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Di-tich vn-hacangircri Chim-thnh *xir Bc-ky
(Bi dien-ihuyel &Hi Tri-tri H-thnh ngy 28 Fvrier 1935)
Xua naj' h ai bn dn su* tin-ha ca ngui Vit-nam
tt cng ch ni ngiri Nam nhim vn-ha ca Tu : no
tn-gio, no chinh-tri, cho dn c my-thut du cho l t
nu*c Tu truyn sang c. Ma th tht, khng k ba thi-
ky Bc-thuc, t di Hn V-d $| S 'rff (111 trirc Th. Ch.)sai L-bc-Dc gg- \$ H sang dnh Nam-vit f f cho dn
di Ng-qui 3L ^, ng Ng-Quyn ^ $1 (939) dnh dui
ngui Tu v Bc, trong khong 1050 nm, ngui minh bi
quan Tu cai-tri, h-hip nhng-lam, thi th tt nhin su sinh-
hoat ca ngiri bn-x phi dbng-ha vi ngui cai-tri minh.
Cho mai dn khi nir-c minh thot khi lao-lung, m* nntir-tri, nhng dao gio j' lai cng thinh thm, di Dinh, Le,
Ly (968-1224) thi sng dao Plit, ma dao Nho thi thinh t
cui di Trn (thp-tam th-ky) tr* di. Ngiri minh d theo
hoc thut, tn-gio Tu thi phm vic gi thuc v phong-tuc,chinh-tri cng noi theo Tu ht c. Ngay nhu nhng phong-tuc le bai, ngy gi ngj' t't, c ho d'n c cch xp dai: trong
lng, trong xm, cn di-luu lai * x-hi ta bj' gi*, du ht
ging nhu* cch eue di Hn bn Tu c. Nhung, nu ta de
y suj'-xt t-m tng vic thi cng c nhiu vic khng h
thy - trong lich-s vn-ha nu-c Tu.
Phm m ot nir'c no da phi chng-choi vi nhiu nir-c
lng-ding de sinh-tbn ma dng v-ng lai diro-c trong mj'
ngn nm va sue bnh-tru--ng tu-nhin khng thy gim di
l tai dn-tc y bit hp-thii khng nhng vn-ha ca
cc giong ngiri ho*n minh ma c vn-ha ca nhng Qung-tri |f f, cho dn dat Nam-
ky by gi'. Ngui Chim-thnh cao ma c ngang, toc den ma
cng, da den gin, mi khng tt, mt sac, c mot mi, long
my rm, bc-s BAYNAUD d ni ngiri Chim l ngui ciu ,moi trng tira ht ngiri chu Au h en c cc ging ngiri khc
- Dng-diro-ng. Theo nhn-loai-hoc ngiri Chim thuc v loi
Ma-lai * Nam-diro-ng qun-do (Malayo-Polynsiens). Tn-gio
ngui Chim l dao Hbi-hbi (Islamisme) va dao B-la-mn tBrah-manisme) - An-do truyn sang.
O' s ut mot gii Trung-ky, no gn men b, no trong rng
rm, gii-gic cn lai bit bao dn-di, bit bao cung-din, noi
thi hy-lit, no-i thi tn-ph, lai c noi bi vi lp dui bai
dat hbi. Ngiri ta thu-ng goi l thp di du l di-t ich vn-
ha ngui Chim-thnh, d gy nn mot nir'c vn-minh ph-
cu-ng trong miri my th-ky - coi Dng-duo-ng ny. Nht l -
tnh Qung-nam Hf f$j, ring mot lng My-son :|| lil, c toi l ion
su muoi nc thp, xy gach, nhirng khng thy c vt vi
vt nhua gi c ct tir cui th-kj' th su (xem Dng-thanhs 1, trang 12 14). Lng Tr-kiu cch Tourane 40 cj-s, xua
kia l mot thnh Lm-p, sir Tu goi l Khu-tc lia M
hay Khu-lt ]& -}$. Gn dy trirng Bc-c c cho ngui vo
do b thnh cng tim cc pho tuong d, ln d dui chn
thnh, hin nay by c ' cc vin bo-tng H-ni, Tourane
va Si-gn. Nhiu pho trng c v hng-trng hoat-dong.
Cch Tr-kiu 15 cy s cln dn th Plit - Dbng-diro-ng
^ W:> no bn th, no tuo-ng d, do cc net diu-khc
ma bit duo-c 1ich su- my di vua, nhng vt nj' by *
nh bo-tng Tourane (xem sch : Introduction Vtnde de
l'Annam et du Champa ca ng J. Y. CLAEYS, trang 27, 45, 39,88). Hbi nm ngoi trirng Bc-c lai moi d o * Thp-mmthuc tnh Binh-dinh, diro'c nhiu o diu-khc bng d, no
tirgng ngiri. no tirmg th, du bj' ' vin bo-tng H-
ni va Tourane, phn nhiu du thuc v my-thut hbi th
nhi c, l my-thut c chiu nh-hung my-thut Ba-li * gn
(1) Cc nh kho-cu Thi-ty cng moi ngui vit mot khc,
dai-khi : Cyamba (MABCO POLO), Campe (ODORIC DE PORDENONE),
Tchampa (AYMONIER), Campa (BERGAIGNE), V. v. ; nhung ch-
Cliampa ma bj' gi* phn nhiu ngui du theo, l do ng
FINOT d nhn l dng hou.
