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Web-based Course
วชิา ความหลากหลายทางชวีภาพในประเทศไทย
(Biodiversity in Thailand)
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สถาบนับณัฑิตวทิยาศาสตรแ์ละเทคโนโลยไีทย (สบวท.)
Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST)
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สำานักงานพฒันาวทิยาศาสตรแ์ละเทคโนโลยแีห่งชาติ National Science and
Technology Development Agency
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Prof. Dr. Warren Y. BrockelmanMahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Biodiversity
• Genetics• Evolution• Ecology• Taxonomy• Environmental Sciences• Molecular biology• Biotechnology
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Causes of Extinction of Species• Habitat destruction• Pollution• Over Hunting
Current Rate of over Extinction ~ 1000 times the Natural Rate
The majority of species will become extinct before we will able to study or use them
(Natural Rate ~1 per 1-10 million species /year)
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“Biodiversity” = all the systems of living things (DNA, genes, individuals, species,
communities, and ecosystems)
Saving as many species as possible
The improvement of our lives and our very survival (biotechnology, genetic engineering, ecosystem function, beauty, ...)
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8Food diversity
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9Hidden products
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10 Speiciesdiversity
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Genes to ecosystems
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Within species diversity
• Genetic variation• Races• Subspecies (geographic variation)
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Genetic Variation:
• Each individual is genetically distinct• Measured by detecting variation in
enzymes or proteins (direct products of genes)
• Measured by analyzing for differences in nucleotide sequences
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Ecosystem Variability:
= the differences in structure, productivity and nutrient cycles in communities in different types of environment and climatic zones of the Earth
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Ecosystem function is vital to all living
things
Nitrogen cycle
Carbon cycle
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History of Life3.7 billion years The first living
things3.6 billion years aquatic
cyanobacteria 2.5 billion years planktonic plants
(O2)400 Mya fishes300 Mya land plants, insects
amphibians, reptiles150 Mya first birds, mammals 65 Mya mammal radiations 2 Mya primitive humans
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History of the Earth (continue)
245 Mya The regign of dinosaurs, until their extinction caused by collision of a large asteroid 65 Mya with Earth
But normal rate of extinction approximately 1 species per 1-10 million
per year
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Evolution over millions of years
• Changes in populations through time• Speciation (branching) , due to
Species diversity
•Separation (geographic speciation)•Reproductive isolation
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Species: distinct types of organisms with reproductively separate populations
Each species: has distinct scientific name (Genus and species name)
We are: Homo SapiensNumber of species in an areas is the most useful measure of biodiversity
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How many species are there on Earth ?
5 to over 15 million species But only 1.5 million species have been described so far
• insects = 2/3 of all species • vertebrates = 40,000 species • vascular plants = 270,000 species • invertebrates = ?• fungi and microorganisms = ?
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Charles Darwin Era (Natural Selection):
• Individual Variation• Inheritance from parents to offspring• Population growth and competition• Survival of the fittest
Evolutionary Change
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Important genetic principles
•Particulate inheritance
•“Genes” come in pairs
•Dominance
•Independent assortment
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Quantitative inheritance
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By 2000: Genetics, Molecular Biology
• genes and chromosomes• mutation • recombination• gene frequencies and selection• DNA structure and replication• transcription (protein formation)• nucleotide sequence
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DNA codes
for protei
ns
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A continuing controversy :
Is evolution gradual or
sudden?
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Genetic analysis reveals phylogeny
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99% of all species that ever evolued
are now extinct
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The study of biodiversity above the species level
• Population study• Ecological communities• Interactions (Stability & Diversity of communities)
- herbivores and plants- predators and prey- trees and seed dispersers- pollinators and plants- fungi and roots
• Ecosystem function and diversity
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Communities consist of many interactions
Nutrients plants
herbivores predator
diseases decomposer
dispersal migration
genetic change
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The flow of energy through a
community
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Species diversity in a community• Local extinction• Colonization of immigrants
Number of species on islands affected by:
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Causes of Extinction• Fragmented forest• Small species population sizes
Species at most risk of extinction•Low rate of population increase
•Poor dispersal ability
•Low natural density
•Hunted for their valuable parts
•In vanishing habitats
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Causes of Species loss
• Tropical forest destruction• Forest fragmentation• Hunting• Pollution• Damming and Canalization of rivers
Half the species on Earth (by next few centuries)
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Why save species?:Because • Direct use to humans• Maintain ecosystems for survival of humans
If we lose species•cannot be recreated
•loss of potential values or uses:
food
chemicals
genes
natural beauty
ecosystem stability
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How to slow down the extinction of species
• Reduction of human population increase• Conservation of natural ecosystems as “ protected areas”• Reduction of rural poverty• Special breeding programs for critical species• Reduction of pollution and disturbance of rivers• Diversification of forestry and agriculture to
reduce monocultures
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Why save biodiversity?
The answer is:
you tell us!
Why do you want to save it?
Some general reasons
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Because it pays. Many people make a living harvesting plants and animals, and using wildlife also. While this may not apply to you, it is wrong to destroy animals and plants that others need to make their living from.
Because we are part of an ecosystem that sustains us, by providing services such as clean water and air, rainfall, fertile soil, and pest control. Destroying animals and plants will ultimately harm us.We do not have a natural right to destroy anything in nature, any more than we have a right to kill other people.
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