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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
1/1668
:
P\ECF\NCP :;
_FH P\E_F _J_OHCJ\O
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
2/1668
@JHOAJ EV\VCV
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
4/1668
0
EO^JCPAJCJ\
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
5/1668
6
P\ECF\:_J_OH EV\VCV@JHOAJ EV\VCV
EO^JCPAJCJ\
^FE^FHEHN LCA :?72!:?=2 @HFA:2
:?72!:?=2 @hfao ) R|ig( @|( Moeafp t`fao| U~(:6!0;Q ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :2
P|eoyf+`f I|`v wf ^oyj~fp ) @i( @|( Hv|fh Ajtn U~(0=!6>Q (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;:
hkocot Ejyhjecj|hj K|f P|eoyf+`feo 20E|f~fccffh @hyj+`j Jl!P|eoyf coeocf|ohoh _i|vacjhaj~ ) R|ig( @|( cmjh Pfefco !^fcoa ceoh U~(:=0!:?7Q (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >:6
P|eoyf!Jw|vrj Lo|coo coeocf|o wf P|e!_vhjh ^i|vhcj| ) @i( @|( Mj~jh hjc U~(:?;!>;
P|eoyf!JL@ coeocf|ohf Kfhfc Lo| Lje -:?:?!
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
6/1668
7
P|eoyf+hoh I|pj`iv Ricopoej~4 Kfcooao wf Fpefhcf|o ) @i( @|( \jajtjh Ktfh U~(>!>>Q (((((((((((((((( 6:;
Nvamv|oyfp+oh ce @hfaoh`f Ace _jrhh Kfcooao -:?>0!>07Q ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 677
P|eoyf+`f Ajmjcc `j|fcf|oh Kfcooao ) _|`( @i( @|( Wfy~fc E( Locko U~(>0;!>67Q (((((( 6?77Q (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7:2
P|e Mveve ^o~pfaoh`f j`jcjaj ) @i( @|( Pfavoh G( F|pjh U~(>7;!>;7Q ((((((((((( 7;?!0:=Q (((((((((((((((((( 70;
P|eoyf Nvamv|oyfpo+h`f ^jce Motafpcf|o ) _|`( @i( @|( Locjc Je U~(0:?!0>6Q ((((((((((( ;7!006Q (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;72
hh @hfaohoh Eyf tfc |fpafh _fpopo|af R|idf~o4 Ey Fh~popcf|o ) _|`( @i(@|( Jco Jpj _oop U~(007!060Q ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;=!0?>Q ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =06
P|e Jhjyj~jcj|h`j ^i~yjc Mjecj|h Kfcooao wf _i|vav ) _|`( @i( @|( Khk| Pv|jhU~(0?0!620Q (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =7= @hfaoh`f P|eoyf+hoh ^jhjyo Ricopoej~ ) _|`( @i( @|( _jj| ^faot U~(;:2!;:=Q(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
9/1668
?
Nvamv|oyfp @hfaoh`f P|eoyf+`f Fntjnce ) R|ig( @|( Jgogf Ajp U~(?0Q ((((((((((( :70;
P|e Pj|om |fpoao wf Af~fcfcf|o ) R|ig( @|( Av~pjgj ^jg|jh U~(?>6!?0
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
10/1668
:2
^FE^FHEHN LCA :?72!:?=2 @HFA
:?72!:?=2 @hfao ) R|ig( @|( Moeafp t`fao| U~(:6!0;Q
Einjfco howf|~opf~o epo~j`o wf `j|o Locoacf| Gjecpf~o ) P|eoyf
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
11/1668
::
Lv mj|fepj ^ocjmc Evwwfpcf|oaot# rj|pocf|o oohf `pecf|o vtcjajt `v|va`jh ev|pj|aje wf
rj|pocf| ~p pj|jg~t lo| o`j|fhoh hftj|fp wf mjefacoo jcph`j fh e~j tjajh`j `oc wf ~f|lf~p
~foacf| yjrp|j|je# o`j|fyo mjhko pj|jgj afh~vr icv|~j ic~vh ~foao ejtjhjhcj|j `fwo| wf pf~coa
fpafe tf|f ko|oao lvcvhajepj`|( -(/
^vljycj| fycfacf|ohoh molo| eoo wfyj k|vlj ej| yjrcaj`h hf ~|acf|~f `f# oepo`j|`jeo@Rcocf|o jej mf`fg jcacj|`|(
Meafp `j|lf~oho kf|fecfpo|fhcf|`fh jhnje >=ohoh yf| jcjloc`oo Aocco Lo|coe Eiaopf~o -ALE/
:> Ej~a :?72`jeo pj~goyf`fh ~ih|j ejcjh yfcf|nf Mjwjn# eoo`o|( J~ef|o Eiaopf yfcf|o# jcp wf i|pj
~hgcj|j afh~vr jocfcf|`fh yfpoaocf|`o|( = yfhoh ljlj~ ~vljy# 7~hh afav|# 7~hh f~hjg wf
tjhjjpej|# 0hh ~f|lf~p af~cfe# Ej~a :?72 kh kf|fecfpo|`oecf|o lo| o!`j|lf ocf ejcn j~ef| |fdoa yjhc~ ktefh
~vljycj|`jh :0h pj~goyf fpaocf|`o|(
ALE Fycfacf|o
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
12/1668
:
fopco af~cfe ef~oacf|ohoh -lj|icj|# lj~h# fafeco ~vljycj|# f~hjg ev|vcvcj|# kfhcoe# oo ~fh`oejcj|#
~jhjyo wf ponj|fp i`jcj|# |fpafh ev|vcvcj|# howf|~opf wf yj|k i|kjhcj|/ pfa~ocnocf|o jjajc
yiccj|`jh ~focaocf|`o( Lv yfcf|f jy|nj `fwcfp ljejh wf j~ef| eiaopf eihpfhdjhh`jh ko|fhcf|o wf
ljejhcj| ev|vcv yfcf|oho `f fecfafe kf|fe(
ALE ocf lo|coepf pircja
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
14/1668
:0
`j|`j l|jejh pvpva# :?7: Jhjyj~j~hh `jmj ljcjhkpj yj|j jcaj~hj yic jjh fh lye
fpefh`o|(
pf yjh`j# Lcfhp Pjh|h ogj`f~oycf# lv jhjyj~j `fwcfp nomjt ooh`f evwwfpcf| jy|c wf
`fhkf~o# yj|k lja~tc# tf|e ev|vacj| `fhkfcfaf~o# j~c hfaco~o jhjyj~j~hh ~phc wf
`faie|jpoe mveve `fwcfpo ocefcf|oho kwfhnfyf ljcjaj~ycj paycf ocf|o lo| j`a`( Pircvavh wflo|fyoh ~f|lf~pf kfcoflocaf~o yhh`fh `f ecj~oe wf ~oyj~o mjecj|j rj|jcfc icj|je ~i~yjc mjecj|h `j
kfho lo| feoc`f pjhhr kwfhnf jcphj jchaj~# `fwcfpoh lph fycfa wf ocfacf|ohoh yj|k
`fhfpoaohf ljcjhaj~# tk|ch ev|jc ~h|cjajcj|hh o~po~hj ~jycaj~# wl( hiepjcj|`jh colf|jc wf
ivcnv lo| faie|j~ohoh pfafc ompoyjcj|h ej|cjyjnje lo| ev|va~jc f|fwf kfpo|ocaopo(=
:?7: Jhjyj~j~ ocf kfpo|ocfh yfho ~oyj~ afejhotajcj| fkfafhcoe jhcjyh`j hfaco lo|
`fooecoe yjrap|(
P|e jhjyj~jnce mj|fefpoh`f :?
