis
warmoqmnis
dro, dRe
0 _ _ _ _
5 _ _ _ _
8 9 18,9±1,2×20,1±0,2 ufero
miceliumebi
_
10 8 24,2±0,4×21,6±0,6
moyviTalo-
moruxo
lorwovani
miceliumi
9
15 5 40,5±0,08×39,2±0,01 “ 7
20 3 61,1±0,5×61,3±0,07 moyviTalo
miceliumi 3
24 3 90±0,01×90±0,02 Mmoyavisfro-
agurisferi
miceliumi
3
25 3 90±0,02×90±0,03 “ 3
26 3 75,2±0,03×74,2±0,02 “ 3
30 5 25,3±0,02×27,4±0,06 moruxo-
lorwovani
miceliumi
9
32 7 susti danviTareba _ _
35 _ _ _ _
40 _ _ _ _
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, soko V. lateritium-is zRvruli
temperaturebia 8–320. is ganviTarebas 80C temperaturaze iwyebs.
amave temperaturaze, koloniis ganviTareba daiwyo me-9 dRes.
imave temperaturaze, me-10 dRes koloniis diametri ar
aRemateboda 19×21 mm-s, miceliumi iyo ufero, garTxmuli
substratze, konidiebis ganviTareba ar SeiniSneboda.
90
150C-ze soko V. lateritium-s aReniSna ori tipis nayofianoba:
Cephalosporium –i da Verticillium-i. Tavdapirvelad, ganviTarda
yviTeli, lorwovani koloniebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
Cephalosporium –is tipis sokoebisaTvis. ramdenime dRis Semdeg,
koloniis lorwovani zedapiri ifareboda miceliumebiT,
romlebzec ganviTarebuli iyo konidiumebi sterigmebiT, rac
damaxasiaTebelia Verticillium-saTvis.
20-dan 260C temperaturaze, soko ganviTarebas iwyebda meore
dRidanve, mesame dRes adgili hqonda konidialuri nayofianobis
ganviTarebas. meaTe dRes, 24-250C temperaturis pirobebSi,
kolonia aRwevda 90±0,02×90±0,03mm-s, miceliumi Rebulobda
moyavisfro-agurisfers.
30 - 320C temperapuraze Cephalosporium –is tipis nayofianoba
aRiniSna; soko viTardeboda sustad. ufro maRal temperapuraze
ki wyvetda ganviTarebas. soko V. lateritium-is sporebis warmoqmna
mimdinareobda 10-300C temperaturis sazRvrebSi (cxrili 10).
amrigad, temperatura gansazRvravs soko V. lateritium-is
ganviTarebis xasiaTsa da morfologiur-kulturalur niSnebs.
mciredi temperaturuli cvlilebac ki gavlenas axdens
miceliumis pigmentaciaze, zrda-ganviTarebis intensivobasa da
sokos nayofianobis tipze.
eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom soko V. lateritium-i viTardeba
8-320-is farglebSi, misi ganviTarebisaTvis optimaluri
temperaturaa 24-250C, minimaluri _ 80C, xolo maqsimaluri _
320C (suraTi 18).
91
suraTi 18. minimaluri, optimaluri da maqsimaluri temperaturebis
gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze (10 dRis Semdeg).
1. minimaluri temperatura _ 80C;
2. optimaluri temperatura _ 250C;
3. maqsimaluri temperatura _ 320C.
4.3. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum da
soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
garemo aris da substratis tenianoba.
n. a. naumovi (Наумов Н. А., 1916) Tvlida, rom wyliT mdidar
substratze SeiniSneba sokos miceliumebis ukeTesi ganviTareba,
xolo mSral substratze _ susti. MTumca, mniSvnelovnad
Cqardeba sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna.
mravali avtorTa monacemebiT (Лисицына М. И., 1947; Марланд А.
Г., 1936; Vu T. F., Fang C. T., 1948; Clavlon E. E., 1928), mcenareTa ufro
intensiuri dazianeba SeiniSneba saSualo tenianobis niadagebze.
cnobilia, rom Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis zrda-ganviTareba
xdeba haeris fardobiTi tenianobis farTo diapazonSi, magram
zogierTi saxeobis sporebis warmoqmna mimdinareobs fardobiTi
92
tenianobis ufro viwro sazRvrebSi. xelsayreli garemo
pirobebisas arsebobisas konidialuri nayofianoba uxvad
warmoiqmneba, rac ganapirobebs mis swraf gavrcelebas (Биллай В.
И., 1955).
haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is
ganviTarebaze mocemulia me-11 cxrilsa da diagrama 3-Si.
cxrili 11
haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum
miceliumis zrda-ganviTarebaze
Hhaeris
fardobiTi
tenianoba,%
koloniis
diametri 5 dRis Semdeg,mm
M±m
Kkoloniis feri
dafarvis dRe
80 90,2±0,9
fumfula
haerovani
miceliumi TeTri
ferisaa, qveda
zedapiri
vardisferi
5
85 81,0±1,3 “ 6
90 80,7±0,2
TeTri haerovani
miceliumi,
mkveTri
vardisferi
centriT
6
95 80,2±1,8 “ 6
100 70,9±2,5 “ 6
rogorc cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, soko F.oxysporum
kargad viTardeba sxvadasxva haeris fardobiT tenianobze.
petris TasebSi, substratis zedapiri, 80%-iani tenianobisas
mexuTe dRes daifara, xolo maRali tenianobisas (95-100%) meeqvse
dRes. yvela fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi adgili hqonda
fumfula, haerovani, TeTri feris miceliumis warmoqmnas, qveda
mxares _ vardisferi SeferviT. 80% haeris fardobiTi tenianobis
93
diagrama 3
pirobebSi ganviTarda kompaqturi miceliumi da aRiniSna
uxvi nayofianobis warmoqmna.
rogorc Catarebulma eqsperimentma gviCvena, soko
F.oxysporum-ikargad viTardeba yvela fardobiTi tenianobis
pirobebSi, magram saukeTeso tenian garemos misi
ganviTarebisaTvis warmoadgens 80%-s (suraTi 19).
suraTi 19. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is
miceliumis zrdaze.
1. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 100%;
2. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 95%;
3. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 90%;
4. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 85%;
5. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 80%.
90,281
80,780,2 70,9
0
20
40
60
80
100
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
koloniis
dia
metri
10 d
Ris
Semdeg
, mm
Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianoba,%
Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrdaze
94
Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna haeris fardobiTi tenianobis
gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze. petris jamebSi,
marilis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnariT Seqmnili tenianobis
pirobebSi. Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 12-sa da diagrama 4-Si.
cxrili 12
haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze
Hhaeris
fardobiTi
tenianoba
koloniis diametri
10 dRis Semdeg,mm
M±m
koloniis feri
Kpetris Tasis
dafarvis
periodi, dRe
80 34,6±0,01 Kkoloniis
zedapiri
moyviTaloa
_
85 40,4±0,02 kolonia Ria
yavisferia _
90 90,0±0,002
kolonia mWidroa,
fafuki, qveda
zedapiri
yavisferia
10
95 85,5±0,001 “ 15
100 75,4±0,03 koloniis
zedapiri
kremisferia
15
rogorc cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, 90% tenianobis
pirobebSi, substratis zedapiri, petris TasebSi, ifareboda me-10
dRes (suraTi 20); 80-85% tenianobis pirobebSi kolonia petris
jams 15 dRis Semdeg faravda, xolo 80% tenianobisas, sokos
zrda,SesamCnevad, Senelda da petris Tasis zedapiri ar
daufaravs da koloniis diametri aRwevda 70 mm-s.
aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, sokos ganviTarebisaTvis
optimaluria 90-95 % haeris fardobiTi tenianoba.
95
diagrama 4
haeris fardobiTi tenianobis Semcirebisas, adgili hqonda
miceliumebis pigmentaciis cvalebadobas _ yavisferidan
yviTlamde. miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom soko V. lateritium-is ganviTarebasa da uxvi nayofianobis
warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa haeris maRali fardobiTi tenianoba.
suraTi 20. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is
miceliumis zrdaze (10 dRis Semdeg).
1. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 80%;
2. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 85%;
3. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 90%;
4. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 95%;
5. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 100%.
34,6 40,4
90 85,575,4
0
20
40
60
80
100
75 80 85 90 95 100 105koloniis
dia
metri
10 d
Ris
Semdeg
, mm
Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianoba, %
Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze
1 2 3
4 5
96
4.4. sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F.
oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
naxSirwylebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
mikroorganizmebis zrda-ganviTarebaSi. isini Sedian
protoplazmisa da ujredis garsis SemadgenlobaSi da
warmoadgenen, ZiriTad, samarago sakveb nivTierebebsa da energiis
wyaros sokoebisaTvis (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953). Cvens mier
Catarebuli dakvirvebebis Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 13-sa,
diagrama 5-Si da asaxulia 21.1 da 21.2 suraTebze.
cxrili 13
sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is
zrda-ganviTarebaze
naxSirbadovani
wyaroebi
მშრალი
მიცელიუმის წონა
g-Si,daTesvidan
30-e dRes, M± m
სხვაობა
კონტროლთან
d,g
laqtoza 0,1334 ± 0,004 0,1229
maltoza 0,1310 ± 0,0051 0,1205
Narabinoza 0,1221 ± 0,0014 0,1116
NHsaqaroza 0,1305 ± 0,002 0,1200
Nramnoza 0,12492 ± 0,0021 0,11442
glukoza 0,1251 ± 0,0081 0,1146
ჩაპეკი
(uSaqro) 0,0105 ± 0,0022 _
soko F. oxysporum-i, gansakuTrebiT, kargad viTardeba
laqtozis, maltozisa da saxameblis Semcvel sakveb areebze.
ganviTareba SedarebiT Senelebulia arabinozis, ramnozisa da
glukozis sakveb areebze; susti ganviTareba aRiniSna
sakontrolo, uSaqro Capekis sakveb areze, sadac mSrali
miceliumis masam 0,0105g Seadgina.
97
suraTi 21.1, 21.2 naxSirwylebis gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is
miceliumebis zrda-ganviTarebaze.
Sedegebi, romlebic motanilia cxrilSi, amtkiceben, rom
saukeTeso naxSirbadovan wyaros soko F. oxysporum-isaTvis
warmoadgens laqtoza. sokoebis kultivirebisas zemoT aRniSnul
sakveb areebze aRiniSna miceliumis Zlier intensiuri
ganviTareba. mSrali miceliumis masa, romelic laqtozis,
maltozisa da saqarozis Semcvel sakveb areebze Seadgenda,
Sesabamisad, 0,1334; 0,1310 da 0,1305g-s. (cxrili 13, diagrama 5).
diagrama 5
laqtoza
maltoza
arabinoza
saqaroza
ramnoza
glukoza
Capeki (uSaqr
o)
mSr. miceliumi, g 0,1334 0,131 0,1221 0,1305 0,12492 0,1251 0,0105
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
mSral
i micel
iumis
wona, g
sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko
F. oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
98
Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna naxSirbadovani wyaroebis
gavlena soko V. lateritium-is mimarT. Catarebuli dakvirvebis
Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 14-sa da diagrama 6-Si, asaxulia 22.1,
22.2 suraTebze.
soko kargad viTardeba poli da disaqaridebis Semcvel
sakveb areebze. saxameblis Semcvel sakveb areze mSrali
miceliumis masa ganviTarebis 30-e dRes Seadgenda 0,198 g-s.
kargad izrdeboda soko _ saqarozis, arabinozisa da maltozis
Semcvel sakveb areebze; mniSvnelovnad sustad izrdeba
monosaqaridebis: glukozisa da fruqtozis Semcvel sakveb
areebze; Zalian sustad ganviTarda sakontrolo _ uSaqro
Capekis sakveb areze; romelzec mSrali miceliumis masa ar
aRemateboda 0,0089g-s (cxrili 14).
suraTi 22.1, 22.2 naxSirwylebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is miceliumebis
zrda-ganviTarebaze.
saxameblis, glukozasa da saqarozas Semcvel sakveb
areebze, sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna mexuTe dRes aRiniSna,
xolo danarCen sakveb areebze (laqtozas Semcvelis garda) _ me-
11 dRes. laqtozas Semcvel sakveb areze sokos nayofianoba
warmoiqmneboda 21-e dRes.
99
cxrili 14
sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko V. lateritium-is
zrda-ganviTarebaze
A
naxSirbadovani
wyaroebi
sakvebi aris pH mSrali
miceliumis
masa
daTesvidan
30-e dRes, g
M±m
sxvaoba
kontrolTan
d,g
nayofianobis
warmoqmna,
dRe
cdis
dawyebam
de
cdis
Semdeg
glukoza 6,1 6,0 0,091±0,02 0,0821 5
fruqtuza 6,1 6,1 0,097±0,01 0,0881 11
saqaroza 6,3 5,8 0,174±0,02 0,1651 5
maltoza 6,0 6,0 0,135±0,01 0,1261 11
arabinoza 6,1 5,7 0,147±0,03 0,1381 11
laqtoza 6,0 5,5 0,048±0,02 0,0391 21
saxamebeli 6,4 6,0 0,198 0,1891 5
Kkontroli
(naxSirwylebis
gareSe)
6,3 5,9 0,0089 _ _
Sedegebi, romlebic motanilia cxrilSi, amtkiceben, rom
saukeTeso naxSirbadovan wyaros soko V. lateritium-isaTvis
warmoadgens saxamebeli da saqaroza. sokoebis kultivirebisas
zemoT aRniSnul sakveb areebze aRiniSna miceliumis Zlier
intensiuri ganviTareba. mSrali miceliumis masa, romelic
miviReT saxameblisa da saqarozis Semcvel sakveb areebze
Seadgenda 0,198-sa da 0,174 g-ebs, Sesabamisad. aRsaniSnavia, rom
naxSirwylebis wyarod soko V. lateritium-isaTvis iTvleba mravali
naxSirwyali (cxrili 14 da diagrama 6). soko V. lateritium-is
ganviTarebisas naxSirwylebis Semcveli sakvebi areebi gadaixara
susti mJave reaqciisken.