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Ch-v (Java). Ngoi nhng ch y cn - Nha-trang, va cc
noi khc cng du dy dy nhng di-tich ngiri Chim-thnh.
Ngm cc c-vt, thm noi co-tich, kliin ngiri c tm
huyt ai chng thiro-ng ngui d-vng, xua sao ru-c-r, gi*
phi-pha, hin naj' bi tiu-dit gn ht, ch cn d vi
van ngui * tn-nt c trong x Cao-min va vng Phan-
rang, Phan-ri. Ring v lich-s Chim-thnh hin nay c hai
-quyn sch k-cu tinh-t lm: mot l quyn Le Royaumede Champa Nu-c Chim-thnh ca ng G. MASPERO (in tai
Paris, hiu G. Van Oest, nm 1928); mot l quyn Un royaume
disparu : Les Chams et leur art Mot nirc tiu-dit l nir*c
Chim thnh va my thut nuc j' ca b JEANNE LEUBA ^intai Paris, hiu G. Van Oest, nm 1923).
Ta d ni trn, nuc Chim-thnh xua - sut doc Trung-ky hin
thi, vy di-tich ho cn *Trung-ky l' le c nhin, nhung sao laic
di-tich Chim-thnh *Bc-ky, chang ha ra hb-db lm ru ? Nhung
khng. Tnrc khi ni tai sao, xin hay xt qua v dia-th' nir-c Chim :
nir-c Chim-thnh hinh-th nhir mot ci don gnh phi mang liai
thng gao hai du l x Bc-ky va Nam-ky hin thi. D b i * vo
mot gii dt di, mot ra^t nui, mot niTit bien, ma nui thi ton l
troc-so-n, d khng sinh sn duo-c gi, lai cn lam-chu-ng; cn
bien thi d sa bbi ma lai d sng, khi gi ma toi thi kinh
thin dng dia, no sa bbi, no dng bien ; khi gi ma lui
thi - su-tbm, no bo, no mua, chi ca chi nh. Ngiri Chim-
thnh sinh-trir-ng trn gii dt eo hep xiro*ng-xu nhu th, lm
th no ma sinh-.tbn duo-c, ly du ma tir tc durc? Th
cho nn lich-s nirc j' dy dy nhng su*phn-du kich-lit.
Mot nh dia-du-hoc nirc Tu khi xua cng d ni : Nhng
ngiri * dt Chim-thnh khng th dim-tnh ma sinh-hoat
ni . Ho bt buc phi tim kim cc cch sinh-tn : su bc
lot tn ph thnh mot ngh chuyn-mon ca ho d c ting' coi cuc-dng khi xira. Binh-nht thi xy thnh, dp ly, nui
voi, duc khi-gii, thao-luyn qun tinh. Khi thi an np * ccdo de cu'p cc thuyn bun, t An-d, M-lai sang Tu, bc
lot cc th cn dng nhir sue vt, vi lua, ngoc ng, chu bu
va cc thirc-phm. Vic cup bc cc thuyn bun d khng phil c-dac ra de buc toi cho ngui Chim-thnh du. Chinh
trong su sch c chp phn-minh : Mot ln vua Chim-thnh nghl thng-hoat, ly cc db cu**p diro'c ca mot bon thu-o-ng-thuyn
A-rp dem sang cng v ua Tu. Khng ng chinh bon A-rpbi cu'p y d mang vic mt cir'p cng cc vt mt-mt
tn vi vua Tu, nn khi cc-ng-phm nu**c Chim d'n, vua Tu
khng nhn, dui v. Lai cn mot ln vo d-ng th-ky, vua
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nir'c Sir-tir (l x Tich lan, Ceylan by gi) dem cng vua T-
mot pho tiro'ng Plit bng ngoc ; cng bi vua Chim-thnh dondung cirp mt, dem v th it lu rbi ct ph ra lm do trang-sc cho cc cung-tn th-n (Xem sch ca b Jeanne LEUBA, bi
tua ca ngL. FINOT, trang 6-7). Ngiri Chim-thnh khng nhng
chuyn nghe bc lot cc thiro-ng-thuyn/lai cn xm-luo-c cirp-ph
ccln-hang. V phia Nam thi gy vic binh dao vi nirc Ph-nam;v phia bc thi ngay t hbi ta cn ni-thuc Tu (th-ky th nht),d nhiu ln sang quy nhiu Giao-chu ^ 'M, nht l qunNht-nam khng my khi du*o*c yen, lm cho quan Tu bao
phen khn-dn. Dn hbi ngui Nam ta dung diro-c nn tir-ch thi bt du
ngay t nm 979 di DINH TIN-HONG
"j" Jfc |NG-NHT-KHNH ^ B M. dem qun Chim-thnh, en ho-n
mot nghin thuyn b, di dung b vo c'u-p ph thnh Hoa-
lu, tc l di-tich nh Dinh * Ninh-binh by gi*. Xem dn
doan sir ny, ai cng phi chau roy ma gin ngiri bt-ngha,y cng ran cn g nh l th. dy. NG-NHT-KHNH l
dng di ng NG-QUYN. Tnrc di Dinh, NG-NHT-KHNH-
gi dt Du-ng-lm $ f. tu* sung An-vuo-n'g ^C 3E* l nit tajrtrong Thp-nhi s-qun ~t- H \$ %$. Khi vua DINH TIN-HONG
khai quc, dung me anh ta lm Hong-hu, ly em anh ta
cho DINH-LIEN T ^. Nhu* th ma hay cn so* on vong sinh