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
15/1668
:6
Lv rj|pocf| j|j~h`j e~j ~|f`f no``o lo| k mjcohf kfcfnfe wf :< Fycc :?=2 J~ef|o
A`jmjcf~ohf ej`j| P|eoyf ~oyj~fpohf `jakj~h wv|jnje icjh# J`jcfp Rj|po~o -JR/ `f yf|
jcajepj`|(
:: vljp :?7:`f ev|vcjh JRhoh Co`f|o# < Jv~pi~ :?72 kh Kfhfcev|ajy Ljejhch`jh
fafeco f`ocfh I|kfhf|jc \jkr Karjcj o`o( @Rhoh ao|j~hj pjcor icjh lv rj|pohoh h`f kfcfho~oacf|o j|j~h`j# Pjm~oh @fao|jy -f~eo Eyc Rj|po~o Kfhfc Ljejh/# Fpmfa Afhfafhnoicv
-|fpoa yf~o/# Nfw`fp Rf|oh -|fpoa yf~o/# Avmpj| _jtj| -!/# Eja|jh Fwcoyjicv -F~eo @R
Aoccfpwfeoco/# Afmafp _i|kjhnicv -F~eo @R Aoccfpwfeoco/# m~jh hjc -@iepi|/# Faoh Jnj| -Jwvejp/#
ohj~o I~aj-Fafeco Jcljy/ wj|`(::
:?7: P|eoyf~o ooh mjyco ocf|o lo| ~oyj~fp lfckf~o icjh JR R|ik|jah`j v ocefcf| `oeejpo
feafepf`o|4
j`j Kj|r af`fhoyfpo mvevevhj wf h~jh Mjecj| Fw|fh~fc Lfyjhhjaf~oh`f ogj`f~oho
lvcjh tomhoyfpf vykvh lo| nfaoyfp `tfho wf mveve `fwcfpohoh kf|fo kolo ev|vcaj~ wf pfefaac
fppo|ocaf~o kjyfaot o|(
jcaj ~jmj~hh wjpjh`jcj|j fh kfho c`f r|t~t feoc`f je pvpvcaj~ wf o
m||oyfpohoh avpcje ~v|fpcf ~jcjhaj~ cjta`|( @fwcfpocoe# jm~o pffll~h loppoo yf|`f ljcj|(
Jhnje# tj|v|fp mjccf|oh`f pjploe f`oco|( epo~j`o ejcehajat ooh yjljhn ~f|ajyfhoh pfwoeohf
pj|jgpj|t(
Cjoecoo# `oh jcfympj|c fecoh`f jhcjayi|vt( @fwcfpoh cjoe icaj~# wjpjh`jcj|h `ohcf|o ocf
jcjejcj|h ef~afe `foc`o|( Mf| wjpjh`j# afh~vr ic`vv `oh wf aftmfloh olj`fp feoccf|oho on|j`j
~f|lf~ppo|(
`j|o j`fa!o af|eftoyfpoh ~jaoao feoc`f pjploeoho# ajmjcco o`j|f goe|ohoh pjewoyf~oho#
nfaoyfpoaot`f hjta |ic iyhjyjh af~~f~fcf|oh avmpj| mjcf kfpo|ocaf~oho# `faie|j~ohoh pfaohjp
icj|je ejlvc f`oyi|vt( e af|efto ~o~pfaoh pf|e f`ocf|fe# pf`|onfh mjt|cjhjnje f~j~cj|j k|f avmopoh
ajmjcco ocf|oh`f avmpj| o`j|fyf ejwvpv|vcaj~h wf mf| ljea`jh afwtvjpath j`fa!o af|eftoyfp
onjrcj|hj ohpolje fppo|ocaf~oho o~poyi| wf lvhv aoccfp mjeoaoyfpohoh wf wjpjh ~jpmh`j opoajo kfcoafcf|ohlo| tj|v|fpo ~jyyi|vt(:
Kfhfc focoa icj|je ~oyj~ rj|po gjjcoyfpcf|ohf otoh wf|ocaf~o# ff| `j|lf`fh ~ih|j
ejrjpcajacj|~j wfyj gjjcoyfpcf|o kfono lo| ~|f `v|`v|vcaja~j# P|e |hfoh`f j~ef|yhfpoa`fh hi|ajc yhfpoaf kfo ~|fnohoh oce j`a icvyi|(
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
16/1668
:7
0(;~o ocf :6= Aoccfpwfeoco5
_PR iycj|h yt`f :>(7?v ocf 76 Aoccfpwfeoco5
NEAR iycj|h yt`f :>(;~o ocf 60 Aoccfpwfeoco(
ivhcve ~o~pfao vykvcjhjh Nvamv|oyfp ^fhjpi~vh`j ~jh`jcyf `jca `jmj gj|ec`|4
JR iycj|h yt`f>6(0 ocf ;: ~jh`jcyf5
NMR iycj|h yt`f >;(7 ~jh`jcyf5
_PR iycj|h yt`f :>(?v ocf
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
17/1668
:;
NEAR iycj|h yt`f :>(0 ocf :7 ~jh`jcyf(:0
:6 Feoa :?7: kfhfc ~foacf|o ocf ljcjyjh yfho `hfaoh ~i|vhcj|5 ~foacf|oh i|pjyj
eiy`vv pjlci`j ~jec`|( Lv ~i|vhcj|`jh lo|o# NMRhoh :?6; ~foacf|ohf k|f iy yopo|af~o`o|( Lo|
`of|o# ee wf i|pj eycch ljt ef~oacf|oho efh`ohf fefh wf `jmj ie NMRhoh
kf|ocfaf~oh`fh yj|j|cjhjh NEAR lo| yjhj l|jec|~j# @R iycj|hh ~foacf|`fh yjchtnj ? jyhnf ev|vcjh yfho oeo rj|po JR wf _PR j|j~h`j rjycjcj|je lcie mjcoh`f wj|ch
ei|vyjlocaf~o`o|( Lvhj lo| `f Fkf wf Je`fhot lckfcf|oh`f JRhoh :?6;`feo @R`fh `jmj ie iy
pircj` fecfhafco( @Rhoh `of| ao|j~~ _PR o~f lv lckfcf|`f tjyg# @iv wf Khfy`iv
Jhj`icv`j kc`|( JR wf _PR`fh oceo lye fmo| lv|dvwjto~oho# Ljp`jeo wf Khfy`feo
ejropjco~p ogpocf|o wf Evtfy Jhj`icv`jeo pph wf gh`e lckfcf|ohoh lye pnnj|h wf lo| j|jyj
pircj|efh# pfeo# @iv wf Khfy`iv lckfcf|oh`feo kf|o ejca jcjhcj|`j yjjyjh ~fafhcf|o
efh`o~ohf feafyo ljj|ap|(:6
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
18/1668
:=
!:?=:/ ^fhjpi Ljejhchj#
Gvjp ^o|afh -:=??!:?=:/ Aoccfp Afnco~o Ljejhchj kfpo|ocaocf|`o|(
JRcocf|oh I|`v pj|jgh`jh `jyjpcjh hf|ocf|o ejlvc fpafe `v|vavh`j l|jecajcj| tjajh
tjajh mjwjy kf|kohcfpo|aopo|( JR# oce hnf Nvamv|ljejhc ~foao ooh I|`vhvh j`jy I|kfhf|jc
Nfajc K|~fco `f~pfecfafe ti|vh`j ejca# j|`h`jh meafpoh ev|vcvvh`j ~i|vh eap|( ^foa
~ihvcj|hj k|f hi|ajc icjh# NMRhoh ej|~h`j yf| jcjh rj|pocf|oh eijco~yihj kopafcf|o o`o( Lvhj
|jafh oce meafp NMR!JR eijco~yihv fecoh`f icvpv|vcavpv|( K|hpf rj|cjafhpf| ~o~pfaoh
ev|jccj|hjvykvh`v|( ^foa`f fh ie ~jh`jcyf ejtjhjh -~jh`jcyf ivhcvvh`j aoccfpwfeoco ~jy~
jchyi|`v/ rj|pohoh co`f|o ~gjpycj NMR Kfhfc Ljejh meafp ev|ajy ~pcfhoyi|`v jaj# JRcocf|
lvhj ti|cj |jt f`ocao kolo kteyi|`v( Jhnje :?76f `i|v# I|`v`jh kfcfh lj~ecj| ejcehnjafnco~cf|`feo ~jh`jcyf ~jy~h`j `fooecoe icaj` mjc`f# NMRho avmjcfgfppf l|jejh meafpcf|
ev|vcjlocaopo|(
J~ef| yhfpoaoh co`f|o Nfajc K|~fcoh Nvamv|ljejh ~focaf~o wf NMR!JR Eijco~yihv
ev|aje tf|f hhy Ljljejh icj|je k|fwcfh`o|af~o ^ocjmc Evwwfpcf|`fh kfcflocfnfe yfho lo|
a`jmjcfyo# mo icajt~j e~j ~|f ooh f|pfcf|efh# jyh tjajh`j ~owoc yhfpoaf kfooh ~afp hh
kolo `fhfyoaco wf rj|cjafhpiyv I|`v`jh kfcfh jyjecjhaj ko|ooacf|ohf ej| ~jwvhajepj ej|j|c lo|
`fwcfp j`ja ktfpoaoh`f yjjhaj~ lye lo| jh~ icavpv|(
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
19/1668
:?