100
diagrama 6
aRniSnuli sokoebis unari, sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani
wyaros Semcveli sakvebi aredan SeiTvison naxSirbadi, maTi
fermentuli sistemis mravalferovnebaze miuTiTebs, risi
saSualebiTac sokoebs SeuZliaT rTuli naxSirwylebis daSla.
4.5. sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum da
soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis, naxSirbadis Semcvel
wyaroebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs azotovan kvebasac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sokos miceliumebSi azoti 5-6 –jer
naklebia, vidre naxSirbadi (Беккер З. Е., 1963). naxSirbadTan,
wyalbadTan da gogirdTan erTad, is miceliumis 95%-s Seadgens.
Sedis ujredis garsis SemadgenlobaSi; aqtiurad monawileobs
ujredis struqturuli elementebis Camoyalibebasa da
nivTierebaTa cvlaSi.
glukoza
fruqtuza
saqaroza
maltoza
arabinoza
laqtoza
saxamebeli
kontroli
mSr. miceliumi, g 0,091 0,097 0,174 0,135 0,147 0,048 0,198 0,0089
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25mS
ral
i micel
iumis w
ona
, g
sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko
V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
101
literaturuli monacemebidan (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953; Беккер З.
Е., 1963; Семан Э. О., 1967) cnobilia, rom azotovani kvebis
saukeTeso wyaroebi amoniumis marilebia, romlebsac ujredis
kedlebi swrafad iTviseben da aqtiurdeba aminomJavebis
molekulebis ageba. es ukanasknelni cilis struqturul
erTeuls warmoadgenen. cilebi protoplazmis ZiriTadi masaa.
yvelgan, sadac cilovani sxeuli moipoveba, romelic daSlis
procesSi ar imyofeba, aucileblad, sicocxlis movlenas
vxvdebiT. cilebis hidrolizis Sedegad miiReba aminomJavebi,
romlebic mcenaris ujredebSi Tavisufali saxiT gvxvdebian da
azotovan wyaroebs warmoadgenen mravali soko-organizmisaTvis
(Гойман А. Е., 1954). sokoebs unari aqvT SeiTvison azoti, rogorc
organuli (cilebi, peptinebi, aminomJavebi), aseve araorganuli
(nitratebi, amoniumis marilebi) wyaroebidan, Tumca TiToeuli
maTgani araerTgvarovan gavlenas axdens maT zrda-ganviTarebaze.
v. lilisa da g. barnatis (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953) monacemebiT,
sokoTa umetesoba kargad iTvisebs nitratul azots, z. e. bekeri
(Беккер З. Е., 1963) ki _ azotis intensiur SeTvisebas aRniSnavs
asparaginidan. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi
motanilia cxril 15-Si da diagrama 7-Si.
cxrili 15-dan da diagrama 7-dan Cans, rom soko F. oxysporum
ukeT viTardeba asparaginisa da Sardovanas Semcvel sakveb
areebze, sadac mSrali miceliumis masa, Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda
0,1305 da 0,1252g. sokoebis aqtiuri zrda aRiniSna, agreTve,
NH4NO3-isa da NaNO3-is Semcvel sakveb areebze, sadac miceliumis
masam, Sesabamisad, Seadgina 0,1123 da 0,1033 g. soko F. oxysporum-is
ganviTarebisas asparaginisa da Sardovanas Semcvel sakvebi
areebi neitraluri reaqciidan gadaixarnen sust tute
102
reaqciamde, xolo NH4NO3-isa da NaNO3-is Semcvel sakveb areebze
ganviTarebisas, sakvebma areebma neitraluri reaqcia SeinarCunes.
cxrili 15
sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is zrda-
ganviTarebaze
აზოტოვანი
წყაროები
ცდის
დასაწ.
pH
ცდის
ბოლოს
pH
მშრალი
მიცელიუმის
წონა,g M± m
სხვაობა
კონტროლთან
d,g
ასპარაგინი 6 -7 8 0,1305 ± 0,0021 0,11160
შარდოვანა 6 -7 8 0,1252 ± 0,005 0,10630
(NH4)2SO4 6 -7 3 0,0878 ± 0,0055 0,06890
NH4NO3 6 -7 7 0,1123 ± 0,0001 0,09340
NaNO3 6 -7 6 0,1037 ± 0,0001 0,08480
ჩაპეკი 6 -7 6 -7 0,0189 ± 0,0002 _
diagrama 7
ასპარაგინი შარდოვანა (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 NaNO3 ჩაპეკი
მშრ. მიცელიუმი,გ 0,1305 0,1252 0,0878 0,1123 0,1037 0,0189
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
mSral
i micel
iumis w
ona
, g
sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F.
oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
103
eqsperimenti Catarda soko V. lateritum-zec. Cvens mier
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 16-sa da
diagrama 8-Si.
cxrili 16
azotovani kvebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-
ganviTarebaze
A
azotovani
wyaroebi
sakvebi aris pH mSrali
miceliumis masa
daTesvidan 30-e
dRes,g M±m
sxvaoba
kontrolTan
d,g
nayofianob
is
warmoqmna,
dRe
cdis
dawyebamde
cdis
Semdeg
NaNO3 6,2 7,5 0,5691±0,001 0,5394 5
NH4NO3 6,2 5,8 0,0505±0,002 0,0208 _
(NH4)2SO4 6,2 5,7 0,0431±0,02 0,0134 _
asparagini 6,2 6,0 0,3998±0,02 0,3701 5
kontroli
(Capekis are)
6,2 5,9 0,0297±0,03 _ _
diagrama 8
ასპარაგინი (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 NaNO3 ჩაპეკი
მშრ. მიცელიუმი,გ 0,3998 0,0431 0,0505 0,5691 0,0297
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
mSral
i micel
iumis w
ona
, g
sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena sokoV.lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
104
cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, rom soko V. lateritium
yvelaze ukeT viTardeba NaNO3- is Semcvel sakveb areze, sadac
mSrali miceliumis masa aRmoCnda 0,5691g. sokoebis aqtiuri
zrda aRiniSna, agreTve, asparaginis Semcvel sakveb areze, sadac
miceliumis masam 0,3998g Seadgina. Oorive azotovani wyaros
Semcvel sakveb areze, sokos nayofianoba mexuTe dRes
warmoiqmna, danarCenebze ki saerTod, ar ganviTarebula.
amrigad, Catarebulma eqsperimentma gviCvena, rom soko V.
lateritium intensiurad viTardeba NaNO3- isa da asparaginis Semcvel
sakveb areebze, yvelaze sustad ganviTareba aRiniSna (NH4)2SO4-is
Semcvel sakveb areze.
4.6. sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis
gavlena soko F.oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
paTogenuri sokoebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia zrda-
ganviTarebis swrafi unari.
wyalbadionTa koncentracia ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs
sokoebis ganviTarebaSi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (Соколов
М.С.,1994), patron-mcenaris ujredis wvenSi wyalbadionTa
koncentracias ukavSirebs mis gamZleobas ama Tu im daavadebaTa
mimarT. sakvebi aris pH sokos zrda-ganviTarebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi faqtoria. soko organizmebi, umTavresad, odnav mJave an
neitralur areze viTardebian (Беккер З. Е., 1963), Tumca sxvadasxva
sokosaTvis, ganviTarebis qveda da zeda zRvari sxvadasxvaa.
bunebaSi arseboben iseTi sokoebic, romlebsac unari aqvT,
kargad ganviTardnen substratis neitralur an sust tutu areze
(Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953; Беккер З. Е., 1963).
105
sxvadasxva pH-is mqone areebze gadaTesil soko F.oxysporum -
is sufTa kulturebs vaTavsebdiT 250 temperaturaze,
TermostatSi. dakvirveba warmoebda kulturis zrdis xasiaTa da
nayofianobis warmoqmnaze.
cdis bolos, isazRvreboda TiToeul kolbaSi miRebuli
miceliumis mosavali, ganviTarebuli kulturis winaswar
gamomSral, standartul filtris qaRaldebSi, gafiltvrisa da
mudmiv wonamde dayvanis gziT, risTvisac mudmiv wonamde
dayvanil filtris qaRaldebSi gafiltrul kulturas, minis
biuqsebiT vaSrobdiT saSrob karadaSi 80-900C temperaturaze.
Sedegebi mocemulia me-17 cxrilsa da me-9 diagramaSi.
cxrili 17
sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko
Fusarium oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
sakvebi
aris pH PH
cdis
dawyebamde
sakvebi
aris pH PH
cdis
Semdeg
mSrali
miceliumis
saSualo wona,g
M±m
2,6 2,4 0,561±0,009
3,8 3,8 0,72±0,002
4,5 4,1 0,8012±0,0004
5,3 4,4 0,8151±0,0003
6,0 4,05 0,6312±0,0002
7,2 6 0,615±0,0005
9 6,5 0,5023±0,0001
9,5 6,4 0,5200±0,0008
106
diagrama 9
rogorc cxrilidan (17) da diagrama dan Cans, soko
F.oxysporum-i viTardeba pH aris farTo diapazonze. is kargad
viTardeba pH-is 2,6 _ 9,5-is sazRvrebSi. miceliumis yvelaze
ukeTesi ganviTareba aRiniSna mJave da neitraluri aris
pirobebSi pH _ 3,8-7,2. SedarebiT sust ganviTarebas Zlier mJave
(pH _ 2,6) da tute areebze (9 _ 9,5) hqonda adgili. aqedan
gamomdinare, sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad pH _ 2,6 iTvleba.
amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba pH
_ 5,3-is SemTxvevaSi aRiniSna da mSrali miceliumis wonam 0,8151 g
Seadgina, yvelaze susti ganviTareba aRniSnuli sokosaTvis pH _
9-is sakvebi aris SemTxvevaSi iyo da mSrali miceliumis masa
0,5023 g aRmoCnda.
Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna sxvadasxva pH-is mqone sakvebi
areebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze. cdis
bolos, isazRvreboda TiToeul kolbaSi miRebuli miceliumis
0,561
0,72 0,80120,8151
0,6312 0,6150,5023
0,52
00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mSral
i micel
iumis s
aSual
o
wona, g
sakvebi aris pH cdis dawyebamde
sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko F.oxysporum zrda-ganviTarebaze
107
mosavali, imave gziT, riTac ganvsazRvreT F.oxysporum miceliumis
wona.
Cvens mier Catarebuli cdis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 18-
Si da diagrama 10-Si.
cxrili 18
sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko
V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze
sakvebi aris pH nayofianobis
warmoqmnis dro,
dRe
mSrali
miceliumis
saSualo wona, g
M±m cdis
dawyebamde
daTesvidan
30 dRis
Semdeg
2,1 2,5 _ 0,0970±0,002
3,1 3,12 6 0,1740±0,001
4,1 3,91 4 0,2831±0,02
5,0 4,83 4 0,2071±0,002
6,8 5,9 4 0,3221±0,001
7,9 7,6 4 0,5599±0,01
8,2 8,05 4 0,3047±0,01
9,7 9,9 4 0,1928±0,03
11,4 9,91 4 0,0931±0,003
12,0 11,23 4 0,0079±0,02
108
diagrama 10
rogorc cxrilidan (18) da diagamdan (10) Cans, soko V.
lateritium-i viTardeba pH aris farTo diapazonze. is kargad
ganviTarda pH-is 4-10,0 sazRvrebSi. aRniSnul pH-ze soko
nayofianobis warmoqmnas iwyebda meoTxe dRes. miceliumis
yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba aRiniSna neitralur da odnav tute
sakvebi aris pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2 , xolo susti ganviTareba
aRiniSna Zlier mJave areze pH _ 2,1-is dros da mSrali
miceliumis saSualo masam Seadgenda 0,097 g da Zlier tute
sakvebi aris pirobebSi pH _ 11,4-12, sadac mSrali miceliumis
masa 0,0931- 0,0079g iyo. sporebis warmoqmnas ki adgili ar hqonia.
aqedan gamomdinare, sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad, SeiZleba
CaiTvalos pH _ 2,1.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pH-is cvlilebiT sakveb areze,
icvleboda sokos nayofianobis tipi. Aase magaliTad, pH _ 4,1-5,0-
is SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneboda Cephalosporum-is stadiis ganviTareba,
0,097
0,174
0,2831
0,2071
0,3221
0,5599
0,3047
0,1928
0,0931 0,00790
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
AmSral
i micel
iumis s
aSual
o w
ona, g
sakvebi aris pH cdis dawyebamde
sakvebi areebis wyalbadionTa koncentraciebis gavlena soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
109
imis miuxedavad, rom paralelurad SeiniSneboda mxolod mcire
raodenobiT Verticillium-is fialidebis ganviTareba. pH _ 6,8-11,4-is
pirobebSi moxda, didi raodenobiT, Verticillium-is tipis
nayofianobis warmoqmna. Zlier mJave areze pH _ 3,1, sokom
mxolod, Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianoba ganiviTara.
amrigad, soko V. lateritium-is yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba
aRiniSna neitralur, sust da Zlier tute sakvebi aris
pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2 , xolo susti ganviTareba aRiniSna Zlier
mJave pH _ 2,1-isa da Zlier tute pH _ 11,4-12 sakvebi areebis
SemTxvevaSi, rac sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
4.7. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum da
soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze
zogadad cnobilia, rom sakvebi areebi did gavlenas axdenen
sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze, maT morfologiur da
kulturarul niSan-Tvisebebze, zrdis xasiaTsa da nayofianobis
warmoqmnaze.