bien, lai g cong-cha cho NG-NHT-KHNH. D sao mac du,NHT-KHNH bung vn cm-tc, dem vo* tr'n sang Chim-thnh,di dn ca bien ngoi dia-gii nir'c ta, dt giao vach vo
mat vo* mng rang : Cha nli-nguoi c ch me con ta, leno ta lai vi nh-nguoi ma qun th y, ta cho nh-nguoi
gi- v de ta di tim ngiri ciru ta. Ni xong di sang Chim-
thnh (Xem sch: Bqi-Vit s-ky ton-lhir ^C M & |E ^r S,bn ky, quj'n 1, trang 12). Vic NG-NHT-KHNH lm, coi ch
hiu trong ho*n ch* tinh, tht dng ch-ngha ton chung ca
ngui A-dng ta, nhung vi tir-th ma lm ton cng-ngha, dem
ngui ngoi vo ph liai nh minh, thi tht khng dang. Vynn trn y NG-NHT-KHNH eng qun Chim-thnh du bibat phong cht dui. T by gi v sau khng my nm
Chim-thnh khng quy-nhiu my tnh bin-thy, c mytrn lm cho ta phi s-n tc cm long. Nm 1371, di TRN
NGH-TN, vua Chim t ca bien Dai-an vo dnh kinh-thnh
Thng-long (H-ni) qun ko ln bn Thi-t, tc l phungPhuc-c * v vng sau hi cho* by gi, vua Ngh-tn phi
chay sang Dng-ngan, qun Chim ko vo thnh, bt ngiri
cirp ca} dot ph tan hoang (Xem sch l"on-lhir ^, quyn
8, t 7). Lai dn nm 1381, di vua TRXN D-NGHIEN, qun
Ghi'.n lai sang cup ph nuc ta
; t cira
Thin-ph thng k
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vo ph kinh thnh, ph chi cir-p bc lai cn hru lai mot ngycho dy ti lhain (Xem sch Ton-thir & Ht quyn 8, t 17).
Tuy nirc Chim-thnh hung-hng nhu vy, nhung cc vua ta
di vi ln-quc cung-bao y, di no cng ra tay chng gi. ht
sue phue-th cho dn mot trn cui cng vo thp-ng th-ky,chia mr-c Chim lm ba x nh cho yu sue di va gibn mai vo mien
son lm *Phan-rang, Phan-ri. iXem sch: h'hm dinh Vit sir thng
gim ciioiig mue Ifc f |g & 'S fg P @ q. 22, t 1 - 3).
Trong cc trn vua ta sang dnh Chim, dem ngiri Chim v '
Bc-ky, cho lp trang trai, dem ngiri minh sang ' dt Chim, cho
dung-ha ngoai dn. Trong nhng khi bi qun Chim sang tnph cng nh-ng khi sang dnh chim va bt ngiri Chim v ta
ti no ta khng hp-thu duo-c it nhiu vn-ho ngui Chim ma
khng bit, hay l bit ma khng mun ni ra. Va chng theo
cng-l thin-din, dieu gi ca dn-tc no khe ho-n thi l iru-
truyn duo-c lu ma nhng dieu ca dn-tc bai vong c tu-nhin
tiu-dit trong tri nh-. Vj' nu ta lira y ma xt t-m thi du-tich
ca dn-tc bai-vong Chim-thnh chc vn cn di-hu'iig trongx ta.
** *
Tn-gio. Ni v tn-gio, trong x Bc-ky, tr nhng dai-l
bt-chirc ca Tu ma ta cn thy trong kinh sch Tu, su- cng
t ca ta phin-pliie lm, kh long phn bit diroc le no nguyn
ca ta, le no ca ngui, c khi nhiu tue tu* mien Nam sang ngay
ta, c khi t An-d qua Tu roi moi vo ta ; nu by gi- vi-vngch ngay tue ny ' An-d, tue kia - Ma-lai, lai tue khc *
Chim-thnh, Ai lao, Cao-minthi vi-vng qu. Di vi hay vp, nn
hay xin de doi chng toi kho cu sau nj', nay ch k qua my
ng su, hoac ngui Chim, hoac con chu ngiri Chim qua sang
dt ta lu-hnh dem h dao Plit sang ta. Ngay t du d-thp
th-ky, cuc chinh-phat Chim-thnh ca vua LE DAI-IINH da
thaj' mang v ta mot vi cao-tng Thin-chc^ ^,ti'c trong
su- khng chp r tn, de cho ta tim sir-tich. (Xem sch Ton-
thiv & #, q. 1, t 21). Theo sch Thien-uyen tp anh flf M M ^
(q- _t t* 17-18 c mot vi su tn l DM-KH Ht ffl mtv du d-
thp th-ky, lue sinh-thi ngiri nhp mon mot vi su Chim-
thnh dac dao. Cng vo thi y lai thy c mot vi tn l MAH
MARA Jl-M )M Hl>t-tin l ngui Chim-thnh, sangla ly ho l ho
Diro-ng #, tu cha Quan-i || ^. sau di du phuo-ng cc xir*
khng bit
tung-tich * du. Chinh hbi vua
Ly THNH-TN ^ M T*
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him-thnh. Vua ta nhn thj' dc dao phong cho lm Quc-
sir. Sau ny chinh THAO-DUNG TIIIN-SI? l ngiri dlrng nn phiTho-dirng l mot phi thin-hoe Vit-nam ma ta da bit su*-
tich t nm 1069. cho dn 1205.