Nvamv|ljejhc wf Ljljejhce ajejacj|hh I|`v j~h`jh kwfhoco| eoocf|f# I|kfhf|jc
Nfajc K|~fc wf yohf f~eo lo| eiavpjh icjh#
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
20/1668
-
7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
21/1668
-
7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
22/1668
-
7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
23/1668
El|~ ~i|vhvh`j Jaf|oejh pvpvavhv pj|pajyj yf| l|jeajyjnje ej`j| ~iavp lo| looa`f
i|pjyj eiyav lvcvhjh Dimh~ih Afepvlvhvh :?77 ych`j P|e lj~hh`j yjyhcjhaj~ El|~
~i|vhvhv oeohno rcjhj opfnfe ej`j| fpeoco icav wf kfhfccoecf jy`h# tfccoecf ~ic fw|fcf|`f# meafpoh
otcf`oo ` ricopoej eihv~vh`j yivh lo| pj|paj i|pja jcap|(
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
24/1668
vljp :?76`f yjrcjh lpf
iycjaj~h`j hn hh Eijco~yihv `|c`(
^vjp Mjy|o |krc Eijco~yihv
Lo|f| yc j|j ocf ~vljy k|vrcj|hh ko|opoecf|o oeo jyjecjhajy fpeo~ot ecaj`j ^ocjmc Evwwfpcf|oh
~p ej`fafcf|o ocf lo|coepf hfaco |ic ~pcfhfh Ljljejh ~afp hh# P|eoyfyo j~ef| yhfpoa
pfmcoef~oh`fh -i jh ooh/ vtjecjp|`epjh ~ih|j# kfo `hfao ljljejhc k|fwoho ljj| ocf
pjajacjap( NMRocf Lja~tcj|`jh icvjh wf _PRhoh `j|`jh `f~pfecf`oo hn ~afp hh
Eijco~yihvhvh :?76 vljph`j lpf k|afcf|o ~|j~h`j `|caf~o ti| icajap( JR Kfhfc
Ljejh lycfnf ~afp Rjjy `fwo|fh j`ja m|fpoycf yfho ~foa ejarjhyj~hj ljcjyjnjep(
-
7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
25/1668
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
26/1668
(; iy i|jhhj ~jmor
NEAR wf _PRhoh hfaco aoepj|`j iy yopo|afcf|ohf yic jap|( Lv ~foacf|`f NEAR iycj|hh lo|
lc ARhf kopaopo|( :?62 wf :?72c yccj|`j P|eoyf ~oyj~fpohoh ~f|p wf jho ecj|ycj hc
jm~oyfpo I~ajh Lceljhh AR~o I|pj Jhj`icv j Jaj~yj# _itkjp wf Hfwfmo|`f yt`f
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7/30/2019 Trkler-Cilt-17 Cumhuriyet (TRK TARiHi ZERiNE ALMALAR VE GENEL DEERLENDiRMELER)
27/1668
0
^cfyajh @fao|fc# V|gj`j mjcej ycf mopjr f`oyi|`v4
J~|cj|`| hf ~fhoh# hf invvhvh# hf `f mjywjhhh ej|h ~vyj `iyavpv|( Ihvh ooh ~fhoh lv
af~fcfho fh lye ~oyj~o af~fcf j``f`oyi|va# fh lye af`fho af~fcf j``f`oyi|va wf ~fh`fh#
kfcao kfao Meafpcf| j`hj# lph P|e ahfwwf|cf|o j`hj# af~cfepjcj|a j`hj t|
`ocoyi|va(
^jej|yj eihvaj~h`j# NMR co`f|o ~afp hhyf @R ocf JRhoh eec ljcj| eihv~vh`j ~f|plo| yjhp wf|oyi|`v4
Aoccfpoh yt`f 66oh`fh gjtcj~ icjh lv eopcfyf ej| lo| mhnht wj| a9 Je wf jcfho
~ycfyohot9 Lv eopcfyo ~vcv av j``f`oyi|~vhvt9 Wf|fnfohot nfwjlj k|f jcjnjht nfwjr icjnjep|(
Mf| wf~ocf ocf Lo|ohno @fao|e|jp# eohno @fao|e|jp# evy|ve# `e `oyf hf tjajhj ej`j| pftyog wf
pjmeo|f `fwja f`fnfe~ohot9 Hf tjajh P|eoyf`f aoccfpo pir yfevh icj|je ~fwor ocf|oyf ljeaj yicvhv
pvpjnje~ht9 -(/ hecjlh kfpo|`oo Jhjyj~j wf ejhvhcj| @faie|jp Rj|poyf |fy wf|ao icjhcj| ~vcv
~jya a9 ^oyj~o mjecj|h fccf|oh`fh jca wfyj e~pcja a9 -(/
@faie|j~ohoh pfafco mjce o|j`f~o`o|( Lo| pj|jgpjh ~foa yjrr fecfh `faie|j~o wj|a kolo
k~pf|or# `of| pj|jgpjh lj~e wf pf`mo v~vccf|oycf gooco `fwcfp o`j|f~o icjajt(
Efh`o aoccfpoho ev|v ejcjljce ~jyjhcj|j jn|a( Lph P|e wjpjh`jcj|hj ~f~cfhoyi|va4
Mfrohot kfcohot P|e aoccfpoho ~fwfcoa wf ihj `i~p icjca( Aoccfp o|j`f~ohf avpcje opjjpo jajt lo|
`~pv| icj|je jcjca( Mjecj|hj molo| |ojyfp~otcoe k~pf|afyfcoa( Ihj fc vtjpjca( Gjeo|coepfh#
~fgjcfppfh# nfmjcfppfh ev|pj|jca( J`fpcf|ohf# |g wf jhjhfcf|ohf# ajhfwoyjphj# avej``f~jphj#
ecp|hf# m|afpej| icjca( Ejlocoyfpohf# oh~jhchj opoajp f`fcoa( jcejhchj# yj|jpn knhf#
~ftoohf wf k|hf# pfnf``p wf pf|jeeo ~fwko~ohf opoajp f`fcoa( Pfajyccf|ohf# |fje~oyihcj|hj#
hfyo pj~wor f`or fpaf`oohf# j|tvcj|hj eyafp wf|fcoa# ~jykc icjca( v wfyj lv aje~jp ooh rfoh
meacf|cf lvhcj| ee k|afyf wfyj k~pf|afyf ejceajyjca( Efh`o aoccfpohoh mjecj|h
pjhajyjhcj|h j` hf`o|9 Lvhv `j eiyjca( Mf|mjc`f lvhvh j` tjcoa wf ti|lj icaje cjta kfco|(
Jtot wjpjh`jcj|a# aoccfpoh `f`oo icjnjep|5 lv lo| `|# hhf ejh ftfnfepo|(>6
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eyh`f# :?72pj 22 eyh`f fcfep|oe icjh P|eoyf`f yc`j
:222 eyf fcfep|oe mf`fgoycf of eiyvcjh ^cfyajh @fao|fc Meafpo# i `hfaoh fhf|do |fpoa
icjhjecj|ycj :?;2 ychj ej`j| < loh >=7 ey fcfep|of ejwvpv|avpv(
:?76pf ey wf eyc af~fcfcf|ohf locoa~fc lo| feoc`f ta kfpo|afe ooh ev|`v|`vv _ic ^v
Fcfep|oe -_^F/ Kfhfc A`|c ocf of ljcjyjh ^cfyajh @fao|fc5 :?7;`f _^F Pircjhp~h`j
lo|ohno jjajhh pjajacjh`h ycf ad`fcoyi|`v4
P|eoyf`f ey wf eyc af~fcfcf|ohoh hf|f~oh`fh ljcjyjca9
Ey wf eyc af~fcf~ohf fwwfcj eycy oh~jh yf|ohf eiyajecj ljcjyjnje~ht( Ey
af~fcf~oh`f eycy oh~jh yf|ohf eiyavyi| avyvt9 Af~fcf eiyj| kolo k|hr `f eiyaj`at
pje`o|`f no``ocfaopo|( Ihvh ooh`o| eo lvkh ooh`f lvcvh`vvavt af|mjcf P|eoyf`f eyaf~fcf~ohoh lo|ohno af|mjcf~ohoh mjccic`vv lo| `v|va`v|( _jho yv|`vavtvh mjhko ef~oh`f icv|~j
ic~vh eychh oh~jh yf|ohf eihaj~hh j|pe ahjejj~ lopaopo|( aop f`f|oa lopaopo|(
Lo| pj|jgpjh aefccfgoyfpcf| yecfyfnfe~ohot# l| pj|jgpjh mjecj|hj kfc`oohot tjajh lv
mjecj|hj cjye `foc`o| `oyfnfeohot( Lvhvh af`fhoyfpocoecf oh~jhoyfpocoecf molo| jcjej~
yiepv|(>7
:?76!:?;:`f JRhoh pfe ljhj oepo`j| `hfaoh`f P|eoyfhoh jepog `fr|fa mjpph`j lvcvhaj~
hf`fhoycf5 Wj|pi -:?77/# Kf`ot -:?;2/ `fr|facf|ohoh yj|jcj|h ~j|aje `j Meafpoh `ijc k|fwcf|oj|j~h`j icavpv|(
Wj|pi`j# ; Aj|p :?77 kh :0 loh eoohoh cahf yic jjh 6(7 o``fpoh` f lo| `fr|fa ic`v(
Jyh ych :? Jv~pi~vh`j o~f# 7(? o``fpoh`feo `fr|fa`f < loh >?0 eoo njh wf|aopo(
Kf`ot`f#
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>2
:?7< EljE|otohoh je lo| feoc`f wv|kvcjaj~h`jh ~ih|j# vcv~cj|j|j~ ricopoejhh yjr~ wf
vh~v|cj|h`j f~j~c `fooecoecf| i|pjyj eap|( :?7< Elj E|oto tf|ohf# JL@hoh# ai`j~ kfao
locf ic~j# P|eoyfhoh |tj~h jcaj`jh# P|eoyf`feo Dropf| Gtfcf|oho ~eafyf ej|j| wf|af~o#
P|eoyfhoh lv cef mjeeh`jeo rmfcf|oho j|pp||efh5 wf P|e!Jaf|oejh ocoeocf|oho lvcjh`||efh5
:?70 Dimh~ih Afepvlv# lvcjhe wf rmfno `v|vav l~lph kf|kohcof`hp|ap|(
:?72cj|h i|pj~h`jh opolj|fh wf tfccoecf JR `hfaoh`f ie pj|pcjh eoco Jhpcjajcj| eihv~v#
P|eoyfHJPIyj ejpc`epjh ~ih|j i|pjyj ejh lo| af~fcf`o|( P|eoyf @ocf|o Ljejhchh# :?62`fh hnf# >:o :?62!:?72 j|j~h`j wf Pfaavt :?7?`j# P|e!Jaf|oejh
^jwvhaj lo|coo Jhpcjaj~ oatjcjhap|(>?
