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Abstract
Untersuchung tiber die literarische anti-feudalabsolustische Bewegung des
'Sturm und Drangs'
Chang-Sub Cho
Deutsche Abteilung
Podagogische Fakultat
Seoul National Universittiit
Diese Abhandlung setzt sich die Aufgabe, die literarische anti-feudalistische Bewegung innerhalb
des 'Sturm und Drangs'zu untersuchen.
Die biirgerlich-antifeudale Opposition bildete das soziale Fundament fur die unter dem Namen
Sturm und Drang bekannt gewordene literarische Bewegung,die eine neue, hohere Phase der
biirgerlichen Aufklarung einleitete.
Diese Bewegung war vorrangig eine "literarische Revolution",die Goethe als eine "deutsche
literarische Revolution" bezeichnete.
Obwohl sie tiber den Bereich der literarischen Bewegung hinaus keine politische Revolution
ausloste und die gesellschaftliche Zustande der siebziger Jahre in Deutschland nicht ndern konnte,
trug sie einen ausgesprochenen politischen Charakter und gab dem Emanzipationskampf des
Biirgertums neuen Auftrieb.
Die jungen Schriftsteller griffen in ihren k hnsten Werken offen und direkt das Feudalregime an.
Da sie sich nicht auf eine breite Volksbewegung stiitzen konnten, mu Bten sie sich mit der
Forderung nach sozialen Reformen begnugen. Indem sie aber aus den Quellen der Volkspoesie und
VOlkssprache schopften, entwickelten sie nicht nur lebensvolle literarische Formen, sondern gaben
auch ihren Werken echte Volkstiimlichkeit. Hamann und Herder sind Erwecker der volkstiimlichen
Tendenzen vom Sturm und Drang.
Das in der fr hen Aufklarung noch weitgehend abstrakte Postulat von der Selbstbestimmung des
Individuurns entwickelte sich urn 1770 zur leidenschaftlichen Forderung nach der Freiheit der
Personlichkeit, Der Personlichkeitsbegriff der 'literarischen Revolution' verkorperte sich in der
132 Mi:* ~ 'iii (46)
Vorstellung vom 'Genie'. Imosch pferischen Genie wurde die Ganzheit des Menschen in seiner
Einheit von Gefiihl und Verstand erfaBt. Als Kunstler suchte das Genie die Fesseln einer streng
befolgtenmechnischen Nachahmungstheorie zu sprengen und setzte die Regeln selbst.
Goethe erfullte und vollendete,was Hamann und Herder vorbereitet und abgebahnt hatten. Mit
seinen Liedern, Hymnen und Balladen,seinen Dramen rGOtzj und rEgmontj, seinem rWertherj
leitete er eine neue Epoche in der deutschen Literatur ein,in denen er das Feudalsystem angriff.
Schiller entzndete sichuan der eigenen bitteren Erfahrung furstlicher Willkiir und reifte seine
politische .Einsicht. Das beherrschende Thema seiner Werke ist das des b urgerlichen
Freiheitsdranges und TyrannenhaBes, wie es in dieser kuhnen Offenheit und Scharfe bisher noch
nicht angeruhrt wurde.
Die jungen Dichter in StraBburg und in Frankfurt waren vorwiegend Dramatiker. Sie ergriffen
leidenschaftlich Partei fur die Unterdriickten und Emiedrigten des Volkes und formten die
'Selbsthelfer' und 'Genie', die es wagten, die Schranken der Feudalordnung zu durchbrechen und
deren Gesetzen zu trotzen. Der Titel von KJinger,'Sturm und Drang', bezeichnet treffend ihre
kraftvolle Rebellion gegen die gesellschaftlichen Grenzen und k nstlerischen Regeln ihrer Zeit, die
ihrem b rgerlichen Freiheits willen Fesseln anlegten.
Die Dichter des 'Guttinger Hain' riehteten sich ihr HaB gegen die antinationale Politik der
Fursten,
Die politische Lyriker und Publizisten in Schwaben gewannen im Kampf gegen das
unbeschrankte Furstentum, dessen Herrschaftssymbole das SchloB Solitude und die Feste
Hohenasperg waren.