Vn-ehu*o*ng- Dn nhu vn-chuo'ng, chc th no cng c di-
hu'ng it nhiu ca ngui Chim. V phiro-ng-din ng-ngn thi
khng cn ng na: my miroi phen vua ta sang dnh Chim
bt v bao nhiu ngiri; lai cn c hang ngiri bi qun Chim
bt mang di, sau tha cho v. Nm 1449 ngui Chim giao gi
bon TRNH-NGUYN-DNH I? 7C ^ ^i non tram ngui (Xem sch
Cirang-mnc $^ g , q. 18, t 22). Lai c hang ngiri Chim tu* lai qui
phue ma vua ta dem
yen tr i cc noi : di LE
DAI-HNH, ngui Chim
chu B-chnh dem b-thuc toi ho'n tram ngiri sang phu triu ta
(Xem sch Ton-thir & fjf, q. 2, t*35). Cui di Trn mot ngiri
tu-Tig Chim-thnh dem c em, c ho sang phu triu ta, triu-
dinh lai cho di ho di tn (Xem sch : Ton-tlur, q. 23, t 19).
Di LE THI-TN, cng c mot bon tu dem nhau dn phu thuc,
va giai va gai d'n ho-n ba tram ngui (Xem sch Cirong-muc,
q. 17, t 29). T di no dn di kia, nhng ngui Chim - ln
vi ngui ta, n o khi qua lai, no lue giao-dich, trao lui di
y, ti no khng tp-nhim ting ni ngui Chim, dng mai nn
quen, ngy lu qun hn rang muon ca ngui Chim. Su*
trao-di y tuy v-tinli ma tim-nhiem d-dng lm. Muntim xem trong ti'ng ta nhng ting no l ti'ng Chim thi
cng khng kh, nhirng ton cng, ton thi-gi, phi de lm mot
vn-d ring, naj' ch xin k qua mot vi ch lm thi-du : nhu*
ti'ng ne m ca ta cng ngha vi ting nam ca Chim ; ting
nep ca ta cng ngha vi ting nhiop ca Chim. Chc han nhng
ting nem va nep l di-hir-ng ca ting Chim d (Xem sch, Le
japonais et les langues austroasiatiques, ca MATSUMOTO).
V cc truyn-ky, nhng truyn c-tich, ta vn tir-ng ca ta,
nhirng thirc '
ra ta miro*n ca ngui ma khng bit. Ngaj'nhir
truyn Tm Cm, ch ty l Conte de Cendrillon ma ta cho l
truyn b Y-lan phu-nhn f jUl ^ Ai vo- vua LY THNH-TN,
sinh ra vua LY NHN-TN, C dn th- p- lng Cam-cu l^j ^,
Cm-di & ^ thuoe huyn Gia-lc M J^> tnh Hi-duo-ng ?# ^
by gi.
Truyn Tm Cm phc ai cng nghe t flia h, th ma l mot
truyn miro-n ca ngui Chim-thnh. Nguyn truyn Tm Cm
gc -An-d, lan khp Dng-ducmg, no "Cap-mien, no *Chim-
thnh, gio-su* PAUL DEMIV|LLE da kho-ciru cc bn dich truyn
Cendrillon, so snh vi nhau thi thy ro-rng truyn Tain Cm ca
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minh mirm * Chim, vi truyn y khng thy *sch Tau) Xem-Bulletin de l'Ecole franaise d'Extrme-Orient, q. XXI, trang 277 va
281). Lai n truj'n Da-soa sch Lnh-nam trich-qui, $j| |
% *r. lm t th-ky th nuri bon (Xem Bulletin de l'Ecole
Franaise, q. XXI, trg. 277) va truyn Cha-n, trong Truyen-kyman-Juc f$ -uf $j| $$> lm t th-ky th miri su cng miro*ii
*truj'n Pmgana, * Chim-thnh. Nguyn truyn Rmyana ca
ngui An-d, truyn cho ngiri Chim, rbi ta lai chp lai ca
ngui Chim. Truyn nj' cng dura thj' - sch Tu.
