International Center for Transitional Justice
June 2014
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© 2014 International Center for Transitional Justice. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution.
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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aCrOnyMS
ABSDF All Burma Students’ Democratic FrontASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsCNF Chin National FrontDFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)DfID Department for International Development (UK)MPC Myanmar Peace CenterNCCT Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination TeamNLD National League for DemocracyUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNOCAL Union Oil Company of California
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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www.ictj.org 7
International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
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aMumifh xdktzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay: vlxkr,HkMunfrIjzpfaponf/ 22
18 idib. At 125.
19 urÇmhukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHu EdkifiHwumvlUtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumvlom;csif;pmemaom Oya'tm; qdk;0g;pGm csdK;azmufcH
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20 Pilar Domingo and Lisa Denney, “The Politics of Practice: security and justice programming in Fragile and Conflict
Affected States,” Office of Development Initiatives, December 2012.
21 “y#dyu©ESifhy#dyu©tvGef vlrItodkif;t0ef;rsm;twGif; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIESifh toGiful;ajymif;rIqdkif&mw&m;rQwrI/” taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf\
tpD&ifcHpm/ UN Doc S/2011/634, October 12, 2011 UN vHkNcHKa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf 1894? 63 ESpfajrmuf/ Resolutions and
Decisions of the Security Council, 2009 (New York: Official Record S/RES/1894, 2009).
22 Progress Report on Fragility Assessments and Indicators,” International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding
Working Group on Indicators, December 4, 2012 udkMunfhyg/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf CSO
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www.ictj.org 9
International Center for Transitional Justice
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23 “Reform in Myanmar: implications for business and political risks,” Risk Advisory, March 2013. udkMunfhyg/
International Center for Transitional Justice
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www.ictj.org10
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24 Mary Callahan, “Political Authority in Burma's Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Co-existence,”
East-West Center, 2007.
25 usef;rma&;? ynma&;u@rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh oD;jcm;jyifyrS aqmif&Gufavom vkyfief;rsm; xdawGUrIudk
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ vlUtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcHcJh&olrsm;twGuf jyefvnfukpm;ay;jcif;? rauseyfcsuf ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;rsm;twGufvnf; tvm;wlenf;vrf;rsm;
oHk;oifhonf/ vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm; xdef;csKyf&ma'orsm;twGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh qufEG,faom0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm;taMumif;aqG;aEG;csuft
wGuf Charles Petrie and Ashley South, “Mapping of Myanmar Peacebuilding Civil Society,” prepared for the Civil Society
Dialogue Network, March 2013. udk Munfhyg/ 26 Associated Press, “Myanmar to have closer ties, military cooperation from Australia,” March 18, 2013.
27 Damien McElroy, “Britain to offer military training to Burma to help end ethnic conflicts,” The Telegraph, July 14,
2013.
28 Tim McLaughlin, “US and Myanmar up military engagement,” Myanmar Times, August 1, 2013.
www.ictj.org 11
International Center for Transitional Justice
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jzpfapEdkifojzifh w&m;a&;u@csdeJUaecsdefwGif aemufxyf y#dyu©topfwckyif xyfjzpfvmEdkifonf/33
29 Mary Callahan, “The generals loosen their grip,” Journal of Democracy, October 2012.
30 or®wOD;odef;pdefOD;aqmifaom trsdK;om;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;OD;aqmifaumfrwDtm; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; wdkuf½dkufBuD;MuyfEdkif&ef
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ jrefrmhtvif;? Mo*kkwf 10? 2013
31 Lex Rieffel ESifh James W.Fox wdkUu udk;um;az:jyxm;onf/ “rsm;vGef;? rjrefvGef;bl;vm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm;\
tusyftwnf;/” Nathan Associates Inc. rwfv 2013/
32 ibid
33 tao;pdwfodvkdygu Stuart Larkin, Myanmar at the Crossroads: Rapid Industrial Development or De-industrialization,
January 1, 2012; Vikram Nehru, Myanmar's Economic Policy Priorities, The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2012.
