Download - Tourism planning
The paradigm of sustainable tourism
Alhilal Furqan
Tourism PlanningSchool of Architecture Planning and Policy DevelopmentInstitut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)
Content Global tourism Jafari’s ‘platform’ model Institutionalization of
sustainable tourism
Introduction The paradigm of sustainable tourism emerged, and is
still evolving, as a result of developments. From 1950s to 2000s tourism, one of the world’s largest
industries. Global tourism generating 67 m direct jobs, (US$1.28 t.),
(or 3.7%) to global GDP. Indirect (Transportation), 195 m. jobs, a US$3.53 t. 10.2 per cent, to global GDP. The environmental and sociocultural sustainability of the
tourism industry is focused.
Source: World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
Pattern of geographic expansion
Stage 1:Between and within the more developed countries (MDCs) #post-World War II.
I. In 2000, travel among the MDCs accounted for more than 70% of all international tourism traffic, or about 500 million tourist trips.
II. Europe, North America and Australia/New Zealand.
III. Japan and the so-called Asian ‘tigers’ of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong.
Stage 2:From more developed to less developed countries (LDCs) # 1960s
I. Tourists from the MDCs, or ‘North’, travelled in significant numbers to LDC destinations, or ‘South’.
II. North American tourists came to Caribbean basin ‘sun-lust’ destinations.
III. Europeans come to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basins.
IV. Developing countries such as Barbados, Bahamas, Antigua, Fiji, Cyprus, the Maldives and Seychelles dependency on the tourism sector (Termed the international pleasure periphery)
V. 2000s, approximately 25% international tourist from MDCs visiting LDCs primarily within the pleasure periphery.
Stage 3:Between and within the less developed countries # 1990s
I. Emergence of a significant middle class within the less developed world and involves its travel between and within the LDCs.
II. China provides the most dramatic number of outbound tourists increasing from 620 000 in 1990 to 9.2 million in 2000. Projects 100 million Chinese outbound tourists by 2020.
Jafari’s ‘platform’ model
Jafari’s ‘platform’ model
1 •Advocacy platform
2 •Cautionary platform
3 •Adaptancy platform
4 •Knowledge-based platform
1. Advocacy platformI. Economic benefits
revenues jobs
II. Sociocultural and environmental benefits
Preserve culture and envi.
2. Cautionary platformI. Economic costs
II. Sociocultural and environmental costs
III. Destination life cycle model
Contrasting tourism contentions of the advocacy and cautionary platform
3. Adaptancy platformI. Identified the potential negative impacts of
tourism.II. Perceived solutions marks the beginning of the
adaptancy.III. Alternative tourism. IV. Alternative tourism opposite to mass tourism,
(supporting locally owned small-scale enterprises rather than those that are externally owned.
V. Ecotourism manifestation of alternative tourism that emphasizes attractions based on the natural environment.
4. Knowledge-based platformI. Sustainable development
II. Sustainable tourism
Institutionalization of
sustainable tourism
1. External (non-tourism) institutionsGlobal organizations
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Tourism Programme* is mandated by the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to facilitate the implementation of Agenda 21.
UN Commission on Sustainable Development focused on the issue of sustainable tourism.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Tourism Committee*.
Regional organizations. Environmental organizations
2. Tourism-related institutionsWorld Tourism Organization (WTO)
I. UN-WTOII. World Travel and Trade Council
(WTTC)III. Pacific Asia Travel Association
(PATA)IV. National and subnational
recognition
Summary
Every place in the world is now a tourist destination for which the issue of sustainability is relevant.