Cn tho* vn thi lai khng th khng c duo-c., khi xa nh xa
nir'c, lue dau. lue kh, su no m thm, ti no chng phi plitra ngn t de giai ni dau d*n cng thanh-thin bach-nht. Nhngthi-ca y ln vo phong-dao tuc-ng ma ta khng bit tron loc
ring tng cu ra lai kh ho-n mon ng-ngn. Nay xin tam k
my cu phong dao, vi bi tho 1 c ca ta, nhn c vic ngang
mt di vi ngiri Chim ma pht-xnt. Nguj'n v di TRAN ANH-
TN c g b HUYN-TRN cng-cha JT Y f Hfecho vua Chim
tn la CHE-MN tfjlj Je. Cc quan c nhiu ngui can ma vua khng
nghe. Ngui duo'ng thi cho l mot vic nhn-duyn p-ung. Dn-
gian lm ra phong-dao de ch-diu,clai-khi nhng cu : Ho ai cnh
ng cho c du, hoai bot loc cho ngu vy , Tiec thay cy que
gira rng ; de cho thng Mn thng Mirng n !eo . Cc vil-nhn
thi miro'n vic nng Chiu-qun gi Hb, vinh ra tho* quc-m de
ng\i y tro-phng va thuo*ng tic giai-nhn. Ton tp c 48 bi d
lue dng trong Bng-lhanh, (s 3, trang 169j va- cc s sau) nayfrich lue mot vi bi : Vua du VU-O-NG-TU--NG de g cho cha
Thuyn-vu :
Hn Hb van mun ven tram dung,H trm ring ty c phu nng !
Bac-quc tuy rang ngoi di-tuc,
Viro-ng-dinh song cng mot bin-phuong.O' dy hanh thm nn mai nhat,V dy sen tn loi c hiro-ng.Ho-n thit thi dng a i on na,B ngyo gm lai hon huo-ng.
VU-O-NG-TU-NG vo bai y't Hn-vuo'ng :
T nan khn chi lnh qun-vucng,Roi-roi thm dau ni doan-trung ;Khm-nm khu du ngoi b ngoc,
Then-thng ra mat tnrc nh vng.
Mat hoa nri-rvrm chiu deo tuyt,
My lieu ru-ru dng siro*ng ;
Hang thm phen ny xun n phvi,
Long qui khn bit ngng v duang.
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- 99 r-
Kinh-t. Dn nhu* kinh-t l vn-d quan-h cho mot
xa-hi, cc triu vua ta, ngay t hbi moi tir-ch cng dluu tm dn, du cho vic khn-hoang va di-dn l trong
yu ; nhn th ma bit loi dung nhiu nhn-cng Chim-thnh.
Ngay t di LY THNH-TN, trn dnh Chim nm Minh-dao
th ba (1044), lue khi-hon, dem v ho*n 5.000 ngui, chodn - trn Vnh-khang TK M* vo mai Dng-chu % h\\ (r
vng gip Thanh-ha, Ninh-binh) cho dat ra tng lnro-ng,
p theo tn Chini-thhh de cho bon dn moi khi dng
long tii-huo-ng. Dn di LE TIII-TN, du thp-ng th-ky,
c mot bon Chim l PIIAN-T *?# ,, c trai, ln gi toi lion
300 ngiri qui phu cho - gii-gic khp cc dao. Nm Hbng-dc
(1470 - 1497) du d-i vua LE THNH-TN, gia trn cui cngma nu-c Chim bi tiu-dit, vua Chim va ho hng vo* con
thi cho - ngoi ca Bo-khnh H ^. Ca Bo - khnh
khng bit dich vo lng no quanh H-ni, nhung c le *
vo ca Nam hu Gim, vi c ch ni ca Bo-khnh gn
phu-ng Bich-cu (Xem sch Cirong-muc M @ q. 25, t- 29).Cn cc binhdinh thi hoac cho di lm ' trang trai ca cc th-gia,
th-thn, hoac cho lp trang-trai ring. Ay trong cc quan-sch moi
tim diro-c c my vic y. Nu ta ly -cc Da-s va Ph-ky tng nh
thi cn nhiu ch ni dn vic di dn ; xin k qua my lng gnH-ni v phia khi Ty-hS c trai Nht-to B, -P- xua kia
tn l Nht-kiu H -%, sau king ch hy di ra Nht-to.
Tuo-ng truyn trai j' l noi an tri ngui Chim k hi xua.
