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TREMATODA
• Trematoda termasuk dalam filum Platyhelminthes• Morfologi umum :– Pipih seperti daun , tidak bersegmen– Tidak mempunyai rongga badan– Mempunyai 2 batil isap : mulut dan perut.– Mempunyai saluran pencernaan yang menye-rupai huruf Y
terbalik dan buntu.– Hermafrodit, kecuali Schistosoma.
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Daur Hidup
• Hospes definitif : hewan dan manusia• Menurut habitat cacing dewasa, dibagi
dalam:1. Trematoda hati (liver flukes) :
– Clonorchis sinensis– Opisthorchis felineus– Opisthorchis viverrini– Fasciola
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2. Trematoda usus (intestinal flukes) :- Fasciolopsis buski
- HETEROPHYIDAE - ECHINOSTOMATIDAE3. TREMATODA Paru (lung flukes)
- Paragonimus westermani4. Trematoda darah (blood flukes :
- Schistosoma japonicum - Schistosoma mansoni - Schistosoma haematobium
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Sistem Pencernaan, Eksresi dan Saraf Trematoda
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• Telur – Diletakkan dalam saluran hati, rongga usus,
paru, p. darah atau jaringan tempat hidup.– Dikeluarkan bersama tinja, urin atau sputum.– Umumnya berisi sel telur dan bbrp spesies
berisi mirasidium (M).– Menetas dalam air atau menetas setelah
ditelan oleh keong (hospes perantara)
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Telur Trematoda : 1. F. buski (spt telur ayam dgn operculum kecil & tidak nyata), ukuran 130-140 µm x 80-85 µm . 2. S. mansoni ( telur agak panjang & mpy duri lateral nyata dekat 1 ujung, ukuran 114-117 µm x 45-68 µm) 3. S. haematobium (telur agak panjang dgn duri kecil pd ujung, ukuran 112-170 µm x 40-70 µm). 4. S. japonicum (telur agak bulat dgn tonjolan tumpul pd sisi lateral, ukuran 70-100 µm x 50-65 µm). 5.S. intercalatum (telur agak pjg dgn duri terminal yg lebih pjg & runcing dibdg dg S. haematobium, ukuran 140-240 µm x50-85 µm).6. G. hominis (telur lonjong & bbtk kumparan dg operkulum nyata pd satu ujung, ukuran 150-152 µm x 60-72 µm). 7. P. westermani (telur ovoid dg operkulum mendatar, ukuran 80-118µm x 48-60µm) 8. C. sinensis (telur ovoid dg operkulum nyata yg trltk pd bahu, dg tonjolan kecil pd ujung posterior, ukuran 27-35 µm x 12-70 µm). 9. Heterophyes-heterophyes (telur ovoid dg operkulum spt kerucut, ukuran 28-30 µm x 15-17 µm)
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Perkembangan Larva dalam Hp. I
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• Perkembangan dalam hospes perantara I– M-S-R-Sk : Clonorchis dan Opisthorchis– M-S1-S2-Sk : Schistosoma– M-S-R1-R2-Sk: trematoda lainnya
• Cara infeksi :– Makan hospes perantara II yg mengandung
metaserkaria– Serkaria menembus kulit.
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Ciri-ciri Morfologi Trematoda Darah
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S. Mansoni waktu kopulasi
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Morfologi cacing dewasa dan larva dari Trematoda
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Patologi dan Gejala Klinis
• Tergantung :– Lokalisasi cacing dalam tubuh hospes– Rangsangan setempat– Zat toksin yang dikeluarkan oleh cacing
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Diagnosis • Menemukan telur dalam tinja, urin, sputum
atau dalam jaringan biopsi• Reaksi serologi
PENGOBATAN• Prazikuantel (biltricide, Distocide)
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TREMATODA PARUParagonimus westermani
• Hospes : Manusia dan binatang spt. kucing, luak, harimau, anjing, serigala dll.• Penyebaran geografik : Timur jauh, Asia Tenggara. Di Indonesia :- bin.autotokhton
- ma. impor.
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Morfologi dan daur hidup• Habitat : saluran pernapasan (paru-paru)• Cacing dewasa :– Seperti biji kopi, biasanya berpasangan– Warna coklat tua– Ukuran 8-12 x 4-6 mm
• Telur :– Lonjong dgn operkulum agak tertekan ke dlm.– Ukuran 80-118 μ– Matang dlm air dlm wkt 16 hari.
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Daur hidup P. westermani
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Paragonimus muda yang keluar dari metaserkaria
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Stadium Telur Paragonimus
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Mirasidium yang dilepaskan telur Paragonimus
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Hospes Perantara
• Hospes perantara I : keong air dari jenis– Melania sp., – Semisulcospira, dan – Thiara sp.– Perkembangan dalam HP 1 : M-S-R1-R2-Sk
• Hospes Perantara II: ketam air tawar – Potamon sp.– Eriocheir sp.– Cambarus virilis
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Hospes Perantara
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Potamon sp. Sbg Hp Paragonimus
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• Cara infeksi : makan ketam/udang mentah atau kurang masak yang mengandung metaserkaria.
• Eksistasi terjadi di usus halus menembus dinding usus masuk rongga abdomen cacing muda menembus diafragma menjadi cacing dewasa di paru-paru dalam 8-12 minggu.
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Patologi dan Gejala Klinik• Cacing muda tidak menimbulkan gejala klinis• Cacing dewasa membentuk kista di paru-paru.
Di dalam kista cacing terdapat dalam bentuk diploid (berpasangan) maupun triploid
• Gejala : batuk dengan sputum bergaris merah (endemic hemoptysis) disertai nyeri
pleura dan sesak napas(dyspnea).
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• Cacing dewasa dapat bermigrasi ke alat-alat lain dan menimbulkan abses pada alat tersebut (hati, limpa, otak, otot, dinding usus).
• Di otak dapat menimbulkan gejala epilepsi tipe Jackson
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Diagnosis dan Pengobatan
• Menemukan telur dalam sputum, juga telur dalam tinja.
• Tes serologis : ELISA dan Western blot
PENGOBATAN• Praziquantel• Bitionol.• Triclabendazol
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Epidemiologi dan Pencegahan
• Berhubungan erat dengan kebiasaan makan ketam yang tidak dimasak dengan baik.