:< Feoa :?7? Kfhfc ^foacf|o
~ph F|k`f|oh pf~ropcf|ohf k|f5 |fejlfpf `jyjc rj|po ~o~pfaohf :?07!:?62 `hfaoh`f
kfopfh opolj|fh oeo rj|pohoh fkfafhcoo P|e rj|po ~o~pfaohoh fh lfco|koh tfccoo icavpv wf :< Feoa
:?7? kfhfc ~foacf|oh`f `f P|e rj|po ~o~pfaohoh oeo rj|pohoh fkfafhcoo jcph`j icaj~ `v|vav
~|ap(
JR# ho~ro pfa~oc ~o~pfaohf |jafh# kfhfc iyvh yt`f 07(6oho jcap( \jeolo NMRhoh iy i|jh
yt`f
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>:
Lja~tcj|4 6::(2>> iy-yt`f 6(7 ~jh`jcyf -yt`f
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>>
:?76pf JRhoh pfe ljhj wf lye lo| tjgf| ejtjhj|je oepo`j|j kfcaf~oh`fh ~ih|j I|pjhh
^icv ~cikjhycj af|eftoh ~icvh`j yf| jcajyj jcjh NMRh`f ~foa yfhocko~ohoh `f fpeo~oycf lo|
`jckjcjhaj yjjhap|(
Lcfhp Fnfwop# :?77`j yjt` lo| eopjrpj# NMRhf e~fh iycj| ef~oa`f pircjajepj`|4
-:/ NMRhoh yjrp wfyj yjrjnj |fgi|acj|cj efh`o lo| c`f ~j|~cjnje icjh ljt NMRcocf|oh
iycj| Pir|je |fgi|avycj lo| e~a pir|jecj| jchjlocfnfe ljt lye pir|jeccj|5 pj|a~jc kfco|
wf|ko~oycf# oce `fgj wf|ko `fafyf ljcjyjh ljt ye~fe kfco|co ogpocf|5 wf|ko jecjaj~ `icjy~ycj
ie wf|ko `fafe ti|vh`j ejcjhcj|# lv j|j`j ~jycjloco|(
-/ NMRyo i|pjhh ~icvh`j# |fgi|anvcvepj# yfpf|o ej`j| nf~v|# ej|j|c wf ocf|o k|afyfh ljt
NMRcocf|oh iycj|(
Fnfwopf k|f lv ef~oa`fh ~jynj fh ee icjh lo|ohno~o`o|( eohno ef~oa`feocf|oh ~jycj|
`jmj iepv|( hn ef~oa`feocf|oh o~f mfa ~jycj| iepv|# mfa `f lvhcj|# NMR kolo `fw|oano lo|
rj|pohoh `ohjaoe knh pfeoc fppoecf|o ooh# `f~pfecf|oho f~o|kfafecf NMRyf wf|flocfnfecf|o tj|j|#
~jycj|ycj mf~jrcjhajyjnje ej`j| lyep|(0=
Rj|po`f ej|p k|vrcj| j|j~h`j o``fpco lo| mf~jrcjaj kh`fa`f`o|( Efh`o jhcjpacj|hj k|fI|pjhh ^icvh`j wf ^j`j yf| pvpjh oeo k|vr j|j~h`jeo anj`fcf`f Kfhfc Ljejh hh lo|ohnocf|oh
yjho yfhocoeocf|oh ~jgh`j icav wf ljcjpcjh `fooa mj|fefpoho `f~pfecfaopo|( I|pjhh ^icv
mj|fefpohoh ~tn~# NMRhoh hnf Kfhfc ^fe|fpf|coohf -:= Feoa :?77/ ~ih|j Kfhfc Ljejhchj
-:0 Ajy~ :?;
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>0
NMRcocf|oh# Feoa :?7=`feo :?( Ev|vcpjy`jh ~ih|j Lcfhp Fnfwopoh h`f|cooh`f I|pjhh ^icv
j`ycj ljcjppecj| rj|po!oo `ha5 :?7? ~foacf|o ooh yjyacj`ecj| loc`o|kf`f jej `tfh
`fooecoo fecoh`f j`cjh`|`ecj| wf yfho eoacoecf ~fafh ej|~hj epecj| locohafepf`o|( :?7?
~foacf|oh`f rj|po!oo mf~jrcjajcj|h yic jp lchaf wf jy|cajcj| yth`fh NMRhoh iycj|
yt`f
aoccfpwfeoco ~ieajy ljj|acj|`|( :?76`f lv ~jy :>0 o`o(
P|e Mj|fefp
:?72`j NMR ocf lo|coepf wj|ch ~|`|fh I~ajh Lcelj co`f|cooh`feo Nvamv|oyfpo Eyc
Aoccfp Rj|po~o -NEAR/# :?72cj|h i|pj~h`j eoacoe `fooao yjja5 :?7?`j o~f Aoccoyfpo Mj|fefp
Rj|po~o -AMR/ j`h jcj|je# P|ece jeahh |kpc ~oyj~jc kn eihvavhj ye~fcaopo|(
Ljcjhkpj ee pir|je ~jmolo wf f~hjgh ej|cj|h pfa~oc f`fh NEAR# I~ajh Lcelj wf
j|ej`jcj|hh :?7< ych`j jy|caj~ ocf fpeohcooho tjpfh yopo|aopo( eohno ~afp hhwf j|`h`jh ^vjp
Mjy|o |krc Eijco~yihcj|hj ejpcaj~ rj|poyo lo| ~|f `jmj yjjpjlocaopo( :?76pf yv|p `h`jh
~|kh`fh `hfh
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>6
Eynce
M||oyfpocoe wf jm~oyfpocoe
Kfcoafnocoe wf Mjcece
Fh`~p|onocoe wf Pfehoeocoe(
:?00 P|ece pfweogjphh# :?62cf|`f I|`v`jeo kotco gjjcoyfpcf|oh wf :?72`j j~ef|o
a`jmjcfhoh vhvpvcajt o~ao Jcrj|~cjh P|ef# lo| ~|f yv|p`h`j ~|kh`f ejc`epjh ~ih|j efh`o
ooh`f yjj`!kotco |kpcf|`fh rj|pocfafyf i|v!`fooa ~|fnoho -:?7?`j/ ycf jhcjpajepj`|4
-(/ h~jh `fofh j|pcj| ej|~h`j mfr jyh ej|j| tf|oh`f ohjp f`f|~f avwjggje icjajt(
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>7
-(/ AMR Mj|fefpo `fhocfh o`ficidoe wf ~oyj~o kfcoafhoh ejyhj P|ece wf Pv|jhnch# eecf|o
Nvamv|oyfp hnf~ohf ko`fh goe|o# o`ficidoe wf ~oyj~o lo|oeoao`o|( -(/60
P|e pircvavhvh jcp ~i~yjc `ocoa`fh afy`jhj kfc`ooho ~ycfyfh wf oepo`j|h`j ~t eihv~v jcp
af~cfe `ocoaoho ei|ri|j~yihcj| mjcoh`f |kpcfyf|fe cefyo yhfpafyf pjcor icjh AMRhoh aoccoyfpocoe
`hnf~o f~j~ opolj|oycf :?00pfeo P|ecejeahh :?72cj|j yjh~aj~`|( @hyjhh hf|f~oh`fP|e wj|~j# P|e aoccoyfpocf|ohoh ockocf|o ooh`f`o|( @ P|ecf| ooh fc`fh hf kfco|~f yjrajy P|e
aoccoyfpocf|ohoh liyhvhj li| ~jyj|t# `fafe ~v|fpoycf o wf ` ejaviyvhj ~t wf|ocaf~o lv pvpvavh
je |hfo`o|(66P|ef# ` P|ecf| eihv~vh`j `hfaohoh ocf|o~oh`f lo| k|f ~jmor icav wf lv
eihv`jeo kjy|fpcf|o ocf P|e @hyj~h`j mjec lo| m|fp ejtjhap|(
:?76pfh :?7?j ej`j| kffh `|p yc NEARhoh AMR j`ycj `ha# rj|po`f yfho pftcf|oh
yf|cfaf~o# rj|po |kpcf|ohoh yv|p kfhfcoh`f kcfhor yjykhcjaj~ oyf jhcjaje kf|fe(
AMR j~c lye ~|jaj~h :?;2co yccj|`j -: Ho~jh :?;6/ Lo|ohno Aoccoyfpo Nfrmf Eijco~yihvhj
ejpcj|je yjrap|( :?;> ~foacf|oh`f ejtjh` > ~jh`jcyfyo :?;; ~foacf|oh`f :7yj ej|pa# cef
kfhfcoh`f yjecje : aocyihcve ~fafh eopcf~oho efh`o~ohf ljcjajy ljj|a# jepog lo| ~oyj~o hn
eihvavhj ye~fcaopo|(
~ph F|k`f|# AMRhoh :?;; ~foacf|oh`feo ljj|~ycj ockoco icj|je v `ff|cfh`o|afyo
yjrajepj`|4
:?;>!:?;; j|j~h`j lj~h pj|jgh`jh epcfh`oo mjc`f AMR# aoccoyfpocoe wf jhpo!eiahota ocf
~i~yi!feihiaoe `fooa `icjy~ycj o~poe|j|~tcjjh lo| pircva`j yjrcjh :?;; ~foacf|oh`f j|pn
lo| ljj| ejtjhap|( JRco ricopoejncj|h i|pje ei|evcj|h`jh lo|o~o# -eo lv co`f|cooh fcfpo|o~o looaohf
`f `hafepf`o|/# AMRhoh JRyo `f~pfecfyfh pjljh jh`|ajepj ljj|c icjnj5 wf ~foa hnf~o
wf ~ih|j~h`jeo ~j ejhjp eijco~yihcj|h`j iyhj` |ich AMRyo evwwfpcfh`o|fnfoy`o(67
^i~yjco~pcf|
:?72 mpocjcohoh ~ihvnv :?7: Jhjyj~j~ ocf ko|ocfh `faie|j~o i|pjah`j yf|jcph`jh ejh
^i~yjco~p mj|fefp# :?76 kfhfc ~foacf|oh`f P|eoyf o Rj|po~o -PR/ j`ycj oce eft rj|cjafhpi`j
pfa~oc oaejhhj ejwvavpv|( :> vljp :?7:`f lo| k|vr ~fh`oejn pj|jgh`jh ev|vcjh PR# ~pjhlvc
Mveve Gjecpf~o f~eo |fpoa yfcf|oh`fh Afmafp Jco Jylj|h -:?:2!:??6/ Kfhfc Ljejhcj
kfpo|ocaf~oycf ~oyj~fppf wj|ch mo~~fppo|afyf ljcjap|( Afmafp Jco Jylj|# efh`o~ohf kfhfc
ljejhce pfecogohoh yjrc` kfnfyo ycf jhcjpajepj`|4
_jpajyj mjt|cjhyi|`ve( Ejr jch`( Lv ~jjpf eoa icjloco|`o9 ^o|fp UfoQ yjh rfhnf|f`fh
ljep# pjhaj`a oh~jhcj|# rico~ wf lfeo `f wj| `f`o( Kfnfhoh i ~jjpcf|oh`f rico~co lfeoco toyj|fpocf|
mjy|c ocf| ooh kfcaftcf| Ejry jpa( j|`a( PRoh ev|vnvcj| -(/( Mjy|icj* Iylo|coo ocf ej|j|