Cch tnh-li H-dng d 20 cj'-s (km.) c lng Nhn-ha
fi fn cng l mot trai cho ngui Chim - khi xua. Theo
bi dia-da ky lng T-Thanh-oai & ftfe M ffi (t 57) ca eu
NG-DAO ^ ^ trong b Ng-gia vn-phi ^t 0$ ]SC #t Lng
T-Thanli-oai khi xira rng lm, tip gip mai toi lng Ha-
Thanh-oai (tc l lng Thirong-phc Jb M by gi) v hbi
Thun-thin triu Le (du thp-ng th-ky), dn thon Phc-
lm %% #fc phiu-lira, rung dt b hoang, mai dn nm Hbng-
dc sau trn dnh Chim, dem ngui Chim cho lp trang-
trai * dy, goi tn l L-xuyn trang Q jl| , dn nm
Cnh-hirng qui-ti (1773) nhn sua so dinh, di lm x Ph-din
^ ES, by gi* l lng Nhn-ha... O3 xa H-ni thi v vng
Thanh-ha cn c nhiu du tich cc lng dn Chim. Nhu*
trong sch Son-cir tqp thut ]\i ^g $jf Mi c ni: My trang-
trai - don Yn-dinh -3? 5 tip gip huyn Cam - thy l
nhng noi vua LE THNH-TN an tri ngiri Chim, dn
nhng lng y du l di - chng Chim - thnh. Trong
mot quyn Gia-ph mot ho Vo kia * Thanh-ha c ni chinh
t tien ho y l ngui Chim-thnh, theo vua LE THI-TO
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ra khai-quc c cng, sang * x ta, dn di Hbng-dc drcphp cho con cliu khai-khan rung hoang, tt c dn 38 trangtrai, gii-gic c vng t Ninh-binh vo Thanh-ha. Ngui Chim
qua lai x ta nhiu nhu th, v su bun-bn giao-dich tt thinh,
khng cn phi ni. Lai nhn vic di-d-n ma x ta c thm
nhiu ging la cy v ma nue l cc ging la chim bj'
gi. Moi nghe ni la chim l ca Chim-thnh mang sang
ta, ai cng phi cho l c-thuyt, bt qu ting chim l phn
ngha ting ma ; va khng n h t xua ngui minh l mot dn
canh-nng ma lai
khng tir tim duo-c
ging la de
cy liai
ma.V la Chim-thnh khng nhng sch ta nhiu ch ni ma
sch Tu cng ni phn minh. Nhng sch y ton l sch c
gi-tri c : Sch Vn-di Ivqi-ngir 3 H jflff fg- ca eu L-QU-DN c ni : La ca nu'C Chim - ta, lit trang cy v
ma nue... Trong sch Num-s tp bien $3 $* $| Hf, q. 8 ,t 4) ca eu VU-VN-LP t 3t 3i ni lai r han : Nu-c ta
lien tip vi Chim-thnh, dirac nhiu ging thc ' Chim mang.
sang, cho nn la cy ma nng c nhiu ging ma goi l la
chim, chng tt c c toi 35 th..., nhung dai-khi c liai
ging thng dung l la chim ham va la chim du-... SchTu cng chp la cy ma h l la ly ging * Chim-thnh,nn goi l la Chim-thnh. Theo sch Tuong-son d-luc t-ft) lll
SjP U> vua CHN-TN nh Tng. T j , lira y dn vic
thc la, nghe ni nu-c Chim-thnh c ging la ira cy v ma
nng, khong nm Dai-trung Tung-ph ^C *+> M $r (1008-1018),.sai su dem tien sang Chim-thnh mua diro-c ba van hoc dem
v lm ging, t d nirc Tu moi c th la goi l la Chim.
Nguyn dn ta v di thuo*ng-c ch chuyn ngh sn bn va
dnh c, ngh cy cy - du lai? Triu-D j|g $ mang -Tu
sang. Th ma -nirc Tu mai th-ky th miri mot m-i c gingla chim, khng le ging la y qua Tu rbi moi sang ta t
lue chinh nir-c Tu chira c. Vy theo sch va ting ni thi
ta thu nhp ging la y ca Chim tru'c nu-c Tu ho-n tram nnr
ngaj' t hbi moi bat du giao-thip vi ngui Chim.
My-thut. en phuo-ng-din my-thut hay my-ngh iiu-c Nam
thi nhng lui phn-don trong cc sch Ty chira c th cho l
dinh-binh diro'c. Sch Ty c ni: Ngiri An-nam khng th gj^
thnh duefe mot ci my-thut ring, vi nuc Tu di vi tu-4u*ng
ca ngui An-nam
vn c ci th'-lu-c
chuyn-cb. Trit-hoc, tn-gio, vn-chuo-ng, m-nhac, php-lut, phong-tuc, ht thay ci
gi cng l Tu c, dn ni xt cho cng, tht khng c mot
th chi * nir'c Nam ma khng c kiu, c mu - bn Tu.
Tuy trong cc cng-trinh ca ngui An-nam lm ra, nhn cng
c ci v my-miu kh-i, thanh-thot diu-dng, tc l ci
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dac-sc ca ngiri An-nam; song d db choi cng vj', d dn-di
cng vy, ci sng-y (conception), ci vn-th [style), cch dim-xuj't {dtail ornemental) cng l thun do loi Tu c... (Theobn dich trong Hng-lhanh, s 3, trang 141).
C thu-c nhu th khng? Thit tu-ng c hira xt ht cc
phu-oTig-din thi cu kt-lun y c le vi qu. Ta hay ly
mj' dieu thirc dich-xc ma cng xem xt thi nht l v
my-thut, ta lai cng hiu ro nu*c ta khng nhng ch hp-thuvn-ha Tu ma c vn-ha cc nu*c lng-ding mien Nam,nht l ca ngiri Chim-thnh l ngui lm mi-gii cho ta
manh nht.
V my-ngh, ngiri ta thu-ng chia ra lm liai hang : mot
hang thuc v hinh sac, gbm c hi-hoa, diu-khc va kin-trc ;mot hang thuc v thanh-m, gbm c ca-v va m-nhac. V
ca-v thi tht vin-vong qu, kh long ma bit duo-c. Vi chinh
ngaj' ca-v - Chim-thnh da khng ai bit th no, hung chi
lai dn ca-v ta cng chira c ai Irai y suy xt. Nhung v
m-nhac thi tht may, cng cn lai it nhiu din-c gip ta
de r ra manh-mi.