xSirad, mcenareSi arsebuli nivTierebaTa Tavisebureba da
raodenoba ganapirobebs sokos misdami paTogenobasac. aqedan
gamomdinare didi mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva sakvebi areebis
gavlenis Seswavlas paTogenuri organizmebis zrda-ganviTarebasa
da morfologiur Taviseburebebze.
am mizniT, Cvens mier, Seswavlili iyo sxvadasxva sakvebi
aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum-isa da soko V. lateritium-is zrda-
ganviTarebaze. gamocdili iyo kartofilis, Svriis, brinjis,
stafilos, simindis, lobiosa da ludis tkbilis agarizebuli
areebi. zemod aRniSnul mcenareTa naxarSebs emateboda 10 %-iani
110
glukoza. cdis erT variantSi sokoebis sakveb ared viyenebdiT
uglukozo kartofilis agars. Catarebuli eqsperimentis
Sedegebi dajamebulia cxril 19 da 20-Si.
cxrili 19-dan naTelia, rom soko F.oxysporum-i kargad
viTardeba Cvens mer gamocdil yvela sakveb areze. magram misi
zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebs warmoadgens
kartofilis agarizirebuli naxarSi 10%-iani glukoziT, sadac
sokos koloniis diametri, petris TasebSi, meaTe dRes,
saSualod, 90,5×90,5 mm-s Seadgenda. aRniSnul sakveb areze,
warmoqmna TeTri feris fumfula, haerovani miceliumi, romlis
qveda zedapiri vardisferi iyo. sokos nayofianoba aRiniSna
meore dRes.
ludis tkbilis, Svriisa da brinjis agarizirebul sakveb
areebze 10%-iani glukoziT, ganviTarebuli soko F.oxysporum-is
morfologiuri niSnebi erTmaneTs msgavsi iyo. samive SemTxvevaSi
warmoiqmna TeTri, fumfula, haerovani miceliumi, vardisferi
centriT. sxva SemTxvevebSi, sokos gansxvavebuli morfologiuri
niSnebi aReniSnebda. uglukozo kartofilze warmoqmnili
WuWyiani-TeTri miceliumi icvleboda moTeTro-movardisfro
sqeli, mkvrivi miceliumiT (simindis agarizirebul naxarSze),
wvrili, sxeulisferi lorwovani miceliumiT (stafilos
agarizirebul naxarSze) da sxeulisferi miceliumiT (lobios
agarizirebul naxaSze). aq, yvela SemTxvevaSi, nayofianobis
warmoqmna moxda me-4 dRes.
111
cxrili 19
sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum zrda-
ganviTarebaze
# sakvebi areebis
dasaxeleba
koloniis
diametri 10
dRis Semdeg,
mm
nayofian
obis
warmoqmna
, dRe
morfologiuri
Taviseburebani
1 agarizebuli
ludis tkbili 85×80 3
fumfula, haerovani
miceliumi, TeTri feris,
centri vardisferi
2 agarizebuli
kartofilis
naxarSi
85,1×78,5 4 WuWyiani-TeTri miceliumi
3
agarizebuli
kartofilis
naxarSi 10 %
glukoziT
90,5×90,5 2 fumfula haerovani miceliumi
TeTri ferisaa, qveda
zedapiri vardisferi
4 agarizebuli
Svriis naxarSi 75,7×73 4
fumfula, haerovani
miceliumi, TeTri feris,
centri vardisferi
5 agarizebuli
brinjis naxarSi 72,5×71,3 4 TeTri haerovani miceliumi,
mkveTri vardisferi centriT
6 agarizebuli
simindis naxarSi 73,5×71 4 sqeli, mkvrivi miceliumi,
moTeTro- movardisfro
7 agarizebuli
stafilos
naxarSi
75,7×73,7 4 wvrili,sxeulisferi
lorwovani miceliumi
8 agarizebuli
lobios naxarSi 80,4×76,2 4 sxeulisferi miceliumi
112
cxrili 20
sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-
ganviTarebaze
# sakvebi areebis
dasaxeleba
koloniis
diametri 10
dRis Semdeg,
mm
nayofian
obis
warmoqmna
,dRe
morfologiuri
Taviseburebani
1 agarizebuli
ludis tkbili 84×81,2 3
centrSi miceliumi
moyavisfro agurisferi,
irgvliv Ria yavisferi,
koncentruli zonalobiT
2 agarizebuli
kartofilis
naxarSi
85,1×78,2 4 wvrili miceliumebi,
moyavisfro ruxi feris,
gavrcelebulia substratze.
3
agarizebuli
kartofilis
naxarSi 10 %
glukoziT
90,2×90,2 2
centrSi moTeTro fumfula
miceliumia, irgvliv
moyavisfro-agurisferi,
gavrcelebulia substratze
4 agarizebuli
Svriis naxarSi 73,5×71 3
miceliumi centrSi msxvilia,
irgvliv moyavisfro
agurisferi, ufero,
koncentruli kideebiT.
5 agarizebuli
brinjis naxarSi 75,5×71,7 3
centrSi miceliumi maRalia,
moruxo fafuki, irgvliv
wvrili moyavisfro-
agurisferi
6 agarizebuli
simindis naxarSi 80,3×75,3 3
miceliumi gavrcelebulia
koncentruli zonalobiT,
aReniSna moyavisfro-
agurisferi Seferva, TeTri
kedeebiT
7 agarizebuli
stafilos
naxarSi
75,7×73,7 3 centrSi moruxo, fumfula
miceliumia, irgvliv
moyavisfro zonalobiT
8 agarizebuli
lobios naxarSi 85,3×84,6 3
miceliumi centrSi maRalia,
moruxo, irgvliv ki
moyavisfro-ruxi ferisaa
ganlagebuli.
113
rogorc me-20 cxrilidan Cans, soko V. lateritium-i yvelaze
kargad viTardeba agarizebul kartofilis naxarSze, romelic
Seicavda 10 % glukozas (me-10 dRes koloniis diametri 90,2 ×
90,2 mm-s Seadgenda). aRniSnul sakveb areze sokom warmoqmna
centrSi maRali, aweuli, fafuki, irgvliv ki _ moyavisfro-
agurisferi miceliumi (suraTi 23.1).
suraTi 23. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko V. lateritium-is
zrdaze.
23.1. kartofilis agarizebuli naxarSi 10%-iani glukoziT;
23.2. Svriis agariziurebuli naxarSi;
23.3. kartofilis agarizirebuli naxarSi;
23.4. lud-agari;
23.5 brinjis agarizirebuli naxarSi;
23.6. stafilos agarizirebuli naxarSi;
23.7. simindis agarizirebuli naxarSi;
23.8. lobios agarizirebuli naxarSi.
analogiuri kulturaluri niSnebiT gamoirCeoda soko V.
lateritium-i brinjis, stafilosa da lobios naxarSebis
agarizebul sakveb areebze; am SemTxvevaSic, centrSi ganviTarda
maRali kolonia, moTeTro-moruxo feris fafuki miceliumiT
(suraTi 23.5, 23.7, 23.8).
sxva danarCen sakveb areebze viTardeboda moyavisfro-
agurisferi miceliumebi, kideebze ufero an TeTri koncentruli
114
zonalobiT (suraTi 23.2,^23.3, 23.4, 23.8). sxvadasxva sakveb areze
sokos nayofianoba warmoiqmneboda TiTqmis erTdroulad, mesame-
meoTxe dRes. yvelaze uxvi nayofianoba aRiniSna Svriis, brinjis,
stafilosa da kartofilis naxarSebis agarizebul areebze.
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom agarizirebul simindis naxarSze
xdeboda konidiaTmtarebis kargad ganviTareba.
Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soko V.
lateritiumi kargad viTardeba, yvela, Cvens mier, gamocdil sakveb
areze. Mmxolod, aRiniSneba miceliumisa da nayofianobebis
morfologiuri Taviseburebani, qlamidosporebis warmoqmnis
gansxvavebuli intensivoba. maT didi raodenobiT ganviTarebas
aqvs adgili Rarib sakveb areebze – uglukozo kartofilze.
115
V Tavi
Ffuzariozisa da verticiliozis gamomwvevi sokoebis Fusarium
oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk. moqmedebis meqanizmis
SeswavlisaTvis
5. 1. soko F. oxysporum-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-mcenareze
moqmedeba
soko F. oxysporum-is moqmedebis meqanizmis Seswavlis mizniT,
Cvens mier warmoebda sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri
filtratis gavlenis Seswavla indikatori sokoebis sporebis
gaRivebasa da mcenaris ylortebis zemoqmedebaze dakvirvebiT.
zogadad cnobilia, rom fitopaTogenuri sokoebi, patron-
mcenaris qsovilebze moxvedrisas, gamoyofen toqsikur
nivTierebebs, riTac iwveven qsovilebis mowamvlas da gzas
ikafaven patron-mcenaris qsovilebSi gavrcelebisaTvis, rasac
sabolood, Tan sdevs patroni mcenaris daRupva (Биллай В. И., 1971;
Беккер З. Е.,1971; Родигин В. М., 1995).
toqsinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxvadasxva qimiuri
nivTierebani an nivTierebaTa jgufebi, romlebic mcenareSi
damkvidrebis Semdeg iwveven biologiuri procesebis darRvevas
(Рубин Б. А., Арциховская Е. В., 1968; Мирчинк Т. Г., 1990; Бородин Г. И. и др.,
1978). l. v.Mmetlickisa da o. l. ozereckovskis (Мертицкий Л. В.,
Озерецковский О. Л., 1984) monacemebiT, toqsinebi warmoadgenen
dabalmolekulur, sxvadasxva qimiuri bunebis mqone naerTebs
(oligopeptidebi, terpenoidebi, glukozidebi). a. e. Ggoimanis
(Gӓuman A. E., 1957) mosazrebiT, mravali mcenaris Wknobis gamomwvev
nivTierebad iTvleba fuzariumis mJava.
avtorTa nawili aRniSnavs paTogenur sokoTa mier toqsikur
nivTierebaTa gamoyofasa da maT mier gamowveul paTologiur
116
cvlilebebs (D. Gottlieb, 1944; I. Berend, 1953; Б. Т. Катарьян, 1968; В. И.
Биллай, 1977; А. Жаханов, 1979; S. yanCaveli, 1983; d. kotetiSvili,
1985; n. joxaZe, 1985; z. xideSeli, 1987; n. TavberiZe, 1987; q.
pavliaSvili, 1988).
fitopaTogenuri sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsikuri
nivTierebebis gavlenis Seswavlisas mcenareTa qsovilebze, a.
daimondma da p. vagonerma (Dimond A. , Waggoner P., 1953) daadgines,
rom arseboben ,,sakuTari toqsinebi”, romelsac gamoyofen
TviTon paTogeni sokoebi da ,,vivotoqsinebi”, romlebic
gamoiyofa dazianebuli qsovilebis mier, parazitis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad.
a. goimanis (1954) monacemebiT, temperaturis momateba zrdis
toqsinebis zemoqmedebas mcenareze. Ppamidvris Wknobis gamomwvevi
soko Fusarium oxisporum-is mier gamoyofili toqsikuri
nivTierebebis moqmedeba 300C temperaturaze ufro
gaZlierebulia.
sokoebis mier gamoyofili, toqsikuri nivTierebani, iwveven
paTologiuri cvlilebebs da arRveven qsovilebSi wylis
balanss (Caroselli N., 1959).
kulturul mcenareTa wvenidan gamoyofili Alternaria solani-s
toqsinebis Seswavlisas, aRmoCnda, rom kartofilisa da
pamidvris ujredebi 4-8-jer ufro metad avlenen mgrZnobelobas
A. solani-s toqsinebis mimarT, vidre parkosnebi da stafilo (Handa
Avtar K., 1982).
T. waqaZis (1967) monacemebiT, soko Cytospora leukostoma-s aqvs
unari, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi, gamoyon Sxamiani
nivTierebani, romlebic miekuTvneba toqsinTa jgufs. isini
uaryofiTad moqmedeben kurkovanTa aRmonacenebze (gargari,
117
atami), rac iwvevs maT Wknobas; es nivTierebani uaryofiTad
moqmedeben mravali sokos sporaTa Camoyalibeba-momwifebaze.
literaturaSi arsebobs cnobebi Alternaria solani-s (Mart.) Appel
et. Wr.Var. eumartii (Campenter) Wr. kulturaluri filtratis patron-
mcenaris qsovilebze toqsikuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb (Кухарская Л.
К., Балюта И. Т., Попова Н. Н., 1986).
igive avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom soko Fusarium solani-s var.
eumartii, mier gamoyofili toqsinebi aferxeben farulTeslianTa
Reros zrdas; iwveven xorblis, kitrisa da fiWvis fesvebis
zrdis Seferxebas.
Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna mcenaris daavadebuli Rerodan
gamoyofili soko Fusarium oxysporum-is toqsikuroba. sokos
sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuri
aqtivobis Sesamowmeblad, Capekis sakveb areze ganviTarebuli
sokos kulturalur filtratSi vaRivebdiT bioindikator soko
Coniothyrium-is sporebs, sakontrolod ki viyenebdiT – sufTa
Capeksa da wyals. Kkvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia me-21 cxrilSi da
diagrama 11-Si.
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyofa
sokos kulturalur filtratSi iwyeba meaTe dRes. am dros,
bioindikatoris sporebis gaRiveba Seadgens 67 %-s. 40 dRis
Semdeg, gaRivebuli sporebis ricxvi minimumamde ecema (3).
ormocdaaTdRian kulturalur filtratSi, toqsikur
nivTierebaTa warmoqmna mcirdeba, xolo 80-dRian kulturaluri
filtratis toqsikuroba minimumamde ecema da bioindikatoris
sporebis Rivebis procenti kontrols uaxlovdeba.