jc`e4 Kfhfc Ljejhc ejlvc fpafhoto o~poyi|vt# `f`ocf| j|apa( Ljejhcj kfpo|ocafa yfho~vcjajcj|j ~jc`|cj|j yic hf`fh icjloco|( Lo| ~icnvhvh PRf ljejh icaj~hj kt yvaajtcj|(
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>;
Loc`oohot kolo mjeea`j eiahota r|irjkjh`j~h`jh jca oeo `jwj wj|( Lvhcj| rj|poyf ej|
evccjhjloco|cf|( Ej yjrjca `f|efh kt ej|pajyjca( Lo| eft `jmj `hh( hfaco lo| j`a jppht
yjte icaj~h# `oyf ejykcj|a lfco|pfh ~tcf| ~ycf`oa( -(/6;
PRhoh ?!:2 vljp :?70pf# tao|`f pircjhjh Lo|ohno Lye Eihk|f~oh`f ejlvc fppoo r|ik|jah
ljh`j P|eoyfLye Aoccfp Afnco~ohoh
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>=
Pir|je~t wf jt pir|jec eycyf pir|je wf|ocaf~o(
Pj|a`j eo|jnce wf i|pjech yie~vc eyc cfmohf tfhcfhaf~o(
~otcoe ~oki|pj~(
Rfp|ich aoccocfpo|ocaf~o(
Pj~j||vg lihicj|hh orpjco(
_jljhn ~f|ajyfyo pfwoe ejhvhvhvh orpjco(
wf|fhoh ciejwp mjeeh ejc`|jh wf k|fwcf|cf ockoco yj~je wf ~h|cjajcj| fh jtj oh`o|fh#
meafpoh yfpeo~oho e~pcjyjh `tfhcfaf(
Wf|ko yeh fafeo`fh ~f|ajyf wf pir|je ~jmolohf ejy`|jh `tfhcfaf(
Ey lckf ievccj| ev|vcaj~ wf oceievc |fhnocf|ohf `f|~ j|j wf kf|fcf|ohoh rj|j~t
wf|ocaf~o(6?
:?72cj| P|eoyf~oh`f lv p| ejhvh pfecogcf|o jccaj`e icjycj|`|( :6 ~i~yjco~p aoccfpwfeocohoh
rj|cjafhpi`j yf| jcjlocafcf|o locf ~oyj~fp ev|vav ooh pfe ljhj |fhecocoe wf njhcce icavpv|(
PR# ~jyc Jg Ejhvhvhvh ljt aj``fcf|ohoh Jhjyj~j
Ajmefaf~ohnf orpjco tf|ohf :< Pfaavt :?;0pf pjmcoyf f`ocaocf|`o|(72
~cjan Mj|fefp
:?72cj| ~ihvh`j P|eoyf Ponj|fp wf ^jhjyo I`jcj| Lo|cooh`feo jhcjajtcecj| yth`fh
~pjhlvc wf tao|`feo lye o fw|fcf|ohf ej| Jhj`icvhvh ee wf i|pj lyecepfeo oy f|o
~jmorcf|oho pfa~oc f`fh ef~oacf| jy| lo| ~oyj~ rj|po jp~ jcph`j pircjhaj kf|fo `vyavcj|`|(
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>?
:?7= ych`j Jhej|j# Ljcef~o|# Lv|~j# jhjeejcf# @fhotco# F`o|hf# F~eofmo|# fc# O~rj|pj#
Ejy~f|o# E|ecj|fco# Einjfco# Eihyj# Ajho~j# ^jej|yj# ^ja~vh wf Tihkvc`je( -(/ f~hjg wf `oh
`f|hfecf|ohoh Ugjjcoyfpo ljeah`jhQ kfcoao# ejropjco~pcfao wf gj|eccja occf|oaot`o|( -(/ ULvQ
occf|oaot`f f~hjg `f|hfecf|o ocf `oh `f|hfecf|o j|j~h`j k|cfh lv yjeh ocoeo# kfcoaf wf
ejropjco~pcfafyf ej| icvjh ~cjan pfreohoh pfafcoh`f f~hjg |kphh lo| e~ahh yjpp
wj|~jyah kcfh`o|afepf`o|(7:
AHR# = vljp :?;2`f Jhej|j`j# lo|ohno eihk|f~oho yjrap|( Rj|pohoh ev|vcv
lfyjhhjaf~oh`f5 Jccjmh# mjee pvpaj# oyoyo ~jcjaj wf epy afh fpaf yicvh`j lvcvhaje tf|f
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Je# kotco wf avt| -tj|j|c/ o~|jgh hcfhaf~o5
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:?;: j~ef| a`jmjcf~oh`fh mfafh ~ih|j gjjcoyfpcf|oh`f `oho h rcjhj jcj|je cjoecof jye|
`jw|jh` kf|fef~oycf ejrjpcap| -
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anj`fcf~o wf|oyi|cj|`( Lv ljea`jh okjc kolo ejhvhcj|j jye| fycfacf|`fh gjtcj micjhayi|cj|`(
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02`j# `|`at -Kfhfcev|ajy Ljejh wf Evwwfp Eiavpjhcj|/
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e|oto ocf ockoco `ff|cfh`o|af~o ycf o`o4
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Nvamv|ljejh ~foao# kfcfhfe~fc kcf| ocf yfho kcf| j|j~h`jeo anj`fcfyo ~iavpcjp|jh
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Lo|ohno Fnfwop Meafpo: Aj|p :?;6
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f|og Aj|`ohoh `f oj|fp fppoo kolo# `jmj :?;2`f# :; j|ej`jycj Aocco Hotja Rj|po~oho -AHR/
ev|jh Hfnafppoh F|ljejh# rj|po~ohoh# P|eoyf`f lfco|cfyono k|` jmcjeo ehpyf ~ih wf|afyf
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Jco _jj| ^j|ljyh `ff|cfh o|af~ohf k|f5 NMR!A^R Eijco~yihv# ejaviyvhvh lo|
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`tfyoh`f ejtjhcjh af|voyfpoh#
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ljcja~j `j lfecfhoc`oo kolo vtvh a|c icjajap(
: vljp :?;0 kh PLAAh`f Ljljejh Lcfhp Fnfwopoh iev`vv i|pje meafpoh
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_ohf jyh khcf|`f Fnfwop Meafpohoh :< Aj|p :?;: yhfpoaohnf yj~jecjhjh mjmj feoaohf
nf~v| lo| pvpvacj yfho`fh otoh wf|af~o tf|ohf JL@hnf j~ef| yj|`ah ef~ocf|fe P|eoyfyf jalj|ki
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oh~jhcj|# lo|jt hfgf~ jcaje ooh ejr hcf|ohf yj `j fwcf|oh `jacj|hj eaje o~poyi| Eoaocf|o |j~p
kfcf lo| ev|vhj mf`fg icajaje ooh lv o~pfoh`fh wjtkfor lvhjcajy yfcf|efh# eoaocf|o `f mf| p|c
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_j lo| ejr hh`fh yj `j lo| `ja`jh ye~fcfh cecj|
ccf|# ccf|# ccf|
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Kfop yjryi| ~jheo hat`fh lo|f|# lo|f|
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::: Meafpcf| wf R|ik|jacj| OO# :?72!:?=2# ~( >=2!=:(
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looa`f ~oyj~fpcf ockocfhafepf`o|cf|( J|pe# i|`vhvh h`f kfcfhcf|o# Ljp ej|~h`j yfhockohoh hf`fhoho#
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yjrcjh oeohno `j|lf# j~ef|o ef~oa`fh `jmj ie k jcajyj yhfcao# lycfnf j~ef| ~owoc
l|ie|jpcj|`jh `jmj ie# j~ef|cf|oh j|c lv `j|lf`f `vyva~jhap|( _jho :=;7`j j~ef|cf|oh
yjchtnj jy`h# yfhocoeo lo| l|ie|jp ef~oa icj|je `j|lfyo `f~pfecfafcf|ohf ej|h# :?2=`f ~ocjm
pfefcoho fcoh`f lvcvh`v|jh lo| ev|va icj|je i|`v# `j|lfhoh ooh`f yf| jcap|( ^ihvh`j jhjyj~j
yfho`fh y||cf eihav# rj|cjafhpi jca# OO( Af|vpoyfpocjh f`ocao wf oce eft ie rj|poco ~oyj~jc
yjjaj kfocaopo|( Hf wj| eo# ^vcpjh Jl`cmjaopoh o~pol`j`hj ej| tk|cecf| wjj`oycf `j|lfyo
yjrjh ppomjp wf Pf|jeeo Nfaoyfpo wf G|ej~# ~|ph i|`vyj `jyjyr oce on|jjp icj|je avmjcogcf|oho
~oh`o|afyf ljcjap|(pf# :?2= `j|lf~o# i|`vhvh wf ihvhcj ljcjjhcj|h knh oce eft ~iavp lo|
looa`f i|pjyj eiyajepj`|(
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;! Ev|pvcv ^jwjh`j wf|ocfh j~ef|o anj`fcfyo l|cf|oh`fh jy|jh lo| ljej tfccoe o~f#
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j`jcjp|n `hnf`feo tfhco i|`v#
l! ^owoccf|oh |kpcf`oecf|o kf|occj poro# aoco~ knhf `jyjhjh fpf yj `j `tfh~ot i|`v(pf &:=# :?0>!07`j &:7`|(>Jy|nj OO(
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Ljejhc `j Aj|p :?