Tru-c khi tim xem m-nhac Chim-thnh, nht l cc nhae-
khi c cn di-luu * x ta cht no khng, thit-tir'ng nn
xt qua xem m-nhac Chim-thnh c gi-tri gi va c vo
x* ta bao gi* khng ? C ly y ma suy thi nu-c Chim-
thnh - vo qung gia con du-ng giao-thng nh*n, tt hp-
thu duo*c nhiu nh-hir'ng' An-d, chc m-nhac c v hng-hbn hoat-dng. Theo mot quyn sch ca gio-su P. DEMIVILLE
d kho-cu ky v m-nhac Chim-thnh Nht-bn (La
musique chame aa Japon) thi ngay t du th-ky th tm,nhac Chini-th.uih d thinh-hnh Nht-bn, goi l Lm-pnhac.-$K i $!, ting Nht doc l Rinygaku, thuc v loi
v-nhac ffs || bugaku ngha l va ma va dnh nhac. Nhirngma th nhac y t Ph-nam tfe ^j sang qua Tu roi moi
sang dn Nht. Bt du t lh-ky th mui mot gi d i thi
Lm-p-nhac * Nht-bn d gn mt ht ci dac-sc ma lin
vo nhac Tu, ch cn gi c ci hu-danh Rinygaku ma thi.
Theo su ta thi c le vua ta cng da thir-ng-thc ci gi-trim-nhac j' ma dem v ta nhiu ln.
Nm 1044, vua LY THI-TN di dnh Chim-thnh, ko qunha thnh Pht-th ftj % (Vijaya), bt cc thn thip vua Chim l
Sa-du va chon nhng ngiri cung-n gii ma. lit, bt din khc
Ty-thin ; ... A #fc% U, f# ^ ^ # ^ M g ic ^ W Hfe$$ m % Ift M # (Xem sch: Ton-thir & H, q. 2, t 42)
mang v cho * c trong cung, nm sau lm cung-din ring cho
bon n*-nliac j' *. Den di vua LY THNH-TN (1060), nhn
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t* n-nhac y, dem tuyn-din cc k hc Chim thnh, rbi tir
bt-chuc ph vo m-nhac ta cho nhac-cng dnh.
... m fi m m * & m m ^-* im m i MK Z..(Xem sch Ton-thir, quyn 3, t 4). Mai d'en di LY CAO-TN
(1200) c lnh sai nhac-cng ch cc khc nhac dt tn l
nhac Chim-thnh ; sir chp ting nhac ny, thanh-on ai-thiro-ng,khin ai nghe thy cng phi chau my roi le. )>. . .
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Theo sch Vu trang ty bt f ^ ^' f, ca eu Pham-dinh-H, (q. 1, t 6-10), trng co*m ch goi l yu-cb M'Wt>
tang trng nhu* ci thng nh ma di, dnh c hai mat mot
lue, khi dnh phi gin hai ming co*m np vo gia liai mat
trng thi moi c ting ku, tai th goi l trong-com. Khi dnh
trng-co-m, tuy khng cn phi ma nhirng cng phi dn-dj'.
Trong sch An-nam chi-hrox ^c f ^ fo c chp rang: Vo
hbi du th-ky th miri, m-nhac dm ma mr-c Nain
c mot th nhac khi tn l Phqn-c-ba W ~ Wz l mot vt
t Chim-thnh mang lai (Xem bn dich ca ng C. SAINSON,
trang 94). Vy Phqn-co-ba hay Phqn-chim-ba iS ^ t-c i
ci trng corn.ta cn trng thj' ngj' nay.V phuo-ng-din cliu-khc thi nh c nhiu di-tich ngui
Chim cn lai * sut do Trung-kv, nn c th bit duo-c
nhiu dieu dich-xc ho*n cc phiro'ng-din khc. Chng ta thm
cc danh-lam c-tich, nht l cc dn di th cc vua, quan
di Ly, Trn cho dn lue L-so*, thirng thy c tuo-ng phong
qui, de * tru--c liiro*ng-n. Nhir dn Ly Bt-d * lng
Dinh-bng bn Bc, lm t di Trn. D l noi thang-
mc cc vua Ly, c cng di dnh Chim-thnh, m-mang b-
coi, tr di-hoa cho con chu v sau. Dinh va dn lng Yn-s
3c T cng lng Duo-ng-liu ^1 W o* H-dng, th duc LY-PHUC-MAN %fi 88 |f|> cng l mot vi dai-tirng di Ly, c cngbinh Chim. Lng ng qun. NGUYEN-DIEN frc tM * canh cha
Lim cng c tuo-ng phng bang d, vi ng cng c cng di
dnh Chim. Tiro*ng phong no cng mttt su bung to. Cu L-
QU-DN $ :g t? cho l ngui nirc Nguu-hng ^ "fl. liay l
luc-s Chim-thnh (Xem sch: Kien vn tieu-lnc ^ fl /h $ft,
q. 2, t 33). Nu ta derii nhng tuo-ng phng y ma so-snh v-i
cc tiro-ng d moi do duo*c *Thp-Mam, tnh Binh dinh, hin by* vin Bo-tng H-ni, thi no mt, no trn, no bung, no cc
bp chn, bp tay, r-rng het dng nhu nhau, ai cng phi
bo l ca tay mot ngiri tho* tac ra. Cc tuo-ng phong y divi chng ta c nhiu y-ngha : n o l nh-hir'ng ngiri Chim
trong my-ngh nir'c Nam ; no du-tich v-cng ca t-tin taO).