International Center for Transitional Justice
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www.ictj.org12
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34 urÇmhbPfESifh tm&SzGHUNzdK;a&;bPfonf jrefrmtpdk;&tm; aemifwGif aiGtvHk;t&if;ESifh xkwfacs;Edkifaom tajctaersdK;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf
vdktyfcsufrsm;jyifqifay;jcif;? t&nftcsif;jr§ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;udk t"duxm;aqmif&Gufaeonf/ Asian Development Bank, “ADB-Myanmar
Partnership Strategy,” www.adb.org/countries/myanmar/strategy; World Bank, “Myanmar Overview: Strategy,” April
2013, www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/overview Munfhyg/
35 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “Myanmar Appoints EITI Lead,” December 17, 2012, http://eiti.org/
news/myanmar- appoints-eiti-lead
36 Sam Zarifi and Benjamin Zawaki, “Myanmar needs an effective legal system, and so do its foreign investors,” South
China Morning Post, March 28, 2013.
37 2000 ckESpfwGif avmht,f*s,fvdpfc½dkifw&m;½Hk;u ppfwyf\ vlUtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrIrSwfwrf;rsm; ododESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifjcif;ESifh
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UNOCAL u trIudkausat;cJhNyD; w&m;vdk&Gmom;rsm;tm; avsmfaMu;aiGay;cJhonf/ www.earthrights.org/legal/doe-v-unocal-case-
history Munfh/
38 International Crisis Group, Myanmar: the Politics of Economic Reform, July 27, 2012.
www.ictj.org 13
International Center for Transitional Justice
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39 Ashley South, Prospects for Peace: Opportunities and Threats, PRIO, 2012; “Ending Burma’s conflict cycle?
Prospects for ethnic peace,” Transnational Institute, February 2012.
40 For a discussion on transitional political arrangements, power sharing and power dividing, see Charles T. Call, Why
Peace fails: The Causes and Prevention of Civil War Recurrence, Georgetown University Press, 2012.
41 A World Bank and UNDP Statebuilding project that followed the Paris Aid Effectiveness declaration examined 27
peace agreements since 1989. Although “overall almost all agreements include at least one justice-related provision,”
unlike elections and security reform, the justice provisions had fewer references to international assistance in
implementation. Astri Suhrke, Torunn Wimpelmann, and Marcia Dawes, Peace Processes and Statebuilding: Economic
and Institutional Provisions of Peace Agreements, Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2007, 24–26.
42 2013 ckESpf {NyDvwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vlxktajcjyKzkd&rftpnf;ta0;wckwGif yxrOD;qHk;tMudrftjzpf w&m;rQwrIESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;taMumif;
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www.ictj.org 15
International Center for Transitional Justice
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twGuf jyifqifcJhMuonf/48
wGif jyefvnfjyifqifxm;aom United Nations Guidance for Effective Mediation wGif &Sif;vif;pGm jyXmef;xm;onf/ Priscilla Hayner,
Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and International Center for Transitional
Justice, 2009. Munfhyg/
47 rlMurf;oabmwlnDcsufwGif oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;tm; “w&m;rQwrIESifh ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;” twGuf vdktyfcsufay: oabm
wlMu&efESifh ESpf 60 ausmf y#dyu©aMumifh temw&jzpfrIrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&ef tMuHjyKxm;onf/ “wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: usL;vGefaom orkdif;
aMumif;t& rw&m;rIrsm;” udk ajz&Sif;ay;&ef vkyfief;,EÅ&m;wck zefwnf;&ef[laomtMuHjyKcsufudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomnd§EIdif;aqmif&GufrI vkyfief;tzGJU\
tMuHjyKwifjycsufrsm;wGif awGU&onf/ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rIvkyfief;pOfNyD;ajrmufonfhtcgwGif toGif;ul;ajymif;a&;qdkif&mw&m;rQwrI vkyfief;pOfwck
jzpfzdkUta&; arQmfrSef;xm;onf/
48 ordkif;aMumif;t&ta&;ygaomvnf; yifvHkvkyfief;pOfonf tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifjcif; (ucsif? csif;ESifh &Srf;omyg0ifcJhonf/) r&dSovdk xdktcsdeftcgu
tjiif;yGm;zG,fwckvnf;jzpfcJhonf/ Matthew J. Walton, “Ethnicity, Conflict and History in Burma: The myths of Panglong,” Asian
Survey, Vol. 28 No. 6 (2008), 889–910.
