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WEB 3.0
WEB 3.0SEMANTIC WEB (An Introduction)
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Major obstacles
Most information on the Web is designed for human consumption.
Humans can
find the Finnish word for "car, reserve a train or airplane ticket,
search for the cheapest DVD and buy it.
However, a computer cant without human direction.
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The Semantic Web is a vision of information that is understandableby computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious works
involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the web.
It is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the
semantics of information and services on the web is defined,
making it possible for the web to understand and satisfy therequests of people and machines to use the Web content.
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SEMANTIC = MEANING
Semantic Web is a group of methods and technologies to allow
machines to understand the meaning - or "semantics" - of
information on the World Wide Web.
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How Did We Get To Web 3.0?
WEB 1.0
WEB 2.0
WEB 3.0
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WEB 1.0
On 25 December 1990, Robert Cailliau and Tim Berners-Lee
implemented the first successful communication between an HTTPclient and server via the Internet.
Web 1.0 primarily gave information.
Web 1.0 is THE READABLE PHASE of the World Wide Web.
The information was is in a static manner.
Hyper-linking the web-pages and bookmarking were two of the most
important aspect of Web1.0 world.
Even today more than 70% users are only familiar with Web 1.0.
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Sad Facts about WEB 1.0
The user was a passive spectator since it was a read only web.
Limited user interaction via email, guestbooks and forums.
There was keyword based search.
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Tim OReilly : Web 2.0 is a platform that gives users the
possibility (liberty) to control their data.
High Importance is given to usability and sharing of information.
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Web 2.0 is the WRITABLE PHASE of the World Wide Web.
Web 2.0 has less clutter coupled with easy retrieval of
precise information and furthermore building upon that
information and sharing it further.
Widgets and Tagging are two important features of Web 2.0.
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Main Components of Web 2.0
RIA (Rich Internet Application): SILVERLIGHT, FLASH and AJAX.
SOA (Service Oriented Architecture): FEEDS, RSS and WEB
SERVICES.
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Social Web: Tagging, Contributing to Wiki, Podcasts and
Blogging.
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Realities
Same old keyword based search.
Computers orMACHINES do not understand anything.
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To deliver the answers, we need a search tool intelligent enough to
understand the context of content in relation to the question.
We need to move from present WEB (i.e. WEB 2.0) towards the WEB
of DATA.
We need to attachMETADATA to the web resources specifying
Vocabularies describing things, properties, domains and persons. Relations between resources.
Managing knowledge about things.
Implicit knowledge explicitly.
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WEB 3.0 (Semantic WEB)
Common formats for integration and combination of data drawn
from diverse sources.
It is also about language for recording how the data relates to real
world objects.
That allows a person, or a machine, to start off in one database, and
then move through an unending set of databases which are
connected not by wires but by being about the same thing.
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WEB 3.0 is the EXECUTABLE PHASE of World Wide Web or
WEB of DATA.
Machines can interact with each other without human
direction.
Search results are absolutely relevant to the query.
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COMPONENTS OF SEMANTIC WEB
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Example URIs
ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one
mailto:[email protected]
news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix
tel:+1-816-555-1212
telnet://192.0.2.16:80/
urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2
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XML
XML stands for eXtensibleMarkup Language.
XML is designed to transport and store data.
XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags.
Markup is understood by machines.
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I just got a new pet
dog
Example
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I
just got a new pet
dog
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RDF
RDF stands for Resource Description Framework.
RDF is a framework for describing resources on the web.
RDF is designed to be read and understood by computers.
RDF is not designed for being displayed to people.
RDF is written in XML.
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RDF identifies things using Web identifiers (URIs), and describes
resources with properties and property values.
Jan Egil Refsnes
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RDF Statements
The combination ofa Resource, a Property, and a Property value forms a
Statement (known as the subject, predicate and object ofaS
tatement).
Statement: "The author of http://www.w3schools.com/rdf is Jan Egil Refsnes".
The subject of the statement above is:
http://www.w3schools.com/rdf
The predicate is: author
The object is: Jan Egil Refsnes
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RDF Schemas
A "schema" (plural "schemata") is simply a document or piece of
code that controls a set of terms in another document or piece ofcode.