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;0
E~jnj# :?:?!:?(0f ohfnfe#
lvhj ej|h :?
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;6
Pa lvhcj|j ej|h# oce oepo`j|j kfc`ooh`f @Rhoh j~ef|cf|f ej| ie `oeejpco lo| pjw| jcj|je
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fafeco ~vljycj| ~jgcj|hj jcj|je j~ef|cf|f kwfh wf|afyf `f jcap|( :?07 Nvamv|ljejhc
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;7
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^owoc yhfpoaf ljcce eihv~vh`j @R oepo`j| ycf~ohf ~jcec wf @R yhfponocf|o ycf~ohf ~owoctomhoyfpco`o|cf| eo# lv rj|pohoh oepo`j| `hfaoh`f Aocco ~pomlj|jp Pfeocjphj ~owoccf|oh# |hfoh
locoaj`jacj|hh jpjhaj~# lv ev|vavh ~owoc yhfponocf|oh`fh lo|o~o pj|jgh`jh yjecje >2 yc ~ih|j
yj`|kjhjnje# j~ef|cf| wj|efh ~owoccf|oh jpjhaj~h`jh `icjy Afh`f|f~ wf @R oepo`j|
fcfpo|ocfnfepo|(:2Jhnje# @Rhoh i|`v ricopoej~ pjepoe icj|je mjpjc `faopoa eo# K|~fc lfhoa mjpj
icj|je hopfcfh`o|afaf @Rhoh rf|wj~tc `oyi|# i `j vh`jh ejyhjecjhyi|4 ^owoc tomhoyfpco icaje#
`faie|jp icaje `foc`o|( @faie|jpce# ~owoccooh p|fwcf|oh`fh lo|o~o wf fh ti| ljj|cjh`|( @faie|jpoe
lo| oepo`j|# meafp fpaf ~|fnoh`f lo| pjea yfpeo wf ~i|vacvcvecj|cj `ihjpcap|( Iy~j @R# lv
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jhjyj~jyj ljcce# avmjcfgfpf mik|# rj|cjafhpi`j iy`jaj# lj~hj ~jyk wl(/ ocoeocf|oh`f `f
efh`oho k~pf|afepf`o|(
Jhnje vhvpvcajajc`| eo#
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;=
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icaj# j|re jcejhcecj|h ejtjhacj|`|( L|ie|j~o ej|~h`j tjyg `acf|# `fwcfpcf icjh
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wf owf`ono icavcj|`|( ^oyj~jc h`f|cf| yj ej|otajpoe yj `j `fajkidoe ej|jepf| k~pf|af `v|vavhj
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ej|~h`j ~fafh f# mjhko rj|pohoh efh`o~ohf motafp ~vh`vv# mjhko~ohoh ej|cj|hj pf|~ phejw|jyjajyj|je ~oyj~jc rj|pocf|f kwfh~otcoe `vyavpv|( @icjy~ycj# jecn# pircvanv# ~|feco# pvpj|c#
ie ~f~co ~oyj~jc ev|va~jccjajhh icaj~ kf|fefh yf|oho# `vykv~jc# lfhnoc# pvpj|~t wf ~|fe~ot
o~pfa!~vhv fpeocfoaoycf# rj|potjh vvcpv jcap|(
E~jnj# @vwf|kf|oh lo| |fdoaoh `faie|jpoe ivcnv icjlocaf~o ooh# ihvh avmjcfgfpf yjchtnj
yj~jc `foc# goocco i|pja `j ~jcjaj~ kf|fepoo ~jrpjaj~ycj# :?:?!
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;?
6 Ajtn# = Jy`fao|# j(k(y(# ~( >(
:2 ^jljm# :: Mjto|jh :?=> Mo|ja Jlj~h jecjaj~hj let(
:: Ajtn# j(k(y(# ~( :>6(
:< Afpf Pvhjy# P|eoyf`f ^ic Jeacj| :?2=!:? Hv|fh Ajtn# Nfcjc Ljyj|4 Ljljejhce @hfao :?>;!:?>?# @f| _jyhfwo# ~p( :??7# ~(
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:0 @i( @|( Hv|fh Ajtn# :?>2j Ej`j| Lj~h wf :?>: Ajplvjp Ejhvhv# Jpjp|e _icv
PPF @f|ko~o#Ej~a :??7# yc4 ?# ^jy4 :=# J( ( Lj~afwo# Jhe( :??=(
:6 Hv|fh Ajtn# hnf~o wf ^ih|j~ycj :?>> howf|~opf \fgi|av# Lo|oeoa# :??6 _jt(
:7 Hv|fh Ajtn#Mveve @fwcfpo ao _j~j @fwcfpo ao# Nvamv|oyfp :; Mjto|jh :?=?(
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=2
hkocot Ejyhjecj|hj K|f P|eoyf+`feo
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=:
yjh~pph`jh ~t fppo( _ohf P|eoyf`feo ~oyj~o i|pjah ~jcec k|haf`oohf wv|kv yjrp# he
Afnco~ Pjmeoejp Eiao~yihvhj ~oyj~o co`f|cf|o pvpvecjaje `jmoc ~i|vpv|ajy eicjycjp|jnjh
`h` mf| o~pf`oo fyo yjrjlocaf~o yhh`f ie kfho yfpeocf| wf|ocaopo wf avmjcfgfp
Eiao~yihvh yfpeo~oho pjhajajepj ej|j|c k|hafepfy`o(6 Lv||i{~ a`jmjcf`fh lo| jy hnf
kh`f|`oo |jri|cj|`jh lo|oh`f ripjh~oyfc icj|je ompocjc i|pjahh wj| icjlocfnfoho `f lfco|ppo( Lv k|
tfccoecf
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=2 Ajy~pj Jhej|j`jeo Jaf|oejh fco~o# P|e meafpo ocf hi|ajc
ocoeocf|oh ljcjpcaj~ eihv~vh`j [j~mohkpihvh pjcoajph jc`(:7
hkocot @ocf|o Ljejhc
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=>
o~pfafafepf o`o(:; Jhej|j`jeo Ejhj`j# Rjeo~pjh wf Moh`o~pjh lyefcocf|o hkocot lyefco~o ocf
yjeh o|poljpcj|h ~|`|yi|cj|` wf efh`o meafpcf|ohoh pjhajy vtvh ~|f kfnoepo|afyfnfoho
pjmaoh fpafepf o`ocf|(
hkocot meafpo# >2 Ajy~ :?72`j hkocot @ocf|o Ljejhc Cih`|j`jeo P|eoyf
lyefcocooh`fh lo| afepvr jc` tjajh yfho P|e meafpoho pjh`( Lvhvh tf|ohf hkocot meafpoycf lo| nfwjr kh`f|`o4
hkocot E|jcoyfp Meafpo# P|e meafpohoh oeo cef j|j~h`j afahvhoyfp wf|ono `tfy`f kfcofh
ocoeocf|oh ~|`|caf~o o~pfohf pjajafh ejpc| wf ej|ce wf|o|(
hkocot Lyefcocoo lvhv g|~jp locf|fe @ocf|o Ljejhchj fh `f|oh ~jykcj|h ~vhj|(:=
hkocot Vcv~cj| Pircvcvv yfcf|o# Pircvcve coeocf|o L|i~v pj|jgh`jh kh`f|ocfh >2 Ajy~ pj|omco
lo| pfck|jgcj `v|va`jh mjlf|`j| f`oc`o( hkocotcf|oh yfho P|e meafpoho HJPI wf NFHPI`jeoappfgoecf|o ocf goeo| pfcjeeo~oh`f lvcvhaj`jh pjh`h lfco|pafe hfaco`o|( @ocf|o Ljejhc# El|~
k|afcf|o hf`fhoycf hkocpf|fhoh tfc lo| eihva`j ic`vvhv kjy|o |f~ao `tfy`f lfco|paf~oho
o~pfyfh pjcoajpcj| kh`f|aopo( hkocot meafpohoh El|~ k|afcf|oh`f hi|ajc ~|fno fh jt kfnoeaf
ocf ~|`|flocaf~o hfacoy`o(:? hkocpf|fhoh P|eoyf ocf ocoeocf|oh`f hnfcooh El|~j wf|oc`oo#
P|eoyf`feo ~oyj~o `v|vavh `jmj jt hfaco lo| af~fcf ic`vv `j lfco|pocafco`o|(
@ocf|o Ljejhc Jhej|j`jeo lyefcoyf# K|~fc ocf yjrjnj k|afyf ocoeoh `fpjyc
pjcoajpcj| kh`f|`o( Fco K|~fcf vhcj| ~ycfafcoy`o4