118
cxrili 21
soko F. oxysporum-is kulturaruli filtratis gavlena soko
Coniothyrium-is sporebis gaRivebaze
cdis
variantebi
gaRivebuli sporebis raodenoba %-Si
sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturalur
filtratSi
me-10
dRe
me-20
dRe
30-e
dRe
me-40
dRe
50-e
dRe
me-60
dRe
me-80
dRe
kulturaluri
filtrati 67 42 6 3 30 48 75
sufTa
eqstrati 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
wvimis wyali 92 92 80 88 90 87 92
amrigad, soko F. oxysporum-s unari aqvs, nivTierebaTa cvlis
procesSi, gamoyos toqsikuri nivTierebani. kulturaluri
filtratis maqsimaluri toqsikuroba aRiniSneboda 30-60 dRis
xnovanebis filtratSi, xolo filtratis xnovanebis Semdgomi
gazrdisas adgili aqvs toqsikurobis minimumamde Semcirebas.
aRniSnuli movlena SesaZloa, uSualo kavSirSi iyos filtratSi
arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebebis SemcirebasTan.
5.2. soko V. lateritium-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-
mcenareze moqmedeba
soko V. lateritium-is mier toqsikur nivTierebaTa gamoyofis
Seswavlis mizniT, aRniSnuli soko gadagvqonda Txier sakveb
areze. Kkulturaruli filtratis toqsikurobas
vakontrolebdiT yovel meaTe dRes, ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
cdebis Sedegebi motanilia me-22 cxrilSi da diagrama 11-Si.
119
cxrili 22
soko V. lateritium-is kulturaruli filtratis gavlena soko
Coniothyrium-is sporebis gaRivebaze
cdis
variantebi
gaRivebuli sporebis raodenoba, %
sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturalur
filtratSi
me-10
dRe
me-20
dRe
30-e
dRe
me-40
dRe
50-e
dRe
me-60
dRe
me-80
dRe
Kkulturalu
ri
filtrati
95 78 66 41 32 39 97
sufTa
eqstrati 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
wvimis wyali
89 92 91 100 88 98 98
diagrama 11
Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom soko V. lateritium-is
mier, toqsikur nivTierebaTa SesamCnevi gamoyofa SeiniSneba
ocdRian filtratSi. Aam droisTvis, bioindikatoris sporebis
gaRiveba etapobrivad mcirdeba kontrolTan SedarebiT da
10 20 30 40 50 60 80
F.oxysporum 67 42 6 3 30 48 75
V.lateritium 95 78 66 41 32 39 97
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
spo
reb
is g
aRivebis
inten
sivoba, %
soko F.oxysporum da soko V.lateritium sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri filtratebis gavlena soko
Coniothyrium sporebis gaRivebaze
120
Seadgina 78%. Kkulturebis asakis zrdasTan erTad,
kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuroba izrdeboda da maqsimums
aRwevda 50-dRian filtratSi; Coniothyrium-is gaRivebuli sporebis
raodenoba 32 %-ia. Semdgom, mcirdeboda misi toqsikuroba da
80-dRian kulturaluri filtratSi minimumamde ecemoda.
amrigad, Cvens mier dadgenil iqna, rom soko V. lateritium-i
gamoyofs toqsikur nivTierebebs, romlebic uaryofiTad
moqmedeben bioindikatoris sporebis gaRivebaze. misTvis aqtiuri
toqsikuroba ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. Ddadgenilia, rom
kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuroba misi duRilis Semdegac
ar mcirdeba. rac sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsinebis
Termostabilurobaze miuTiTebs.
5. 3. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk.
celulozolituri fermentebis aqtivoba da moqmedeba mcenareze
garda imisa, rom paraziti, patron-mcenareSi SeWrisa da mis
qsovilebSi damkvidrebis mizniT, gamoyofs toqsinebs, riTac
wamlavs patron-mcenaris ujredebsa da gzas ikvalavs
qsovilebSi damkvidrebisaTvis. paraziti gamoimuSavebs, aseve,
peqtolitur da celulozolitur fermentebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac Slis ujredis kedlis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul
peqtinisa da celulozis rTul molekulebs, icilebs meqanikur
bariers, ris Sedegadac iWreba patroni mcenaris ujredebSi,
iwyebs qsovilebis maceracias, rasac mcenaris qsovilebis kvdoma
mosdevs.Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT literaturaSi uamravi
informacia moipoveba (Горленко М. В., Новобранова Т. И., 1971; Васильева
К. В., Гладких Т. А., 1976; Биллай В. И. и др., 1978; Prassad L., Bhargava K.,
121
Mehrotra R. S., 1989; Айзеберг В. Л., 1980; Ташпулатов Ж. и др., 1990; Strand et
al, 1991; Решетникова И. А., Чайка М. Н., 1982;).
s. rasselis (Russel S., 1975), r. ilinasa da o. stepanovas
(Ильина Р. М., Степанова О. А., 1978) mtkicebulebiT, usruli sokoebis
umravlesoba gamoyofs celulozolitur fermentebs, riTac
xdeba ujredis kedlis celulozis daSla da vrceldebian
mcenareSi. am fermentTa aqtiuroba, paTogenis asakis
paralelurad, izrdeba.
Psidium guagava-s dazianebuli nayofis Seswavlis dros,
dadgenil iqna, soko Phytophthora nicotiana var. parasitica-s mier,
adgili aqvs celulozolituri da peqtinovani
fermentebis…gamoyofas in vivo da in vitro-s pirobebSi, romlebic
iwveven mcenaris qsovilebis maceracias, adgili aqvs
dazianebuli nayofebis gauwyloebas (Prassad L., Bhargava K., Merotra
R., 1979), rasac Tan sdevs mcenareuli organizmis kvdoma.
Siligfordisa da sakleris (Shilingford, Siucleir, 1997)
monacemebiT, soko Colletotrichum musae da Fusarium semitectum-i
gamoyofen peqto da celoluzolitur fermentebs, romlebic
iwveven qsovilebis maceraciasa da parazitis damkvidrebas
patron mcenareSi.
Cvens mier Seswavlil iqna soko V. lateritium-isa da soko
F. oxysporum-is celulozolituri fermentebis aqtivoba,
risTvisac am paTogenTa wminda kulturebs vTesavdiT Capekis
Txevad sakveb areze, sadac vaTavsebdiT winaswar mudmiv wonamde
dayvanil filtris qaRalds. cdis bolos darCenili filtris
qaRaldi dagvyavda mudmiv wonamde da sawyis da saboloo wonaTa
sxvaobiT vsazRvravdiT sokos mier SeTvisebuli ujredanas
raodenobas. V.lateritium-is SemTxvevaSi, Tavdapirvelad, filtris
122
qaRaldi ifareboda moyviTalo feris lorwovani miceliumiT,
romelic Semdeg Rebulobda agurisfers.
80 dRis Semdeg, adgili hqonda filtris qaRaldis 69,1 %-is
daSlas (cxrili 23).
cxrili 23
soko V. lateritium-isa da soko F. oxysporum-is celulozolituri
fermentebis aqtivoba
sokos
dasaxeleba
Ffiltris masa g-Si
daSlili
ujredana
%-Si
cdamde
cdis
Semdeg
daSlili
ujredana 80
dRis
Semd,M±m
V. lateritium 0,4481 0,1578 0,2889±0,002 69,1
kontroli 0,4379 0,4375 0,0003±0,003 0,069
F.oxysporum 0,4490 0,2384 0,2118±0,01 47,12
kontroli 0,4442 0,4432 0,0002±0,004 0,093
cxrilSi arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom soko V. lateritium-i xasiaTdeba celulozolituri
fermentebis maRali aqtivobiT. soko F. oxysporum-is
celulozolituri fermentebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom Capekis
sakveb areze sokom warmoqmna fafuki, haerovani, movardisfro-
TeTri miceliumi. 80 dRis Semdeg, filtris qaRaldi daiSala. am
dros, aTvisebuli celulozis raodenobam Seadgina 47,12 %
(cxrili 22).
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegebi cxadyofen, rom soko
F. oxysporum-i da V. lateritium-i, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi
gamoyofen toqsikur nivTierebebs. F. oxysporum-i metad toqsikuria,
vidre soko V. lateritium-i. soko F. oxysporum-is kulturalur
123
filtratSi toqsikuri nivTierebebis warmoqmna iwyeba meaTe
dRidan da maqsimums 30-40 dReSi aRwevs; maqsimaluri
toqsikuroba SeiniSneboda me-40 dRes. soko V. lateritium-is mier
toqsinebis gamoyofa fiqsirdeba 20 dRian kulturalur
filtratSi da maqsimums 50-dRian filtratSi aRwevs
(gaRivebulia sporebis 32 %-ia). Ggarda amisa, orive soko
xasiaTdeba celolozuri fermentebis aqtiurobiT. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, ufro meti fermentuli aqtivobiT gamoirCeva soko
V. lateritium-i. soko F. oxysporum-is mier aTvisebuli celulozas
raodenobam, kultivaciidan me-80 dRes Seadgina 47,12 %, xolo
soko V. lateritium-is mier aTvisebuli celuloza 69,1 % iyo.
amrigad, Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom soko V.
lateritium-i da soko F. oxysporum-i nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi
gamoyofen toqsikur nivTierebebs. maTgan F. oxysporum-i meti
toqsikurobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre soko V. lateritium-i. amis garda,
orive soko xasiaTdeba celulozolituri fermentebis
aqtiurobiT. Cvens mier dadgenil iqna, rom ufro meti
fermentuli aqtiurobiT soko V. lateritium-i gamoirCeva.
124
VI Tavi.
daavadebul mcenareSi mimdinare paTologiuri cvlilebebi da
gamZleobis zogierTi maCvenebeli. katalazas, peroqsidazasa da
vitamin,,C“-s Semcveloba saR da daavadebul mcenareebSi
mcenareTa inficirebisas patron-mcenaresa da parazits
Soris myardeba rTuli biologiuri damokidebuleba. mcenaris
gamZleobas ganapirobebs misi unari, SeinarCunos nivTierebaTa
normaluri cvla. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania
fermentatuli cilebi. mcenareSi mimdinare fermentuli
procesebi gansazRvraven organizmSi nivTierebaTa cvlis
intensivobas. avtorTa monacemebiT (Сухоруков К. Т., 1960 и др.),
organizmSi JangviTi procesebis gaZliereba iwvevs organuli
nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT xarjvas, rasac organizmi mihyavs
gamZleobis daqveiTebamde. b. rubinis (Рубин Б. А., 1960), T. waqaZis
(1958), n.kovalis (Коваль Н. Д., 1967), l. iSCenkos (Ищенко Л. А., 1965)
monacemebiT, JangviTi fermentebis aqtiuroba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs mcenaris gamZleobaSi.
Cvens mizans Seadgenda gamogvevlinebina JangviTi
fermentebis: katalazasa da peroqsidazas aqtivobis cvalebadoba
kartofilis Wknobis dros SedarebiT gamZle da mimRebian
jiSebSi.
ferment katalazas aqtivobis gansazRvra dafuZnebulia mis
unarze, daSalos wyalbadis zeJangi _ wylad da molekulur
Jangbadad. gamoyofili Jangbadis moculoba ferment katalazas
aqtivobis maCvenebelia.
peroqsidaza _ aris zeJangebis, Jangbadis gaaqtivebuli
fermenti, kerZod, wyalbadis zeJangis. misi Jangvis unariT
125
diddeba peroqsidazas moqmedeba. mas SeuZlia daJangos organuli
naerTebi: polifenolebi, aminebi da sxva.
fermentebis aqtivoba da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba
Seswavlili iyo xelovnuri dasenianebis fonze, dasenianebidan 9
dRis Semdeg. Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 24-Si da diagrama 12, 13,
14-Si.
diagrama 12
diagrama 13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
პიკასო დეზირე აგრია
02
მლ
/გX
4 წ
თ.
გამძლე, შედარებით გამძლე და მიმღებიანი ჯიშები
ფერმენტ კატალაზას შემცველობა
საღი მც.
V.lateritium-ით დაავ.
F.oxysporum-ით დაავ.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
პიკასო დეზირე აგრია
0,0
1N
xsn. ml
გამძლე, შედარებით გამძლე და მიმღებიანი ჯიშები
ფერმენტ peroqsidazas შემცველობა
საღი მც.
V.lateritium-ით დაავ.
F.oxysporum-ით დაავ.
126
cxrili 24
kartofilis mimRebian da SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi
katalazas, peroqsidazasa da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcvelobis
cvalebadoba Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebiT daavadebis dros
kartofi
lis
jiSi,gamZ
leoba
cdis varianti
katalaza
O2
ml/g×4wT
t
P
peroqsid
aza
0,01N
xsn. ml
t
P
vitamini
,,C”
mg.%
t
P
dezire,
Sedar.
gamZle
saRi mcenare
24,0+0,1 37 0,04 3,75+0,017 0,02 0,07 74,8+2,5 7,17 1,6
Verticillium
lateritum-iT
daavadebuli
23,7+0,6
4,6
0,05
5,25+0,005
0,02
0,07
66,4+0,8
_
1,9
FFFusarium
oxysporum-iT
daavadebuli
20,4+0,11
_
_
5,25+0,005
0,02
0,07
62,8+0,4
3,8
0,04
pikaso,
gamZle
saRi mcenare
16,4+0,54 19,3 0,01 5,25+0,005 0,02 0,07 83,6+1,1 3,2 0,05
Verticillium
lateritum-iT
daavadebuli
16,5+0,3
7,09
0,04
9,41+0,5
0,57
0,44
70,4+4,4
6
0,04
FFFusarium
oxysporum-iT
daavadebuli
15,5+0,1
82
0,04
8,0+0,028
0,02
0,07
62,8+2,4
3,8
0,04
agria,
mimReb.
saRi mcenare
17,7+0,35 3,3 0,03 1,15+0,02 0,02 1,7 68,6+2,4 5,2 0,04
Verticillium
lateritum-iT
daavadebuli
14,4+0,3
_
_
3,16+0,034
0,03
0,07
44+4
_
_
FFFusarium
oxysporum-iT
daavadebuli
13,7+0,1
_
_
2,86+0,01
_
_
38,1+1,3
_
_
t _ sxvaobis marTebuloba;
P _ cdis sizuste.