It's like a master checklist, or definition grammar.
We can also create properties and classes as well as doing some
slightly more "advanced" stuff such as creating ranges and domains
for properties.
Using RDF Schema, we can say that "Fido" is a type of "Dog", and
that "Dog" is a sub class ofanimal.
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OWL (Web Ontology Language)
OWL stands for Web Ontology Language.
OWL is built on top of RDF and written in XML.
OWL is for processing information on the web.
OWL was designed to be interpreted by computers and not forhumans.
OWL has three sublanguages.
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Ontology defines the terms used to describe and represent an
area of knowledge.
Ontologies are used by people, databases, and applications
that need to share domain information (a domain is just a
specific subject area or area of knowledge, like medicine, toolmanufacturing, real estate, automobile repair, financial
management, etc.).
Ontologies include computer-usable definitions of basicconcepts in the domain and the relationships among .
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The Semantic Web needs ontologies with a significant degree of
structure.
These need to specify descriptions for the following kinds of concepts:
Classes (general things) in the many domains of interest.
The relationships that can exist among things.
The properties (or attributes) those things may have.
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WhyOWL when we have XML, RDF and RDF Schema?
Ontologies are critical for applications that want to search across
or merge information from diverse communities.
XML is sufficient for exchanging data between parties who have
agreed to definitions beforehand.
But lack of semantics in case ofXML prevent machines from
reliably performing this task.
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RDF and RDF Schema begin to approach this problem by
allowing simple semantics to be associated with identifiers.
With RDF Schema, one can define classes that may have
multiple subclasses and super classes, and can define
properties, which may have sub properties, domains, and
ranges.
In this sense, RDF Schema is a simple ontology language.
However, in order to achieve interoperation between
numerous, autonomously developed and managed schemas,
richer semantics are needed.
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SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language)
SPARQL is an RDF query language.
Its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and
RDF Query Language.
SPARQL allows users to write globally unambiguous queries.
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Unifying Logic and Proof layers are undergoing active research.
However in Proof Layer, some explanation can be given:
In Semantic Web, our machine could follow the Semantic "links" to
construct proofs.
Example:
Corporate sales records show that Jane has sold 55 widgets and 66
sprockets. The inventory system states that widgets and sprockets
are both different company products. The built-in math rules state
that 55 + 66 = 121 and that 121 is more than 100. And, as we know,someone who sells more than 100 products is a member of the
Super Salesman club. The computer puts all these logical rules
together into a proof that Jane is a Super Salesman.
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Who would trust such as system where information from different
sources is mixed and integrated and then served?
That's where Digital Signature come in.
We can simply tell our program whose signatures to trust and
whose not to.
Each can set their own levels or trust and the computer can
decide how much of what it reads to believe.
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PROJECTS
FO
AF (Friend ofa Friend)
FOAF project is about creating a Web of machine-readable
homepages describing people, the links between them and the
things they create and do.
SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities)
Provides a vocabulary of terms and relationships that model web
data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among
others: discussion forums, weblogs, blogrolls / feed
subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks, image galleries.
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SIMILE (Semantic Interoperability ofMetadata and Information in
unLike Environments)
SIMILE is a joint project, conducted by the MIT Libraries andMIT CSALE which seeks to enhance interoperability among
digital assets, schemata/vocabularies/ontologies, metadata,
and services.
Linking Open Data
The Linking Open Data Project is a community lead effort to
create openly accessible, and interlinked, RDF Data on the
Web.
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BROWSERS
A semantic web Browser is a form of Web User Agent that expressly
requests RDF data from Web and then provide a user interface that
enables data-link oriented navigation of RDF data by dereferencing thedata links (URIs) in the RDF Data Sets returned by Web Servers.
Examples : Tabulator, DISCO, Open Link DF Browser, Onto Wiki Browser
and Crowbar - SIMILE
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CONCLUSION
Semantic Web will be
the ease with which our PDA, our laptop, our desktop, our server,
and our car will communicate with each other.
the automation of corporate decisions that previously had to be
laboriously hand-processed.
the ability to assess the trustworthiness of documents on the Web.
the remarkable ease with which we'll be able to find the answers to
our questions -- a process that is currently fraught with frustration.
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Thank YouThank You