Fclfppf hkocpf|f P|eoyfhoh o ocf|ohf a`jmjcf fpaf hoyfpoho pjaj` wf lycf yjrajhh
kjyfp yf|~ot icjnjhh locohnoh`fy`o( _ohf `f ^wfy af~fcf~o# Lj`jp Rjephh ev|vcvvhvh oce
tjajhcj| O|jeompocjco wf El|~ e|otcf|o wj~pj~ycj ^jyh Afh`f|f~ !`jmj ~ih|j efh`o~ohf ^jyh Ti|cv
yj|`an icavpv! kf|fe lo| `i~p wf appfgoe wf P|eoyfhoh hkocpf|f ocf oppogjeh `f~pfecfaf`f P|e
vcv~vhvh `ff|co lo| ~tn~ icj|je mj|fefp fppo( hkocotcf|# P|eoyf`f pj|jgcj| j|j~h`j ~oyj~o
`ajhce ic`vv lycf lo| tjajh`j# lv `v|vavh f~eo co`f|cf| cfmohf lo| vh~v| icj|je
mjp|cjhjlocfnfoho wf yfho meafpoh ihcj|j ej| `jw|jhpj|th fpeocfyflocfnfoho h`(
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ocf P|e ^ocjmc Evwwfpcf|ohf ajctfaf jcacj| -~jwj kfaocf|o/( Lph lvhcj| hkocpf|f ocf P|eoyfhoh
`hyj ~i|vhcj|hj ocoeoh i|pje yjecjahh yjh~ajcj| hopfcooh`f o`o( Lyefco# yfho meafpoh `
ricopoej~hh pfafc`f jyh otko`f `fwja f`fnfoho |fhafepfh tfccoecf afahvh ic`vvhv
wv|kvcj`(
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Lv |jri|vh# Lyefco ocf P|e @ocf|o Ljejhc j|j~h`jeo ocoeoyo i|pjyj eiy`vv
lfco|pocafco`o|( \jri|# Jhej|j Lyefcocoohoh P|eoyfhoh o wf ` ricopoej~ mjeeh`j hkocot @ocf|o
Ljejhch hnf`fh lockocfh`o|`ooho f k~pf|afepf`o|(
J~ef|o yhfpoa j`hj oce ejaviyv jecjaj~ Jcljy P|ef
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yf|fc yfpeococf| wf rico~ afav|cj| wf yic~vtcveicjycj|hj lvcjjh lo| e~a o j`ja wj|`(>:Lvhcj|h
iv Mjto|jhh ljh`jh opolj|fh j`j`j pvpvc`v(
_j|kcjaj hnf~o ~i|vpv|ajcj|# yfcf|oho j~ef|o |fdoaoh ~fpoo >: eoocoe lo| tfc _e~fe
^i|vpv|aj Ev|vcvpj|jgh`jh yjrc`( Ev|vc# `fcoccf|o pircjaje wf o``oj ajeja ooh `jwjcj| mjt| mjcf
kfpo|afe jajnycj j|j wf|afe~otoh jcp( ^vcjhjh 6?< eoohoh ajmefaf~o# Ev|vcvh lv jcaj~hpjajacjyjlocaf~o ooh `|p jy`jh gjtcj lo| ~|f f|pfcfh`o(>>
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a`jmjcf`f lvcvhaj` ~ycfhfaft( Mjeoacf| wf ~jwncj| `i|v`jh ALEhh icvpv|`vv meafp
pj|jgh`jh jpjhap( Jhej|j`jeo hkocot lyefco~o ajmefafcf|oh ev|vcaj~hh `fooe ~flfrcf|o
ic`vvhj `oeejp fepo( Fh hfaco hf`fh avmpfafcfh a`jmjcfyo mjec ecaj j|tv~vy`v( Lyefco#
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Lv o~jlfpco lo| pjmcoc`o# he ~pjhlvc howf|~opf~oh`fh mveve `jch`jeo |fpoa yfcf|o !\fep|
R|igf~| ^``e ^jao Ihj| `jmoc! AELyj `j|lfyo mveveo lo| tfaohf ipv|pajcj| pjw~oyf~oh`f
lvcvh`vcj|( @j|lf yjrc`h`j# `j|lfno ~vljycj|h hoyfpo jy ooh`f yfho ~foacf|o yjraje wfj|ej~h`jh `j oepo`j| ~owoc meafpf `fw|fpafepo( Jej`fao~yfhcf|# f~eo meafpoh ljejhcj|hh wf
@faie|jp Rj|po yfcf|ohoh yfho ~foacf| yjrcaj`jh hnf yj|kcjhajcj| eihv~vh`j `j|lf co`f|cf|oho
pfwoe fppocf|( Ihcj|j k|f# jyfp lv eoocf| ~foacf|`fh hnf yj|kcjhr ~vcv lvcvhajtcj|~j yfho`fh
~focafyf mje ejtjh|cj| wf `jmj ~ih|j pfe|j| oepo`j|j kfcfloco|cf|`o( Meafpo ev|ajcj| ocf
yj|kcjhajcj|hh ~ihj f|af~o j|j~h`jeo `hfa`f `j|lfyf ejpcjh j~ef|o k|fwcocf|o
pvpvecjyjloco|cf|`o( Jej`fao~yfhcf|oh mveveo ~|fnoh kf|fo kolo pjeor f`ocaf~o yhh`feo pjw~oyf~o
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f~eo meafp yfcf|ohoh `jmj jlve lf|pj|jg f`ocflocfnfecf|oho `h`ecf|o jhcjcajepj`|(_j|kcjajhh vtjyr ej|j|h eajaj~ ~foacf|oh f|pfcfhaf~ohf wf ~owoc |fdoaf `hh `jmj
~ih|jyj l|jecaj~hj hf`fh ic`v(
Ljt fhpfcfepfccf|oh P|eoyf`feo j~ef|o `j|lfyo `i|v`jh `f~pfecf`oo wf ihcj|h pjw~oyfcf|ohoh
lj~op lo| `j|lfyo lo| ompocjcf `hp|` ~ycfhfloco|(>6 ALE# afwnvp jhjyj~jy y||cepfh ejc`|`
wf lo| eiao~yih pj|jgh`jh yfho lo| jhjyj~jhh mjt|cjhaj~h fa|fppo( Ihcj|# hnfeo jhjyj~jyj k|f
efh`ocf|ohoh ~vcv ic`vvhvh gj|ehj wj|`cj|# jhjyj~jy `fopo|`ocf| wf i|`vhvh mfa hnfeo mfa `f
afwnvp jhjyj~jyj k|f wjpjh ~fwf| icajhh kf|fecf|oho yf|ohf kfpo|afepfh pfyf lo| fy yjraj`h
o``oj fppocf|(>7Lycfnf ljcjhkpjeo j|lfyo mveveo lo| tfaohf ipv|ppvcj|(
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J~ef|o meafpoh mj|fefpcf|ohoh mf|mjhko lo| eoohoh wfyj ~hgh cfmohf yj `j jcfymohf
icaj`h ogj`f f`fh oce ejaviyv jecjaj~>;ocf _j~~j`j ajmefafcf|ohoh yjrcaj~ j|j~h`j lo|
pftjp ~t eihv~vy`v( Lv|j`j pfe ~vcjhjh f~eo oepo`j| rj|po~o yfcf|o wf `f~pfeocf|oy`o( Lv# `j|lfhoh
j~ch`j ef~ohcoecf @faie|jp Rj|poyf ej| yjrc` jhcjahj kfcafepfy`o( Lvhvhcj lo|coepf j~ef|o
meafpoh lj Kfhf|jc K|~fc#f~eo ljejhcj|`jh mo lo|ohoh o`ja f`ocafyfnfohoh jcph ot`o(
hkocot meafpo P|eoyf`feo kfcoafcf|oh jc` yh`fh hfaco c`f ejykcy`( mpocjc`fh
mfafh ~ih|j wf `v|vajcj|h ljcjhknh`j lyefco# yj|kcjajcj| wf avmpfafc ej|j|cj| !tfccoecf
`f f~eo Ljljejh wf `of| ljejhcj|j ocoeoh icjhcj|! mjeeh`j `tfhco |jri|cj| kh`f|`o( hkocot
lyefco~o =
@ocf|o Ljejh ^j|rf|# Jhej|j`j yjljhn pfa~ocnocf|cf yjrp pircjhp`j ihcj|j P|e
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pjw~oyfcf|`f lvcvh`v( hkocot @ocf|o Ljejhchh Khfy @jo|f~o ljejh \( G( K( ^j|fcc# ^j|rf|oh
pjw~oyfcf|oho pvppvv hippj ycf tfpcf`o4
-P|e meafpo ocf yjrcjnje mf|mjhko lo|/ _jtaj`j ca nftj~ eihv~v kh`faf
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tf| wf |jmjp~t f`f|( I# ^j|rf|f lvh`jh pfyf lo| fy ~i|ajyjnjh lfco|pf|fe ca nftjcj|h`jh
mf|mjhko lo|ohoh ogj f`ocaf~o `v|vavh`j o~pogj fpafyf ej|j| wf|or wf|af`ooho ~i|`v ^j|rf| ca
nftj~ wf|ocaf~o ompoajcohoh yt`f fcco ic`vvhv wf ca nftj~ wf|ocaf~o mjcoh`f =2)?