127
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba saR
mcenareebSi ufro maRalia. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSic misi
Semcvelobis maRali done aRiniSneba mimRebianTan SedarebiT.
daavadebis Sedegad vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba rogorc mimRebian,
aseve SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi mcirdeba, magram es procesi
ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli mimRebian jiSSi, gamZlesTan
SedarebiT.
diagrama 14
Catarebuli kvlevidan irkveva, SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi
ufro maRalia Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebSi monawile fermentebis
(katalaza, peroqsidaza) aqtivoba, mimRebianTan SedarebiT.
daavadebis Sedegad yvela SemTxvevaSi, katalazas aqtivobis
Semcireba xdeba, xolo peroqsidazas aqtivoba metad izrdeba
gamZle jiSebSi, vidre mimRebianSi. daavadebis sawyis etapze
umniSvnelodaa gazrdili peroqsidazas aqtivoba mimRebianSi,
Tumca yovelTvis ufro naklebia gamZle jiSis peroqsidazas
aqtivobaze.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
პიკასო დეზირე აგრია
mg, %
გამძლე, შედარებით გამძლე და მიმღებიანი ჯიშები
vitamin,,C"-s Semcveloba
საღი მც.
V.lateritium-ით დაავ.
F.oxysporum-ით დაავ.
128
miRebuli monacemebi miuTiTeben, imaze rom, gamZle jiS
pikasoSi, peroqsidazas ufro metad gazrda SeiZleba gamowveuli
iyos mcenaris qsovilebSi paTogenis sapasuxo TavdacviTi
reaqciis Sedegad arsebuli fermentebis gaZlierebuli
warmoqmniT da misi aqtiuri monawileobiT mcenaris TavdacviT
reaqciebSi. mimRebian agrias jiSSi daavadebis gvian stadiaze,
peroqsidazas aqtivobis gazrda unda iyos Jangva-aRdgeniTi
procesebis gadaxriT Jangvisaken. rac Seexeba katalazas,
mcenareTa daavadebis Semdeg, misi cvalebadoba umniSvneloa,
rogorc gamZle, aseve mimRebian jiSebSi.
amrigad, miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, fermentebis aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s maRali
Semcveloba da maTi umniSvnelo (katalaza da vitamini ,,C”) da
mniSvnelovani (peroqsidaza) cvalebadoba daavadebis Semdeg,
gamZleobis maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
129
VII Tavi
kartofilis Wknobis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebis
SemuSaveba
7.1. sargavi tuberebis fitosanitaruli mdgomareobis Semowmeba
da SerCeva
saqarTveloSi kartofilis mosavlianoba yvelaze dabalia
msoflios masStabiT, radganac mcire miwianobis gamo ar xdeba
kulturaTa morigeoba da Teslbrunva. erTi da igive miwis
nakveTze, erTi da igive kulturis warmoebam gamoiwvia
kartofilis virusuli gadagvareba, mavne organizmebis
sainfeqcio maragis dagroveba, Sedegad ki _ misi mosavlianobis
minimumamde Semcireba.
kartofilis mosavlianobis zrdisaTvis udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba, erTis mxriv, agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis
srulyofas, meores mxriv, ki – virusuli, sokovani da
baqteriuli infeqciebisagan Tavisufali, daavadebebisadmi
gamZle jiSebis saRi sargavi masalis Tesvasa da Semdgom dacvas
infeqciebisagan.
dReisaTvis, vinaidan qveyana aRar maragdeba sxva qveynebidan
Semoziduli sasursaTo kartofiliT, deficitis Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos mekartofileobis regionebSi, es kultura
intesiurad iwarmoeba da mosaxleobis ZiriTad saarsebo
saSualebas warmoadgens. amasTanave, mosaxleobam xeli mihyo
kartofilis sargavi masalis sazRvargareTidan stiqiur
Semozidvasa da warmoebas, rasac xSirad savalalo Sedegebamde
mivyavarT. vrceldeba sakarantino obieqtebi, daavadebaTa
gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebis agresiuli rasebi, Stamebi da
formebi.
130
saRi sargavi masalis misaRebad, saTesle nakveTidan,
daavadebis xiluli simptomebis mqone mcenareebi unda iqnas
gamotanili da ganadgurebuli. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi
mcenareebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, daskvnebis misaRebad, saWiroa
Sesabamisi kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis gamoyeneba.
Kkartofilze, garda infeqciuri daavadebebisa, aRiniSneba
funqcionaluri daavadebanic, aseve, xvatarebis, maxrebis,
RraWebis, mavTula da crumavTula Wiebis, Tagvisebri
mRrRnelebisa da sxva mavnebelTa mier gamowveuli dazianebebi,
isini infeqciis SeWrisaTvis Ria kars qmnian da warmoadgenen
daavadebaTa didi nawilis gadamtanebsac. amitom, Tavi unda
avaridoT aseTi dazianebuli kartofilis sargavad gamoyenebas.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, kartofilis rgvisas maTi
jiSobrivi siwmindis dacvas (rac saSualebas mogvcems
vawarmooT mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg diferencirebuli
brZola), maT swor ganlagebas yoveli nakveTis mikroklimatisa
da klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Cvens mier xdeboda sargavi masalis SerCeva. radgan
daavadebaTa infeqcia tuberSi faruli formiTaa warmodgenili,
maTi vizualuri gadarCevisas yuradRebis miRma rCeba tuberis
siRrmeSi moTavsebuli paTogenuri organizmebi, romlebic Tavs
iCenen savegetacio periodSi; isini iwveven nargaobaTa
gameCxerebas an aRmonacenTa intensiur daavadebas,
gansakuTrebiT, avadmyofobebisaTvis xelsayrel klimatur
pirobebSi. dadgenilia pirdapirproporciuli kavSiri sargavi
masalis faruli infeqciebis gavrcelebis intensivobasa da
aRmonacenTa daavadebis gavrcelebis intensivobas Soris.
traqeomikozuri Wknobis mier SesaZlo gamowveuli zaralis
131
Semcirebis mizniT, Cvens mier, xdeboda sargavi kartofilis ori
kviriT adre gamotana sawyobebidan, moTavseba 14-180-ze,
latenturi infeqciebis gamomJRavnebisa da gamorCevis mizniT.
garda amisa, sargav kartofils vaTavsebdiT mzis gulze, rgvis
win; radgan am dros tuberebSi warmoiqmneba solanini, rac maT
infeqciebisagan icavs.
6.2. biopreparati ,,lile”, rogorc mZlavri imunizatoruli
saSualeba kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT
pesticidebiT gajerebul garemoSi, rac iwvevs agro da
biocenozebis darRvevasa da adamianis janmrTelobis
gauaresebas, Cvens mizans warmoadgens, SevimuSaoT da
davamkvidroT brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebi
mcenareTa paTogenuri organizmebis winaaRmdeg, rac xels
SeuSlis garemos dabinZurebas, miviRebT ekologiurad sufTa da
amasTanav, uxv mosavals. am sakiTxis gadawyvetas eZRvneba mraval
mkvlevarTa naSromebi, romelTa gamokvlevebiTac SesaZlebelia
mcenareTa imunuri sistemis sxvadasxva stresorebisadmi
inducireba fitoregulatorebiT.
imdenad, ramdenadac fitoregulatorebi, uSualod,
paTogenze ar moqmedeben da aaqtiureben mcenareTa imunur
sistemas, zrdian maT TavdacviT reaqciebs, maTi moqmedebis
gamovlinebas mxolod maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mcenare
uSualo kavSirSia paTogenTan, mTeli ontogenezis ganmavlobaSi.
misi moqmedeba uaxlovdeba bunebriv imunur reaqciebs.
pesticidebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar xasiaTdebian rezistentobiT da
ar iwveven mcenareul organizmebSi mavne nivTierebTa
132
dagrovebas. axdenen patron-mcenaris organizmSi fiziologiur-
bioqimiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas.
xelaturi tipis naerTebi, maT Soris ,,lile”, patron-
mcenaris organizmSi iwveven fiziologiuri procesebis
gaaqtiurebas, paTogenuri organizmebis mimarT inducirebasa da
kompleqsur gamZleobas.
mcenareTa xelovnuri imunizacia induqtorebis meSveobiT,
ar gamoricxavs pesticidebis xmarebasac, piriqiT, avsebs da
aZlierebs maT efeqts, minimumamde amcirebs maTi gamoyenebis
saWiroebas.
kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis winaaRmdeg, Cvens
mier gamoyenebuli iqna mZlavri induqtori, ekologiurad
usafrTxo xelaturi tipis naerTi _ ,,lile”, romlis
minimaluri dozebi, ara marto mcenareTa imunuri reaqciebis
inducirebas axdenen, aramed aumjobeseben niadagis struqturasa
da uzrunvelyofen maT gamdidrebas mcenarisaTvis SesaTvisebeli
mikro da makro elementebiT.
sakvlevad gamoyenebul iyo saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi
introducirebuli jiSebi da maTi daavadebuli nimuSebi. kerZod,
germanuli - holdaniuri jiSebis: marabeli, pikas, agria, sante,
kosmosi, marfonas elituri da I reproduqciis nargavebi, aseve
adre daraionebuli jiSi dezire.
Seswavlil iqna biopreparat ,,liles~ 2-3%-iani xsnarebis
biologiuri da sameurneo efeqturoba traqeomikuzuri Wknobis
mimarT, rac ganisazRvreba sacdel da sakontrolo nakveTebze
daavadebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis SeswavliTa da
maTi SedarebebiT; mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
133
maCveneblebis _ mcenaris simaRle, tuberebis wona, miRebuli
mosavlis saerTo raodenoba da xarisxis aRricxviT.
saTesle masalis saxelmwifo standartebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli yvela moTxovnis dacvis paralelurad, Tesli
davamuSaveT ,,liles~ 2 da 3%-iani xsnariT. 30 wT-is eqspoziciiT,
uSualod, Tesvis win. aRmocenebisTanave naTesebze Sesxurebuli
iqna imave koncentraciis xsnarebi. mTeli vegetaciis
ganmavlobaSi vawarmoebdiT sistematur dakvirvebebs, sacdel da
sakontrolo variantebSi, Wknobis pirvel gamovlinebasa da
Semdgom ganviTarebaze. cdis bolos ki aRiricxeboda mosavlis
raodenoba, xarisxi, fraqciaTa raodenoba da daavadebis
intensivoba. daavadebul mcenareTa Soris moxda fuzariozisa da
verticiliozis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra (cxrili 25).
cxrili 25
preparat ,,liles” gavlena Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis
gavrcelebaze kartofilis 2 kvirian aRmonacenebSi
variant
ebi
jiS
ebi
daav
adebe
bi
daavadebaTa gavrceleba, %
kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze
marab
eli
pikaso
agria
sante
kosmo
si
marfona
dez
ire
sakontro
lo
verticiliozi 5 4 6 5 4 6 6
fuzariozi 6 4 7 7 4 6 7
,,lil
e”2%
verticiliozi 3 2 3 3 3 3 4
fuzariozi 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
,,lil
e”3%
verticiliozi 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
fuzariozi 3 3 3 4 3 4 4
134
cxrili 25-dan naTelia preparati ,,liles~ moqmedebis
efeqturoba, rac aSkarad aisaxeba Sedegebze: biopreparatiT
damuSavebuli saTesle masalis aRmonacenebSi daavadebis
gavrcelebis intensivobis maCveneblebi Semcirebuli iyo
sakontrolosTan SedarebiT, xolo aRmonacenebis 2% da 3%-
iani preparatis moqmedebis efeqti, TiTqmis erTi da igive
aRmoCnda, rac ganpirobebulia mcenareTa daavadebaTa mimarT
gamZleobis gazrdiT.
Cvens mier, Seswavlili iqna, agreTve, traqeomikozuri
Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba amave nakveTze,
orkvirian aRmonacenebze.
cxrili 26
biopreparat ,,liles~ gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze
traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobaze
variant
ebi
jiS
ebi
daav
adebe
bi
Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, %
marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi marfona dezire
gavrc.
ganv
gavrc.
ganv.
gavrc.
ganv.
gavrc.
ganv.
gavrc.
ganv
gavrc.
ganv.
gavrc.
ganv
sakont
rol
o
verti
cili
ozi+
fuza
riozi
11 5.5 8 4 13 6.5 12 6 8 4 12 6 15 6.5
,,l
ile”2%
verti
cili
ozi+
fuza
riozi
7 2.5 5 0.5 7 1.5 8 3.4 7 2.6 7 2.3 8 34
,,lil
e”3%
verti
cili
ozi+
fuza
riozi
6 2.3 5 1.4 6 2.3 7 2.5 6 2.8 7 2.7 7 2.3
135
rogorc 26-e cxrilidan Cans, sakontrolosTan SedarebiT
mniSvnelovnad iyo Semcirebuli Wknobis gavrcelebisa da
daavadebis ganviTarebis intensivobac, rac daavadebis xarisxis
Semcirebam gamoiwvia. Tu sakontrolo variantSi mcenareTa
daavadebis xarisxi 2-3 bali iyo, sacdel variantebSi 1-2 bals ar
aRemateboda.