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
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www.ictj.org16
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jzpfonf/50
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49 Associated Press, “Forgetting the Past is the price of change in Myanmar: 2 years into reforms,” Washington Post,
March 28, 2013.
50 ABSDF touf&Sifusef&pfcJholrsm;?aqG;rsdK;rsm;u w&m;pGJqdkvdkufjcif;? jrefrmwdkif;rfpf? pufwifbm 24?2012/ Bertil Lintner “Old atrocity,
new implications,” Democracy for Burma, October 31, 2012, quoting a source as saying “if the students after 20 years
haven't forgotten and forgiven those who killed their own comrades, what about justice for all those thousands of people
who were killed by the military’s bullets in 1988 or were tortured and had to spend most of their youth in dark prison
cells?”
www.ictj.org 17
International Center for Transitional Justice
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tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;onf tjyKoabmaqmifaom ajcvSrf;wvSrf;jzpfonf/
2011 ckESpf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDu jyKvkyfaom avhvmcsufwGif tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;wGif
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51 “Calls for Apology Over Deaths in Custody Under Burma’s Junta,” The Irrawaddy, January 2, 2014.
52 “Despite a Frugal Existence, a Former Inmate Spends and Spends,” The Irrawaddy, December 18, 2013.
53 Ko Htwe, “Burma’s Supreme Seat of Power,” Democratic Voice of Burma, Jul. 3, 2013 and Simon Denyer, “In Burma,
fear gives way to anger toward well-connected business elite,” Washington Post, March 26, 2013.
54 Paul Keenan, Ethnic Nationalities Council, “Discrimination, Conflict and Corruption: the Ethnic States of Burma,”
2011.
55 2012 ckESpf ZGefvwGif &Srf;tzGJUaygif; 80 ausmfonf ¤if;wdkU\ pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;xkwfjyefNyD;aemuf jrdKUe,f 39 NrdKUe,frS &Srf;jynfae
jynfolaygif; 2500 ausmftm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lí &&dSaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk 2012 Edk0ifbmvwGif xkwfjyefcJhonf/
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm; &SmazGjcif;
www.ictj.org18
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tusOf;om;rsm; vTwfay;a&;? ajr,mtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ajz&Sif;ay;a&;ESifh twif;tMuyfvkyftm;
ay;cdkif;aprIrsm; &yfwefUay;a&;ponfh tcsufrsm;udk wifjycJhonf/ odkUaomf udk,fwkdifcHpm;cJholrsm;\
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56 xm;0,f?a'otwGif; ajr,modrf;qnf;rIrsm;? A (inter)national human rights concern, Paung Ku and Transnational Institute,
September 2012. See also Access Denied: Land Rights and Ethnic Conflict in Burma, Transnational Institute, May 2013.
57 A noteworthy exception was put together by the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies as part of its “Listening Project”
in mid-2011. Its research was small in scale (23 interviews with civil society leaders and workers in Yangon) and framed
around the proposal for an international inquiry into human rights crimes, which has since lost momentum. However,
the report remains relevant in its presentation of a range of perspectives on where justice for past abuses fits with other
competing priorities, and what form justice and reconciliation mechanisms inside the country might take. See Myanmar
Voices on the Commission of Inquiry, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, July 2011.
www.ictj.org 19
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm; &SmazGjcif;
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vmEdkifrnf/
58 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomas Ojea Quintana A/HRC/22/58,
March 6, 2013.