@of| lo| @ocf|o Ljejhc locko hipvh`j vhcj| lfco|poc`o4
ie ockoh( Faohoa eo ^j|rf|oh pjw~oyfcf|ohf vyajcyt( Ljljejh lv hipv k|afe o~pfyfloco|(
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pjw~oyfcf|oho ef~ohcoecf pjeor fpafaot kf|fepoo yhh`f`o|(02
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==
Lv||i{~ lv k|f ejpc`h ogj`f fppo4
_jljhn lj~hj yjrcjnje lo| yi|vavh# ff| P|e mj~~j~oyfpcf|oho |fhno`f fpafafe jajnycj oyo
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cefcf|`f icvjh ejhjjp tf|oh`feo fpeo~o eihv~vh`j hfp lo| goe|f ~jmor ic`vecj| wf lvhvh ihcj|
hjtj|h`j lo|c`f hfao ic`vvhv ~ycf`o( _ohf `f mf|mjhko lo| |f~ao yjljhn a`jmjcf icaj~
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lfhoa~fh`o wf f~eo Ljljejh wf oeo f~eo ljejhh o`jacj|h hcfafe jajnycj ALEyj `i|v`jh
a`jmjcf fpafepfh ejhc`(
@ocf|o Ljejhc# hkocot k|hh lfcco f`ocaf~o ooh Ljljejh`jh K|~fcf lo| afepvr
kh`f|ocaf~ohoh yfpf|co icjnj k|h`fy`o( Ej~a :?72pj Ljljejh Ajnaoccjh# _j~~j`j
yj|kcjajcj|hj ocoeoh Jhej|j`jeo lyefco wj~pj~ycj ocfpocfnfe lo| jm~o afepvlvh K|~fcf
kh`f|ocaf~oho ihjycj`( Lyefcoyf af~jd`j o~pf`oo `fooecoecf|o yjraj yfpeo~o wf hf tjajh wf
hj~c K|~fcf af~jdh ocfpocfnfo eihv~vh`j oho~oyjpog wf|oc`o( Lv||i{~ ? jy lfecfyf|fe lv af~jd 0
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=?
o j|ej`jcj| P|eoyfhoh Ljp ljcjhp~ ocf HJPI wf NFHPIhvh ~j`e ~jwvhvnvcj| icj|je
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fecoh`f `ff|cfh`o|ocfloco|(00
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@ocf|o Ljejhc Lv||i{~j eihvyj a`jmjcf fpaf~oho# jhnje lv a`jmjcfhoh P|eoyf
pj|jghh ` a`jmjcf ~vcjajcj|h`j lvcvhj|je yj|j|`jh ie tj|j| kfpo|af~oh`fh ejhaje
jajnycj aaeh icjh ~ih jhj ej`j| lfecfaf~oho pjw~oyf fppo(07 Ljejhce yjt~h`j lfco|poc`oohf
k|f# |f~ao yjty P|eoyfhoh Ljp `hyj~h`jeo `i~pcj|h fpeocfyflocfnfe kf|fe~ot yf|f ~f|p
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hkocotcf|oh lv pjw|hh# hkocpf|fhoh pfaj~pj lvcvh`vv Jhej|j`jeo yjljhn ao~yihvh wf JL@
meafpo `jmoc `of| meafpcf|oh kfhfc yjecja ocf jyh `i|vcpv`j ic`vv jhcjcajepjy`(
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Ljejhc ihj Jhej|j`jeo |jhlyefco~o ocf `f yjeh ocoeo ooh`f icaj~h pjw~oyf fppo(0;
Ajnaoccjhh af~jd vcjp|caj`jh locf hnf# hkocot meafpo mf| g|~jppj P|e yfpeococf|f
`hnfcf|oho ogj`f fppo(0=J|jce :?72`j# oa`oeo Ajcoyf Ljejh wf f~eo @ocf|o ljejh ^fc{yh
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ajmefafcf|o mjeeh`j ~i|v ~i|`v( ^j|rf|# ~jhecj|j efh`ocf|oho ~jwvhajcj| ooh lph oaejhcj|h
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ic`vvh`jh ljm~fppo( Ajcoyf Ljejh lvhv `vyajecj |jmjpcj`h# he ejh `ecaf~ohoh mf| tjajh
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yjrp( ^j|rf| lv ~tcf|f pjajafh ejpc`h wf mo lo| ca nftj~hh ohgjt f`ocafyfnfohf `jo|
Ljejhj kwfhnf wf|flocfnfoho `h`h ~ycf`o(0?
hkocot lyefco~o# ajmefafcf|oh ~ihvh`j ca nftj~ wf|ocaf~o ompoajcohf ocoeoh appfgoe
cefcf|oh Jhej|j`jeo `orciajpoe ao~yihcj| ocf ~e lo| i|pje jcaj yjrp( Lvh`jh ljej# @ocf|o
Ljejhc `j appfgoe cefcf|oh Cih`|j`jeo lyefcocoecf|o ocf o|poljp ev|`v( Gf`f|jc Jcajh lyefco~o
; Ej~a :?72`j @ocf|o Ljejhc A~pfj| Miyj| Aoccf| ocf k|p( Mf| oeo~o `f tjajh~t l o|
a`jmjcfhoh yjhc icjnj wf mf|mjhko lo| |f~ao oejyfppf lvcvhvcaj~hh lv p| lfckfcf|oh fh fpeoco
icjlocfnfo i|pjyj ep jhj ej`j| f|pfcfhaf~o tf|oh`f k| lo|coohf wj|`cj|( Miyj| Aoccf| lv
wf~ocf ocf# Gf`f|jc Jcajh meafpohoh lo| tjajh lv
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?2
lvhv jhcj`h ogj`f fppo wf Jcajh ipi|opfcf|ohoh oa`o lv `hnfyo lo| efhj|j l|jepecj| otcfhoaoho
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ejpcaj~hh lye lo| mjpj ic`vvhv `h`hf oj|fp fppo( J~ch`j Jaf|oejh lyefco~ohoh lv oeo
eihvhvh jy|caj~ kf|fepooho o`|je f`or fpaf`ooh`fh rmf f`fh Lv||i{~ vhcj| fecf`o4
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r|f~podohf mopjr fpafe `jmj ljj|c icjloco|(6:
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wv|kv yjrcap4
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?:
nftj~hj j|rp|c| wf lv nftj ohgjt f`oco|~f lvhvh yv|p `h`j hf`fh icjnj icva~vt oajd mjeeh`j
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jm~o lo| af~jd kh`f|fnfoho ogj`f fppo( ^j|rf|# lycf lo| pfecogo efh`o~ohoh kfpo|`oohoh locohafaf~ohoh
jm~ j~h`jh mjyjpo hfaf ~jmor ic`vvhv wv|kvcj`(6>
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v feoc`f jhcj`h @ocf|o Ljejhhj loc`o|`o4
Ljej lo| `fwcfp ljejh pj|jgh`jh -o`jacj| eihv~vhj ocoeoh k|cf|o ogj`f f`fh/ lo|
jecjajhh Kfhf|jc K|~fcf ocfpocaf~o mf| fy`fh `jmj fpeoco icjloco| wf ca nftjcj|hh
mjgogcfpocaf~oho ~jcjyjnje lo| ej|j|h jchaj~ jlj~h`j ihv kcfh`o|floco|( -^j|rf|/# Kfhf|jc
K|~fcoh lv pj|t lo| k|afyo aaeh ecajy vavyi| yj `j o~poyi| icjlocfnfo otcfhoaoho locf wf|`o#
he K|~fc kotco lo| eihvajhh yjrcjlocaf~o ooh mjwjjcjhh`jeo |f~fr~oyih i`j~h`j lvcvhjnje
eoocf|oh ~jy~hh ~h|c pvpvcaj~ -E|jcof# F`ohlv|km @e UE|jcofhoh einj~ R|fh~ RmocorQ# ^jyh
^j|rf| wf ~ot/ o~pfoho efh`o~ohf loc`o|`ooho ~ycf`o(66
Lv||i{~ vhcj| `j fecf`o4
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icjh eoo`o|(67
E|jcofhoh yvej|`j `fohocfh looa`f K|~fc ocf lvcvaj~# E|jcofhoh vjhh Cih`|j`jh
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?7 ych`j ~pjhlvc`j Efajc
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lvcvhajaj~ `j hfaco`o|(
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yjecjap( _ohf `f ^j|rf|# Jcajh af~jdhh `j jyh c`f fpeoco wf ripjh~oyfc icj|je gjy`jc
ic`vvhv `h` otcfhoaoho wf|`o(7
Nvamv|ljejh Ljyj|# Ljljejh Afh`f|f~# @ocf|o Ljejh Ti|cv wf Ajcoyf Ljejh Ricjpejh`(
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