,,liles” maRali efeqturobis gamo, movaxdineT, aRniSnuli
biopreparatiT damuSavebul mcenareTa fitonciduri aqtivobis
gansazRvra. amisaTvis xdeboda mis 2-3%-ian xsnarebSi
damuSavebul mcenareTa gamonawurSi damzadebuli sporovani
suspenziaze dakvirveba, gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da
Rivis ganviTarebis siZlieris mixedviT, bio-indikatorad
viyenebdiT Fusarium-is 20 dRian kulturas, sporovani suspenzia
Tavsdeboda 2-24 sT-is ganamvlbaSi TermostatSi 250t-is pirobebSi.
kontrolad viyenebdiT onkanis wyals.
Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom kontrolTan
SedarebiT, ,,lileTi~ damuSavebul mcenareTa gamonawurSi
F.oxysporum-is sporebis gaRivebis intensivoba mniSvnelovnad
Semcirebulia.
2 da 3% biopreparatiT damuSavebuli mcenareebi,
kontrolTan SedarebiT, xasiTdebodnen kargi zrda-ganviTarebiT,
muqi-mwvane feriT, msxvili amonayariT, mosavlis raodenobisa da
xarisxis maRali maCvenebliT (cxrili 27). kartofilis buCqebi
romlis Teslic damuSavebuli iyo preparati ,,lileTi~
aRmocenda 4-5 dRiT adre, isini xasiaTdebodnen mZlavri
amonayariTa da ufro gaZlierebuli mwvane pigmentaciiT. rac
imaze metyvelebs, rom mcenaris foTlebis pigmentaciac
gaZlierebulia, rac zrdis foTlis sasimilacio zedapirs.
136
mcenareSi mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebi, maT Soris
tuberwarmoqmnis intensivoba izrdeba da mcenare mZlavrad
yalibdeba. miiReba uxvi da xarisxiani mosavali.
cxrili 27
biopreparat `liles~ gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSis
mosavlis raodenobaze
# jiSi
erTi budnis saSualo
mosavali kg-Si saheqtro mosavali, t.
SeniS
vna
kontr.
M±m
2%
lile
M±m
3%
lile
M±m
kontr.
M±m
2%
lile
M±m
3%
lile
M±m
1 marabeli 0.95+0.1 1.00+0.05 1.03+0.07 34+1.05 40+2.0 41.2+1.9
kont
rolTan S
edar
ebiT
standar
tuli da ufro d
idi
tuber
ebis
rao
denoba 50%-iT met
ia
2 pikaso 0.95+0.02 1.05+0.18 1.05+0.13 38+1.1 42+2.2 42+2.4
3 agria 0.80+0.08 0.97+0.5 0.98+0.5 32+0.7 38.8+1.9 39.2+0.7
4 sante 0.90+0.05 1.02+0.05 1.02+0.03 36+0.98 40.8+1.9 40.8+2.1
5 kosmosi 0.90+0.03 1.05+0.06 1.06+0.05 36+1.2 42+2.1 42.4+2.1
6 marfona 0.95+0.06 1.02+0.08 1.03+0.07 37.2+1.1 40.8+2.3 41.2+0.7
7 dezire 0.80+0.02 0.96+0.07 0.96+0.05 32+0.9 38.4+0.7 38.4+1.2
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mcenareTa xelovnuri imunizacia
ar gamoricxavs pesticidebis xmarebasac, piriqiT, aZlierebs maT
efeqtsa da minimumamde amcirebs maTi gamoyenebis saWiroebas. am
kuTxiT iqna SemuSavebuli da gatarebuli Wknobis winaaRmdeg
brZolis sxvadasxva RonisZiebani, romelSic induqtoris
moxmarebis paralelurad CarTuli iyo sxvadasxva fungicidi.
preparat ,,liles” viyenebdiT, kartofilis paTogenuri
organizmebis mier gamowveul daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleobis
gazrdis mizniT.
am RonisZiebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs WurWel-
boWkovani Wknobis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misi gamomwvevi sokoebi
137
niadagis binadari paTogenuri organizmebia, gaZnelebulia maTgan
mcenareTa dacva savegetacio periodSi, mcenareTa Sesxurebis
gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo ZiriTadi aqcenti
gadatanili yofiliyo saRi sargavi masalis SerCevasa da maTi
Senaxvis wina da rgvis wina damuSavebaze gamZleobis
induqtorebiTa da fungicidebiT.
cdis yvela variantSi dakvirveba warmoebda kartofilis
aRmocenebis droze, intensivobaze, ganviTarebis siZlieresa da
daavadebaTa gamoCenis vadebze, maTi gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobaze, variantebisa da jiSebis mixedviT.
Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia avadmyofobaTa
gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis mkveTri Semcireba
sakontrolosTan SedarebiT cdis yvela variantSi.
gansakuTrebiT, 3%-iani ,,lileTi” damuSavebuli sargavi masalis
nargaobebSi, sadac qimiuri brZolis RonisZieba kartofilis
sxva daavadebaTa, umTavresad, fitoftorozis mosalodneli
gamoCenisa da intensiuri ganviTarebis prognoziT SerCeul
vadebSi mimdinareobda. yvela variantSi ganisazRvra biologiuri
efeqturoba %-Si (cxrili 28 da diagrama 15).
diagrama 15
ვარიანტი 1. ვარიანტი 2. ვარიანტი 3.
59,376
32,7
75,7 66,335,7
brZolis RonisZiebaTa sxvadasxva variantis biologiuri efeqturoba,%
(verticiliozis SemTxvevaSi)
ახალციხე ბორჯომი
138
diagrama 16
cxrili 28
sargavi masalis damuSavebisa da wamlobaTa jeradobis
gavlena kartofilis avadmyofobaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobaze
#
variantebi
municipal
itet
ebi
daavadebaTa
gavrceleba-
ganviTarebis
intensivoba, %
bio
logiuri
efeqturoba, %
(ver
t.SemTxvevaSi)
bio
logiuri
efeqturoba
, %
(fuzar
.SemTxvevaSi)
verticili
ozi
fuzariozi
gavrc.
ganviT.
gavrc.
ganv.
1
liles 3%-iani xsnariT
damuSavebuli sargavi
masala + oTxjeradi
wamloba da orjeradi
gamokveba amave xsnariT
da II wamlobasTan erTad.
axalcixe,
borjomi
12,0
15,0
6,1
3,4
14,1
15,0
7,2
2,6
59,3
75,7
79,5
82,4
2
fungicidiT
damuSavebelisargavi
masala oTxjeradi
wamlobiT, gamoukvebavi.
axalcixe,
borjomi
12,1
12,3
3,6
4,7
16,5
12,6
3,8
4,1
76,0
66,4
75,7
67,2
3
daumuSavebeli sargavi
masala orjeradi
wamlobiT vegetaciis I
periodSi.
axalcixe,
borjomi
20,2
18,6
10,1
9,0
27,5
19,9
6,6
3,9
32,7
35,7
57,7
75,0
4 kontroli, daumuSavebeli
wamlobis gareSe.
axalcixe,
borjomi
30
27,8
15
14
30,1
24,5
15,6
12,5
_
_
_
_
ვარიანტი 1. ვარიანტი 2. ვარიანტი 3.
79,5 75,757,7
82,4 67,2 75
brZolis RonisZiebaTa sxvadasxva variantis biologiuri efeqturoba, %
fuzariozis SemTxvevaSi
ახალციხე ბორჯომი
139
rogorc 28-e cxrilidana da diagrama 15, 16-dan Cans,
biologiuri efeqturoba Cvens mier, Teslis damuSavebisa da
wamlobaTa jeradobis yvela gatarebul variantSi, rac
warmoebda Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis
Semcirebisis mizniT, maRali aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebiT maRalia
fuzariozis SemTxvevaSi _ ,,liles” 3%-iani xsnariT
damuSavebuli Teslis nargaobebSi, sadac warmoebda oTxjeradi
wamloba. maTgan ori wamlobis paralelurad xdeboda ,,liles”
amave xsnariT mcenareTa fesvuri gamokveba. aRmoCnda, rom
axalcixis municipalitetSi biologiurma efeqturobam,
verticiliozuri Wknobis SemTxvevaSi 59,3%, xolo borjomis
municipalitetSi 75,7% Seadgina; fuzariozuli Wknobis
SemTxvevaSi axalcixisa da borjomis municipalitetSi,
Sesabamisad _ 79,5% da 82,4%.
Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebi mimarTuli iyo
kartofilis mosavlianobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebis gazrdis mizniT. amis gamo gatarda sxvadasxva
saxis RonisZieba: Teslis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da
wamlobaTa prognozirebul vadebSi CatarebiT. dakvirvebebis
safuZvelze dadginda, ron biostimulatoriT saTesle masalis
damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, aRmoceneba 4-5 dRiT adre
aRiniSneboda, xolo tuberwarmoqmna 10-12 dRiT adre daiwyo.
Semcirda yvela daavadebis ganviTarebis intensivoba, rogorc
mwvane varjze, ise aRebul mosavalSi tuberebze. daavadebul
tuberTa Soris, verticiliozisa da fuzariozis xvedriTi wili
ganisazRvreboda daavadebuli tuberebidan sufTa kulturebis
gamoyofiTa da gamomwvev paTogenTa identifikaciiT. miRebuli
Sedegebi asaxulia 29, 30 cxrilebSi.
140
cxrili 29
sargavi masalis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da
wamlobaTa prognozul vadebSi Catarebis gavlena mosavlis
raodenobaze, daavadebaTa gavrcelebasa da xarisxze
#
variantebi
5 budnaSi miRebuli tuberebi, cali
WknobiT
daavadeb
ul
tuber
Ta rao
denoba, c
ali
saS
.
SeniS
vna
sul
M±m
fraqciebi
standar
tuli
da masze
msxvili
M±
m
standar
tuli
da
masze
msxvili
sxvaoba
kont
rolTan
d
aras
tandar
tul
i wvr
ili
M±
m
sxvaoba
kont
rolTan
d
1
liles 2%-iani
xsnariT damuSavebuli
sargavi masala + 4 wamlobiT da ori gamokveba
66±3 37±1,4 12 29±0,2 1 0,05
mcenar
eTa gamokveba
moxda mc
enar
eTa1 d
a 2
wamlobis
dros
2
daumuSavebeli sargavi masala 2
wamloba ridomiliT da
spilenZis qlorJangiT
52±2,4 26±0,1 1 26±0,2 10 4,5 danar
Ceni
wamloba ver
moxer
xda
3
2%-iani lileTi damuSavebuli sargavi masala +3 wamloba
70±4 55±4 30 15±0,1 1 0,01 _
4
kontroli daumuSavebeli sargavi masala wamlobis gareSe
gamoukvebavi
42±1 25±0,3 _ 16±0,1 _ 11,9 _
rogorc 29-e cxrilidan Cans, miRebul mosavalSi
minimumamdea Semcirebuli WknobiT daavadebuli tuberebis
141
raodenoba ,,lileTi” damuSavebuli Teslis da prognozul
vadebSi 4-jeradi wamlobis variantSi da ar aRemateba 0,42%-s,
xolo im nakveTze, romelzec daumuSavebeli tuberebi daiTesa
da, sadac mxolod ori wamloba Catarda, daavadebaTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 37,8% aRmoCnda, rom araferi vTqvaT im
mwvane masis xmobaze, rac vegetaciaSi myof kartofilis
nargaobebSi aRiniSna, ramac mosavlis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad
Seamcira. sakontrolo variantSi wvrili, arastandartuli
fraqciebi aRiniSneboda (suraTi 24 (1, 2)).
suraTi 24 mosavali sakontrolo nakveTze.
1. kartofilis tuberebis raodenoba 1 budnaSi;
2. katofilis arastandartuli, wvrili fraqcia.
1 2
142
cxrili 30
prognozul vadebSi Catarebuli wamlobisa da liles 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebis gavlena
mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCveneblebsa da daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobaze
# variantebi
5 budnaSi miRebul tuberTa raodenoba da
wona, kg
Teo
riu
li
saS
. saheqtro
mosaval
i, t
daavadebaTa gavrceleba -
ganviTarebis intensivoba, %
sul
fraqciebi
5 budnaSi miReb
uli
mosavlis
saS
ual
o w
ona
kg-Si
M +
m
sxvaoba ko
ntrolTan d
Wknoba fitoft. da
rizoqt.
sxva d
anar
Ceni
standar
tuli da
masze ms
xviliM
+ m
sxvaoba ko
ntrolTan
d
aras
tandar
tuli
(wvr
ili) M
+ m
sxvaoba ko
ntrolTan
d
gavrcel
ebuli
ganviTar
ebuli
gavrcel
ebuli
ganviTar
ebuli
1
2% lileTi
damuSavebuli +4
wamloba prognoziT
4,2 36+2 21 5+0,1 23 8+0,3 6 64+2,4 _ _ _ _ _
2
lileTi
damuSavebuli +5
wamloba
fenofazebis
mixedviT
6,6 49+1,4 34 17+3,1 11 5,5+0,1 3,5 44+0,8 1,7 0,3 _ _ 7,05
3 sufTa kontroli 4,3 15 - 28 - 2,0+0,3 - 16+2,4 1,9 10,2 87 45,1 5,2
143
rogorc cxril 30-dan Cans, ,,liles” xsnariT sargavi
kartofilis damuSaveba ara marto amcirebs daavadebaTa
gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobas, aramed zrdis mosavlis
raodenobasa da xarisxs. ,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariTa da
prognozirebul vadebSi oTxjeradi wamlobis SemTxvevaSi,
daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba ar aRiniSna;
amasTanave, standartuli Teslis raodenoba 5 budnaSi da
miRebuli saSualo mosavali mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da
Sesabamisad Seadgina 36 cali da 8kg. Teoriulad, saSualo
saheqtro mosavama 64t Seadgina
Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebis Sedegebis
analiziT, raSic biopreparati ,,lile” iyo CarTuli, dadginda
aRniSnuli imunostimulatoris maRali sameurneo da
ekonomikuri efeqturoba (cxrili 31, diagramebi 17, 18 da suraTi
25 (1, 2)).
suraTi 25 mosavali sacdel nakveTze.