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm; &SmazGjcif;
www.ictj.org20
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vwfwavm jzpfay:aeaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;rIrsm; vlxkyg0ifrIrsm;&dSaeonfhtjyif 2015
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59 A useful tool for this purpose is the Impunity Watch Research Instrument: www.impunitywatch.org/en/
publication/2
60 om"utm;jzifh trsdK;orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif ¤if;tcsufrSwqifh
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www.ictj.org 21
International Center for Transitional Justice
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wGufyg tajccHausm½dk;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ tvm;wlyif yGifhvif;jrifomrI tm;xkwfcsufwck tjzpf
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azmufrIrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;&mZ0wfrItMum; qufpyfrIudk yD½l;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdkUwGif toHk;0ifaMumif;
oufaojycJhNyD;jzpfonf/62 wcsdefwnf;wGif toufBuD;olawG tNidrf;pm;,lvmav? tcGifhta&;
aumif;rsm; ydkrsm;vmavjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ,cktcsdeftwGuf owif;tcsuftvufpk? Oya'
rsm;jyKjyif? twwfynmrsm;pkpnf;jcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;onf toHk;0ifonf/
61 yGifhvif;jrifomrI&dSaom tpdk;&jzpfzkdUtwGuf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pGmESifh USAID onf owif;vGwfvyfcGifhOya'rsm;ESifh tpdk;&
wm0ef&dSolrsm;rS ydkifqdkifrIxkwfaz:ajymqdkvma&;twGuf pnf;½Hk;vIHUaqmfrIrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay; axmufyYHay;onf/ United States Agency for
International Development, Burma, www.usaid.gov/burma.
62 “A Complementary Relationship: Reparations and Development,” Naomi Roht-Arriaza and Katharine Orlovsky Roht-
Arriaza and Orlovsky, in Transitional Justice and Development: Making Connections, Pablo de Grieff and Roger Duthie,
eds. (2009), 202, citing “The Fondo Especial de Administración de Dinero Obtenido Ilícitamente a Perjuicio del Estado
(FEDEDOI) holds funds recovered from ex-president Alberto Fujimori and his officials. According to the National Human
Rights Commission, it has been used for the Comprehensive Reparations Plan. Informe CCDDHH 2006, citing Proyecto
de Ley 110-2006-PE” and Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Digest of
Asset Recovery Cases (Draft), November 2013 (CAC/COSP/2013/ CRP.10), 10, para. 16
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm; &SmazGjcif;
www.ictj.org22
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63 Myanmar’s second Universal Periodic Review will take place in 2015. See the official response to the Special
Rapporteur’s report at UN Document A/HRC/22/58/Add1, 6 March 2013.
www.ictj.org 23
International Center for Transitional Justice
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ESifh vlxkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; rnfodkU us,fjyefUvmonfudk tav;xm;Munfh&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ 2015
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64 “Myanmar Rights Post Set for Yanghee Lee, As UN Invites Peacekeepers,” Inner City Press, March 4, 2014.
65 Although South Africa is often referred to as the example par excellence in this regard, the truth commissions in
Peru and Guatemala, or recent transitional justice efforts in Colombia, may offer more relevant practice for Myanmar,
as those countries’ conflicts took place largely outside urban centers and impacted significantly on indigenous minority
communities. Many indigenous victims have testified to the importance of having the majority community know and
recognize what they suffered, and that the armed conflict was a continuation of a “permanent state of war” against attacks
on land, culture, language, and political self-determination. See www.ictj.org/news/transitional-justice-and-struggle-
indigenous-rights
International Center for Transitional Justice
jrefrmEdkifiH\ toGiful;ajymif;jcif;wGif w&m;rQwrI az:aqmifEdkkifrnfh
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www.ictj.org24
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od&rnf jzpfonf/
www.ictj.org 25
International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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www.ictj.org26
jzpfw,f/”66
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tpnf;rsm;? oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif todtrSwfjyKxm;aom ¤if;wdkUtcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;
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awGUaz:aqmifrIwGif OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&mwGif a'otcif;tusif;ESifhudkufnDatmif
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xGufay:vmaom vlrItodkif;t0ef;twGuf w&m;rQwrIawmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf tcsdefwck apmifh&ef
vdktyfaMumif;udk em;vnfvufcH&ef vdktyfonf/ &nf&SnfcHNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wm&SnfcH jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&;vkyfief;pOfjzpfzdkUtwGuf ¤if;awmif;qdkcsufawGudk ajz&Sif;jcif;tay: rlwnfonf/
66 “Peace versus Justice: A False Dilemma,” (video) ICTJ, May 2011.
www.ictj.org 27
International Center for Transitional Justice
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International Center for Transitional Justice
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www.ictj.org28
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