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Utterly Otterly
Why barley?
What barley?
Whither barley?
Why Barley?
• Barley was there first• Fertile Crescent• Bread and beer • Starch as carbohydrate for alcohol• Enzymes• Nutrients for yeast growth• Husk for filtration• Availability
Why Barley?
• Bread and beer • Wheat appealed to the wealthy• Barley bread for the poor• Barley for all men as beer• Other cereals?• Migration across Europe
What Barley?
• Landraces• Varieties• Classification
– Winter / Spring
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What Barley?
• Landraces• Varieties• Classification
– Winter / Spring– 2-row / 6-row
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What Barley?
• Landraces• Varieties• Classification
– Winter / Spring– 2-row / 6-row– Malting / Feed
• Varietal features
Longitudinal section of a malting barley corn
Modified endosperm
scutellar
epithelial cells
Unmodified endosperm
large starch granule
small starch granule
protein matrix
cell
wall
aleurone layer
acrospire
testapericarp
husk
vascular pathway
scutellum
roots
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Agronomy
• Improved grain yields• Shorter and stiffer straws • Ears that do not shatter• Earlier ripening • Greater disease resistance• Greater uniformity
Market
• Brewhouse extract• Processability
– Malting• Water uptake• Rapid germination• Complete cell wall breakdown
– Brewing• Enzymes• Filterability
Journey to Maris Otter
• Landraces• Selection• Chevallier 1824• Plumage, Spratt, Archer to 1900• Pioneer 1943• Proctor 1953• Plant Varieties and Seeds Act 1964• Maris Otter 1965
Journey from Maris Otter
• Plant Varieties and Seeds Act 1964• Breeding cycles• 1976 – 1985 - Yield• Halcyon, Pipkin – Quality• 1985 – 2000 - Yield/Quality• 2000 onwards – Yield and Quality
– Pearl, Flagon
Journey from Maris Otter
Chevallier
• • Gene marker-assisted breeding project for mould resistance
• 1824 – wettest autumn since records began!
Athos
Cross1
Puffin
Igri
Finesse
NFC296-7
Cross2
Flagon
Opal
Fanfare
Torrent T
MarisOtter
Halcyon Pipkin
Pearl
W arboys
Pioneer Proctor
Angora
Sergeant
NRPB87/5378
Cassata
Rifle
NSL96-7157
Winter Malting Quality Pedigree
Whither barley?
• New varieties – tried and tested– For the farmer– For the brewer
• A little bit of Otter in everything– And some Chevallier!
Date