1. msxvili fraqcia;
2. mosavali.
1 2
144
cxrili 31
biopreparat ,,liles” sameurneo da ekonomikuri efeqturoba
#
jiSi
budnis saSualo
mosavali, kg
mosavali, t/ha
sameurneo
efeqturoba,
%
rentabelobis
norma, %
kontro
li
M±m
lile
kontro
li
M±m
lile
2%
M±m
sxvaoba
d
sxvaoba
d
lile
3%
M±m
sxvaoba
d
lile
2%
lile
3%
lile
2%
lile
3%
2%
M±m
3%
M±m
1. marabeli
0,95±0,1 1,00±0,05 1,03±0,07 34,0±1,05 40,0±2,4 6,0 41,2±1,9 7,2 17,66 21,2 800 905
2. pikaso
0,95±0,02 1,05±1,8 1,05±0,13 38,0±1,1 42,0±2,2 8,0 42,0±2,4 8,0 10,5 10,8 1100 1020
3. agria
0,80±0,08 0,97±0,5 0,98±0,5 32,0±0,5 38,8±1,9 6,8 39,2±0,7 7,2 20,6 22,5 920 905
4. sante
0,90±0,05 1,02±0,05 1,02±0,3 36,0±0,09 40,8±1,9 4,8 40,8±2,1 4,8 13,3 13,3 720 570
5. kosmosi
0,90±0,03 1,05±0,06 1,06±0,05 36,0±1,2 42,0±2,1 6,0 42,4±2,1 6,4 16,7 17,7 800 790
6. marfona
0,95±0,06 1,02±0,08 1,03±0,07 37,2±1,1 40,8±2,3 3,6 41,2±0,9 4,0 9,6 10,4 440 460
7. dezire
0,80±0,02 0,90±0,07 0,96±0,05 32,0±0,9 38,4±0,7 6,4 38,4±1,2 6,4 20 20 860 790
145
biopreparat ,,liles” sameurneo efeqturoba, %
diagrama 17
biopreparat ,,liles” ekonomikuri efeqturoba
diagrama 18
aRmoCnda, rom agriasa da dezires jiSebis SemTxvevaSi
,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebis dros, sameurneo
efeqturoba yvelaze maRalia. sxva Sedegi aRiniSna 3%-iani
,,lileTi” tuberebis damuSavebis dros, sadac ufro maRali
17,66
10,5
20,6
13,3
16,7
9,6
2021,2
10,8
22,5
13,3
17,7
10,4
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi marfona dezire
,,lile"2% ,,lile"3%
8
11
9,2
7,28
4,4
8,69
10,2
9
5,7
7,9
4,6
7,9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
მარაბელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი მარფონა დეზირე
"ლილე" 2%–იანი ხსნარის ეკონომიკური ეფექტურობა (ლარი)
"ლილე" 3%–იანი ხსნარის ეკონომიკური ეფექტურობა (ლარი)
146
sameurneo efeqturoba agriasa da marabelis variantebSi
aRmoCnda.
rentabelobis norma, 2%-iani liles gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
yvelaze maRalia pikasosa da agrias variantebSi da, Sesabamisad,
Seadgens 1100 da 920 %-s, rac imas niSnavs, rom daxarjuli erTi
ლარი gvaZlevs, Sesabamisad, 11 da 9,2 ლარ mogebas.
rentabelobis norma 3%-iani liles gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
yvelaze ufro maRali aRmoCnda pikasos, marabelisa da agrias
jiSebSi da pikasos jiSis SemTxvevaSi Seadgina 1020 %, xolo
marabel-agrias variantebSi _ 905 %, rac imas niSnavs, rom
RonisZiebaze daxarjuli yoveli lari pikasos variantSi
gvaZlevs 10,2 lar, xolo marabelisa da agrias SemTxvevaSi _
9,05 ლარ ukugebas.
amrigad, biopreparati `liles~ gamoyeneba warmatebulad da
efeqturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. preparatiT damuSavebuli
mcenareebi xasiaTdebian ara marto verticiliozisa da
fuzariozis gvaris fitopaTogenuri sokoebis mimarT maRali
gamZleobiT, aramed izrdeba maTi mosavlis raodenoba da
xarisxi. es ki biopreparat ,,liles” fitoimunizatorul Tvisebas
adasturebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, dReisaTvis, roca esoden aqtualuria
da prioritetuli Tema – SevinarCunoT ekologiurad sufTa
garemo da mosaxleobas mivawodoT usafrTxo produqti,
biopreparati `liles~ farTo danergva warmoebaSi friad
perspeqtiulia da aqtualuri.
147
6.3. niadagis mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis Wknobis daavadebis
gavrceleba-ganviTarebasa da mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv
maCveneblebze
kartofilis daavadebaTa Soris Tavisi mavneobiT gamoirCeva
WurWel-boWkovani Wknoba, romlis gamomwvevi paTogenuri
sokoebis miceliumi da gumismagvari nivTierebebi vrceldeba ra
WurWlovan sistemaSi, iwveven aRmavali denis Seferxebas,
sasicocxlo procesebis Senelebas. mwvavdeba wylis deficitiT
gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac aisaxeba mcenareTa
fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebaSi, romelic xSirad,
mcenaris daRupviT mTavrdeba. minimumamde mcirdeba miRebuli
mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi.
niadagis zedapiris mulCireba kartofilis nargaobebSi
warmoadgens tenis SenarCunebis efeqtur saSualebas. faravs ra
niadagis gafxvierebul zedapirs, icavs mas datkepnisagan, xels
uSlis niadagidan tenis intensiur aorTqlebasa da icavs mas
gamoSrobisa da gadaxurebisagan. l. d. edelSteinis (1962)
monacemebiT niadagis mulCireba 6-70-iT amcirebs niadagis
zedapiris temperaturas, aqtiurdeba nitrifikaciis procesi, rac
xels uwyobs mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebas. m. gogoliSvili (1961)
mulCirebis dadebiT Sedegebze miuTiTebs TviT yara-yumis
udabnos pirobebSic ki. sapirispiro monacemebi aqvs a. s.
nasredins (2000), Tjames E., Faridi A. (1980), Abd El., Kader M. M. (1983)-s,
romlebic miiCneven, rom niadagis mulCirebisas adgili aqvs
temperaturis awevas, rac damRupvelad moqmedebs mravali
daavadebis gamomwvev sokoebze, maT Soris Fusarium oxysporum F. sp.
Likopersici Sacc.-ze, Verticillium dahliae-s, Rhizoqtonia solani-sa da sxvaTa
cxovelmyofelobaze, Tumca isini mulCad polieTilens
148
iyenebdnen, rac uTuod gamoiwvevda temperaturis mkveTr matebas.
T. Broudbent-is (1987) mier dadgenilia, rom niadagis mulCirebisas
xdeba niadagis gasterileba, romlis drosac adgili aqvs mikro
da makro elementebis gamoTavisuflebas rTuli naerTebidan,
rac xels uwyobs mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebas da, Sesabamisad,
mosavlis raodenobis matebas.
saqarTvelos pirobebSi, EWknobis gamomwvev paTogenTa
uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mcenareze, zrda-ganviTarebis Seferxeba,
Wknoba da daRupva, gansakuTrebiT, TvalsaCinoa urwyav
nakveTebze, mSrali klimatiT gamorCeul samxreT da samxreT-
aRmosavleT regionebSi, agreTve, sxva regionTa urwyav
nakveTebze gvalvian pirobebSi.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, did mniSvnelobas eniWeba
iseT RonisZiebaTa SerCeva, romelic xels Seuwyobs tenis
SenarCunebas niadagSi, ganapirobeben nivTierebaTa normalur
cvlas mcenareul organizmSi da daicaven maT wylis deficitiT
gamowveuli mavne zemoqmedebisagan. aseT RonisZiebad gvesaxeba
kartofilis nargaobaTa niadagis zedapiris mulCireba _ TiviT
an namjiT. iseTi mcenareTa mulCiT, romlebic ar Seicaven
kartofilis daavadebaTa rezervatorebs, miT umetes, rom
aRniSnulia mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitonciduri aqtivoba
kartofilis paTogenTa mimarT.
Tivis fitonciduri aqtivobis gansazRvra xdeboda Tivis
eqstraqtSi damzadebuli sporovan suspenziaze dakvirvebiT,
gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da Rivis ganviTarebis
siZlieris mixedviT.
aseve, mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitoncidur aqtivobaze
dakvirveba xdeboda misi gamonawuris vantigemis kameraSi
149
moTavsebiT (,,dakiduli wveTi”) da sporebis gaRivebis
intensivobaze dakvirvebiT.
Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvena, mulCis eqstraqtis
zemoqmedeba soko Fusarium oxysporum-isa da Verticillium lateritium-is
sporebis gaRivebaze Senelebulia da ar aRemateba 70-75%-s, roca
sterilur wyalSi maTi gaRivebis intensivoba 98-100%-ia.
Cvens mier, kartofilis nakveTis mulCireba xdeboda I
Toxnis Semdeg. mulCad gamoyenebuli iyo Tiva, romelic
ZiriTadad velurad mozardi subalpuri marcvlovani
mcenareebisagan Sedgeboda da Segrovili iyo mTis saZovrebze
(suraTi 26).
suraTi 26. mulCirebuli kartofilis nargaoba.
mulCirebis Semdeg, sistematuri dakvirveba mimdinareobda
mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze, maTze daavadebaTa pirvel
gamoCenasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaze (cxrili 32).
rogorc 32-e cxrilidan Cans, kartofilis nakveTis
mulCirebis Semdeg, mkveTrad aris Semcirebuli traqeomikozuri
Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, sakontrolo
variantTan SedarebiT. verticiliozuri da fuzariozuli
Wknobis mimarT SedarebiT gamZle aRmoCnda kolete, marfona da
brodiki, xolo SedarebiT mimRebiani _ palma da agria.
150
cxrili 32
mulCirebis gavlena, kartofilis miwiszeda vegetatiur
organoebSi, traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivobaze
#
kartofil
is
jiS
ebi
variant
ebi
daavadebaTa gavrceleba-
ganviTareba %-Si
fuzariozi verticiliozi
gavrc.
ganv.
gavrc.
ganv.
1. palma mulCir. 4 1,9 _ _
kontroli 6 3,2 2 2
2. karolina mulCir. 1 0,12 _ _
kontroli 1,5 0,8 _ _
3. karatopi mulCir. 1,0 0,02 1 0,02
kontroli 4,3 2,5 1 1
4. kolete mulCir. 0,3 0,01 _ _
kontroli 2 2 1 1
5. agria mulCir. 2,3 1,2 _ _
kontroli 5 3,1 2 2
6. brodiki mulCir. _ _ _ _
kontroli 2 2 _ _
7. marfona mulCir. _ _ _ _
kontroli _ _ _ _
mulCirebul niadagze ganviTarebuli mcenareebi kargi
ganviTarebiT xasiaTdebian.
kartofilis mosavlianobaze mulCis gavlenis dasadgenada
da RonisZiebis sameurneo efeqturobis Sesafaseblad, mosavlis
aRebis dros, Catarda aRebuli mosavlis biometriuli da
raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi analizi (cxrili 33 da diagrama 19).