(1) C ngui bo t di nh Hn bn Tu d c lm nhng
tuerng d t qui, hoac dng hu, hoac dng tu'*c nrra - cc
c-m, ngay nhu-mi itlu nay - cc ngi c-m t di Hn
tim thy * Thanh-ha cng c do thy cc tirrag j' bang
dbng ; nhu-ng xt ky cc tiro-ng d di Hn lue trong sch Kim-.
thqch sch & fa ^, quan-hoai doc l Km che so, l mot
pho sch c bien chp d cc c khi, bi-ky t di Hn, tri quacc di
Dung, Tng, Nguyn cho dn di Minh bn Tu - thi
nhng tiro-ng, nhu tuo-ng Vn-thi l-hii thqch-thil $. ft fe /fef
/S g*, cng V-lu-ang Ihach-lhcit ^ .%k15 .M?, di Hn, v.v.. ,
du khng ging cc tirmg phng Chim-thnh ; cc dn, t
ta. Vy hay xin ghi de kho-st ky-cng.
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Th chi dn loi dim-suyt trong ngh diu-khc nu*c Nam
cng c nhiu nh-hir'ng my-ngh ngui Chim-thnh. Mongtm thng ba, di vo hi Lng gi* ra cha Thay , khi dn
cha Thy, ta dng lai ngm ci b d tru'c bn th chinh.
Nht l cc su hinh qu-qui - cc gc chn qui; no net tram-tr,no hinh un cong, khng khc gi nhng hinh garuda * cc
b th bang d *My-so*n va * Dbng-du*o*ng ca ngiri Chim.
Cha Thay ch goi l cha Thin-phc 5*c $S> * vo lng Thuy-kh ffij g, phu Quc-oai PS Is5c,tinh So*n-ty lll ffi by gi,lm t th-ky th mirai mot.Cha c th duc T-BAO-HANH f j| fj,l mot vi cao tng, d tng du-phiro*ng cc x mien tj'-nam, vi c
tri sang hoc dao bn Thin-trc ^ 5&, khi dc dao v tu-hnh
o* cha y. Theo tue truyn, ngi thot *
xc * trn nui Sai-son f lit, ha kip lm vua LY THAN-TN, nn trong cha nyc th c vua THAN-TN. Tru'c bn th* vua THAN-TN C hai
tuo-ng phong to, vi vua THAN-TII Ccng dnh dui ngui Chim-
thnh sang xm-ln dt ta. Nhn th chinh cc nh kho-c
Ty, nhir ng G. DUMOUTIER, H. PARM ENTIER cng du mun
cng-nhn rang: phn nhiu dn-di c Bc-ky c chiu nh-
hu'ng vn-ha ca ngui Chim. Ci b d - bn th trn cha
Thay thi ng J. Y. CLAEYS d k-cu, cho b y l chinh ca
cc ngiri tho* Chim-thnh bi bt v ta lm ra. (Xem bi L'autel
de Thin-phc ca ng CLAEYS trong Bulletin de l'Ecole franaise
d'Extrme-Orient, quyn xxvm, trang 485). Khng nhng *
chaThy, gn dy nhn bit manh-mi di-tich garuda * cha Thy, nguita lai mitim ra mot vi noi khc, cng c du vt ngiri Chim,
nhir - dng Kinh-ch $$ i thuc ph Kinh-mn, tnh Hi-diro-ng.
Thp cha Bo-thi:-n $g f^ ^ j$ (1) ca vua Ly Thnh-tn
sai lm, xua nay vn truyn l mot vt trong bon trong-khi
3g $| ca ta (2). Theo sch An-nam chi liroc T M *c7IHft ca L-
(1) Dy l ci c-thp - cha Bo-thin v d-i Ly, khng bit
dich-xc du, c le vo xm nh th by gi. Xin ch- nham
vi ci thp con ' b ho Hon-kim, truc ca nh gij' thp,
cng c ba ch
bo-thin-thp fg 3^ *^> ci d ch l mot
phndi-tich ca cha quan Thiro-ng NGUYEN-BANG-GIAI lm hbi Tir-dc.
(2) Bon trong-khi ca nu-c Nam tc l bon vt ky-quanthuc v my-thut ca ta. Trong bi minh ci dnh cha Ph-minh
# m 3- JfH% h trong sch Viel- n thi-tp Sg # M S (t 24) c ni ; Cc ng gi tu-o-ng-truyn nu*c ta c b on trong-khi, l : Thp cha Bo-thin, Plit cha Quynh-lm, Dnh cha
Ph-minh, Cliung Quy-din. Nay chung vi dnh du mt ;ch cn thp va plit hay cn ....sch Vit-m thi-tqp chp bi
minh ny ca ng NGCYEN-TRUNG-NGAN ft & jl c le sai,
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BULLETINDE LA
SOCIETE D'ENSEIGNEMENT MUTUEL
DU TONKIN
Tome XV- N I
Janvier - Mars (935
IMPRIMERIE LE-VAN-tAtsl
130 a 138, Rue du Coton
hiANOI v
-1935-