151
cxrili 33
mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSis mosavlis
raodenobaze da RonisZiebis sameurneo efeqturoba
#
jiSi
erTi budnis saS.
mos., kg M±m
sxvaoba
d,t
saheqtro mosavali,
t M±𝒎
sxvaoba
d, t
sameu
rneo
efeqturoba, %
SeniS
vna
kontro
li
mulCireb
uli
kontro
li
mulCireb
uli
1 palma SE 1,05±0,1 1,3±0,003 0,35 44,0±1,4 51,9±2,1 7 15,9
kont
rolTan S
edar
ebiT
standar
tuli da
ufro msxvili tuber
ebis
rao
denoba 25-
30%-iT met
ia mulCireb
ulSi
2 karolina 1,23±0,08 1,42±0,02 0,2 49,2±3,0 56,6±0,51 7,4 15
3 karatopi 1,08±0,05 1,33±0,011 0,25 43,2±0,5 53,16±0,2 9,9 23
4 kolete 1,33±0,03 1,58±0,1 0,25 53,2±0,77 73,3±3,3 10,1 19
5 agria 0,63±0,05 0,79±0,007 0,16 25,2±0,5 31,5±0,5 6,3 25
6 brodiki 1,3±0,11 1,4±0,071 0,1 52,0±2,1 56,0±0,7 4 7,7
7 marfona 1,27±0,07 1,3±0,05 0,23 48,2±1,1 52,0±1,8 3,8 7,9
diagrama 19
Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia mcenareTa
mulCirebis maRali sameurneo efeqti, misi dadebiTi zegavlena,
15,9 15
23
19
25
7,7 7,9
პალმა კაროლინა კარატოპი კოლეტე აგრია ბროდიკი მარფონა
მულჩირების ღონისძიების სამეურნეო
ეფექტურობა ,%
მულჩირების ღონისძიების სამეურნეო ეფექტურობა ,%
152
rogorc mosavlis biometriul maCveneblebze, ise mis
raodenobasa da xarisxze. tuberTa biolaqtikur
maxasiaTeblebze da saxameblis Semcvelobaze. sameurneo
efeqturobis procentuli maCveneblebi kartofilis jiSebze,
karatopsa da agriaze, Sesabamisad, 23-25 %-s aRwevda (cxrili
33 da diagrama 19). subalpuri TiviT mulCirebis dadebiTi
Sedegebi gapirobebuli unda iyos mulCis fitoncidur
zemoqmedebasTan erTad niadagis zedapirze sahaero kapilarebis,
misi struqturisa da tenis SenarCunebiT. am ukanasknels ki
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs tuberwarmoqmnisaTvis.
kartofilis mulCireba warmatebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
saZovrebis pirobebSi, urwyav nakveTebze, sadac mesaqonle
fermerebi intensiurad awarmoeben kartofils.
nakveTTa mikroklimatis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebis
daavadebaTa gavrceleba cvalebadobs. TvalsaCino sxvaoba
SeiniSneba kartofilis umTavresi daavadebis _ fitoftorozis
gavrcelebaSi, wlebis da mikroklimaturi ubnebis mixedviT,
rasac ganapirobebs amindis elementebis sxvadasxvaoba mocemul
zonebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom municipalitetis erTsa da imave
soflebSi Wknobisa da fitoftorozis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis
intensivoba gansxvavebulia. fitoftorozi intensiurad
viTardeba tafobebsa da daCrdilul adgilebSi. WurWel-
boWkovani Wknobisadmi midrekili mcenareebi ki unda ganvaTavsoT
iseT adgilebSi, sadac sokos ganviTarebis intensivoba naklebia.
amrigad, TiviT mulCireba uaryofiTad moqmedebs sokos
ganviTarebaze da zrdis mosavals. es ki gvaZlevs imis
safuZvels, TiviT mulCireba miviCnioT traqeomikozuri Wknobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT ekologiurad usafrTxo meTodad.
153
daskvnebi
amrigad, Cvens mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom:
1. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba gavrcelebulia
samcxe-javaxeTis regionis yvela municipalitetSi;
2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba gamowveulia,
ZiriTadad, soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko
Verticillium lateritium Berk. romlebic xasiaTdebian
Sexvedrianobis sixSiriTa da didi mavneobiT;
3. aRniSnuli sokoebis sainkubacio periodi sakmaod
moklea. daavadeba swrafad vrceldeba, rasac mcenareTa
swrafi Wknoba mosdevs;
4. mcenareTa xelovnuri dasenianebis Sedegad, daavadeba
ufro swrafad vrceldeba mcenareTa dazianebul
qsovilebSi inokulumis SetaniT, vidre dazianebul
qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebis dros da,
kidev ufro, naklebad _ dauzianebel qsovilebze
sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebis SemTxvevaSi;
5. soko Fusariu oxysporum Schl. zrdasa da misi sporebis
gaRivebisaTvis minimaluri temperaturaa 80C,
optimaluri _ 20-300C, xolo maqsimaluri _ 340C. soko
Verticillium lateritium Berk. viTardeba temperaturis farTo
diapazonSi, 8-320C-is farglebSi, misi ganviTarebisaTvis
optimaluri temperaturaa 24-250C, qveda zRvari _ 80C-
ia, xolo zeda zRvari 320C-s aRwevs;
6. soko F. oxysporum kargad viTardeba yvela fardobiTi
tenianobis pirobebSi, magram saukeTeso tenian garemos
misi ganviTarebisaTvis haeris 80%-iani tenianoba
154
warmoadgens. soko V. lateritium-is ganviTarebasa da uxvi
nayofianobis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa haeris maRali
fardobiTi tenianoba.
7. soko F. oxysporum-isaTvis saukeTeso naxSirbadovan
wyaros warmoadgens laqtoza da maltoza. soko
Verticillium lateritium-isaTvis saukeTeso naxSirbadovan
wyarod iTvleba saxamebeli da saqaroza. sokoebis
unari, sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros Semcveli
sakvebi aredan SeiTvisos naxSirbadi, maT maRal
fermentatiul aqtivobaze miuTiTebs;
8. saukeTeso azotovani wyaros soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl.
zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis asparaginisa da Sardovanas
Semcveli sakvebi areebi warmoadgenen. xolo, saukeTeso
azotovani wyarod soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-
ganviTarebisaTvis NANO3 SeiZleba CaiTvalos. sokos
aqtiuri zrda-ganviTareba aRiniSna, agreTve,
asparaginis Semcvel sakveb areze;
9. soko F. oxysporum-isa da V. lateritium-isaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sakvebi aris pH-is farTo
diapazonze ganviTareba. soko F. oxysporum saukeTeso
ganviTareba sust mJave areze pH = 5,3 moxda, yvelaze
susti ganviTareba aRiniSna Zlier tutu areze pH – 9_is
pirobebSi. V. lateritium miceliumis yvelaze ukeTesi
ganviTareba aRiniSna neitralur da odnav tute sakvebi
aris pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2, xolo susti ganviTareba _
pH _ 2,1; 11,4; 12-is dros;
10. soko F. oxysporum-i da soko Verticillium lateritium-i kargad
viTardeba yvela, Cvens mier, gamocdil sakveb areze.
155
mxolod, SeiniSneba maTi zegavlena morfologiur
Taviseburebebze. orive sokos zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis
saukeTeso wyaros warmoadgens kartofilis
glukoziani agarizirebuli naxarSi. soko Verticillium
lateritium-isaTvis, qlamidosporebis didi raodenobiT
ganviTarebas adgili aqvs Rarib sakveb areebze _
uglukozo kartofilze;
11. orive soko _ V. lateritium-i da F. oxysporum-i
nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi gamoyofen toqsikur
nivTierebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kulturaluri
filtratis toqsikuroba duRilis Semdegac ar
mcirdeba, rac sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsinebis
Termostabilurobaze miuTiTebs. maTgan soko F.
oxysporum-i meti toqsikurobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre V.
lateritium-i. orive soko celulozolituri fermentebis
aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba. ufro meti fermentuli
aqtiurobiT ki soko V. lateritium-i gamoirCeva;
12. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi ufro maRalia Jangva-
aRdgeniT procesebSi monawile fermentebis (katalaza,
peroqsidaza) aqtivoba, mimRebianTan SedarebiT.
daavadebis Sedegad, katalazas aqtivobis Semcireba
xdeba, xolo peroqsidaza metad izrdeba. amasTanave,
gamZle jiSebSi vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba ufro
maRalia. fermentebis aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s maRali
maCvenebeli da maTi umniSvnelo da mniSvnelovani
cvalebadoba daavadebis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia,
gamZleobis erT-erT maCveneblad miviCnioT. Cvens mier
156
gamovlenilia SedarebiT gamZle jiSi _ pikaso da
metad mimRebini jiSi _ agria;
13. 2 da 3%-ian fitoimunizator biopreparat ,,lileTi”
damuSavebuli mcenareebi xasiaTdebian kargi zrda-
ganviTarebiT, qlorofilis maRali SemcvelobiT da
msxvili amonayariT. foTlebis saasimilacio zedapiri
gazrdilia, mcenareTa fiziologiuri funqciebi
gaZlierebuli;
14. dadgenilia mcenareTa mulCirebis dadebiTi zegavlena,
rogorc mosavlis biometriul maCveneblebze, ise mis
raodenobasa da xarisxze. tuberTa biolaqtikur
maxasiaTeblebze da saxameblis Semcvelobaze.
mulCirebis Sedegad gazrdilia yoveli budnis
mosavlis saerTo raodenoba, sakontrolosTan
SedarebiT;
15. dadginda, rom mulCirebis dadebiTi roli
ganpirobebulia mulCis fitonciduri aqtivobiT.
amrigad, rogorc Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gviCvena,
kartofilis Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba
SesaZlebelia minimumamde daviyvanoT brZolis RonisZiebaTa
sistemaSi yvela niuansis gaTvaliswinebiT.
brZolis sistemaSi, sadac prognozul vadebSi qimiuri
brZolis saSualebebTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqneba
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, gamZle da mimRebiani jiSebis
nakveTebze swori ganlageba da gamZleobis gazrdis
ekologiurad usafrTxo saSualebebis gamoyeneba mtkice
garantia mavne organizmTa mier gamowveuli mosavlis
danakargebis minimumamde Semcirebisa.
157
kartofilis jiSebis jiSobrivi siwmindis dacviT
ganTavseba Sesabamis mikroklimatur zonebSi, sadac igi
gamoavlens jiSis potenciuri SesaZleblobis maqsimums,
saSualebas mogvcems pesticidebiT diferencirebuli
wamlobebisas da, Sesabamisad, maTi jeradobis, pesticidebis
xarjvis normebisa da SromiTi danaxarjebis Semcirebisas, rac
sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesebs adamianisaTvis saarsebo garemos da
moxsnis mraval yofiT problemas.
rekomendaciebi
Cvens mier Catarebuli laboratoriuli da sameurneo
cdebis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom kartofilis Wknobis
gamomwvevi organizmebi niadagis sokoebia da cxovroben
niadagSi, mcenareul anarCenebSi da sargav masalaSi _ faruli
infeqciis saxiT. amitom, am daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,
uwinares yovlisa, yuradReba unda mieqces nakveTis fito-
sanitarul mdgomareobas, Teslbrunvasa da kulturaTa
morigeobas, agroteqnikis dones, sargavad gamiznuli nakveTisa
da saRi sargavi masalis SerCevas; maT gadarCeva-gaSrobasa da
Senaxvis win damuSavebas saTanado pesticidebiT. jiSTa
ganTavsebas maTi Wknobisadmi gamZleobis xarisxisa da SerCeuli
nakveTis mikroklimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kartofilis Wknobisa da
sxva daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola unda moicavdes Semdeg
aspeqtebs:
sargavi masala unda iyos im nakveTidan, sadac Wknoba
da sxva daavadebaTa gavrceleba minimaluria;
158
sargavad unda SeirCes meqanikurad dauzianebeli saRi
tuberebi da mindvridan gamotanamde kargad gamoSres
mzeze;
Senaxvis win sargavi masala unda damuSavdes ,,maqsimis”
0,5%-iani xsnariT 1 kg/ha-ze da moTavsdes kiris
wyalxsnariT SeTeTrebul sacavebSi;
Senaxvis periodSi aucilebelia temperaturuli
reJimis dacva (4_70 pirobebi), sacavebis drodadro
ganiaveba, saventilacio sistemis mowesrigeba;
Tesvis win, 2 kviriT adre, sargavi masala unda
gadairCes da moTavsdes 14-180-is pirobebSi, faruli
infeqciebis gamovlineba-gamorCevisa da aRmocenebis
vadebis daCqarebis mizniT;
saTesle masala Tesvamde unda moTavsdes mzis
sinaTleze, raTa moxdes nivTiereba solaninis
warmoqmna, rac ganapirobebs tuberTa mdgradobas
daavadebaTa mimarT;
SerCeuli saRi masala unda damuSavdes ,,prestiJis”
0,5%-iani xsnariT, iq sadac kolorados xoWos
gavrcelebis kerebia an fungicid ,,moncereniT” (0,4-
0,5%), xolo, uSualod, Tesvis win _ ,,liles” 2-3%-iani
xsnariT, 20-30 wuTis eqspoziciiT;
pirveli Toxnis Catarebis Semdeg, mcenareebi unda
Seiwamlos 0,5%-iani ,,ridomil-goldi mc-s” sistemur-
kontaqturi fungicidiT; Semdegi wamloba unda
Catardes dakokrebis fazaSi kontaqturi fungicidiT,
,,spilenZis qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnariT an sxva
romelime daSvebuli kontaqturi fungicidiT.
159
uSualod, Wknobis gamovlinebisas, sasurvelia
mcenareTa fesvgareSe gamokveba ,,liles” 2-3 %-iani
xsnariT.
Wknobisadmi mgrZnobiare jiSebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes
tenian adgilebSi; Tavi unda avaridoT urwyavebSi maT
Tesvas.
saTib-saZovrebSi karg Sedegs iZleva mcenareTa
mulCireba TiviT. subalpur mcenareTa fitonciduri
zemoqmedeba mniSvnelovnad amcirebs paTogenuri
organizmebis ganviTarebas. mulCi xels uwyobs
niadagis struqturisa da tenis SenarCunebas, zrdis
mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCveneblebs.
160
citirebuli literatura
1. al-saad nasredini, 2000w. mulCirebis da Teslis Sesawamli
preparatebis gavlena pomidoris daavadebebis mimarT qvemo
qarTlis dablobze. avt. r. sof. m. kandidatis xarisxis
mosapoveblad, 25 gv.
2. gvaramaZe T. 2002w. - kartofilis ZiriTad daavadebaTa
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi mesxeTis regionSi da maT
winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi. avtoreferati
s. m. m. kand. samec. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 30 gv.
3. TavberiZe n. g. 1987w. citrusovan kulturaTa foTlebis
laqianobis gamomwvevi sokoebi afxazeTSi da maT winaaRmdeg
brZolis RonisZiebebi. avtoref. boil. mecn. kand. xarisxis
mosapoveblad. Tb. 22 gv.
4. kartofilis aprobaciis saxelmZRvanelo Tbilisi 1946.
5. kotetiSvili z. g. 1985w. zogierTi baRCeuli kulturis
rizosferos mikoflora saqarTveloSi. avtoreferati.
boil. mecn. kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb. 23 gv.
6. kupraSvili T., rexviaSvili l., 2008w. kartofilis
tuberebis latenturi sokovani daavadebani. saq. s. m. mecn.
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