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B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC KINH T Tp. HCM
-----------
PHM TH KIM THY
XUT KHU GM M NGH CAVIT NAM VO TH TRNGNHT BN, THC TRNG V CC
GII PHP PHT TRIN
CHUYN NGNH: THNG MIM S : 60.34.10
LUN VN THC S KINH T
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS ON TH HNG VN
Tp. H Ch Minh- Nm 2006
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MC LC
Trang
Li mu ............................................................................................i
Chng 1: C skhoa hc khng nh cn y mnh xut
khu gm m ngh Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn...................1
1.1 Csl lun y mnh xut khu gm m ngh.............................................1
1.1.1 Hc thuyt ca ch ngha trng thng .............................................................1
1.1.2 Hc thuyt li th tuyt i ca Adam Smith....................................................1
1.1.3 Hc thuyt li th tng i ca David Ricardo .............................................. 2
1.1.4 L thuyt bn vng.............................................................................................3
1.2 Tng quan v th trng gm m ngh Nht Bn .................................................4
1.2.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t ca Nht Bn v mi quan h vi
Vit Nam .....................................................................................................................4
1.2.1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t ca Nht Bn...........................4
1.2.1.2 Quan h thng mi ca Nht Bn vi Vit Nam.....................................51.2.2 Th trng gm m ngh Nht Bn v mt s vn cn lu khixut
khu vo th trng ny............................................................................................... 8
1.2.2.1 Quan nim v th hiu tiu dng gm m ngh ca ngi Nht Bn ....... 9
1.2.2.2 Cc quy nh ca Nht Bn i vi hng gm m ngh nhp
khu......................................................................................................................12
1.2.2.3 Nhng iu cn lu trong kinh doanh xut khu gm m ngh vo
th trng Nht Bn .............................................................................................13
1.3 Trin vng i vi gm m ngh Vit Nam ti th trng Nht Bn ................14
1.3.1 ngha ca vic xut khu sang th trng Nht Bn.....................................14
1.3.2 Trin vng ca th trng Nht Bn i vi gm m ngh Vit Nam ............14
1.4 Nhng bi hc kinh nghim y mnh xut khu gm m ngh sang Nht
Bn ca cc nc lng ging........................................................................................16
1.4.1 Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc........................................................................... 16
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1.4.2 Kinh nghim ca Thi Lan................................................................................ 17
1.4.3 Kinh nghim ca Malaysia................................................................................ 19
1.4.4 Bi hc kinh nghim rt ra cho Vit Nam ...................................................... 19Kt lun chng 1
Chng 2: Phn tch tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh ca Vit
Nam vo th trng Nht Bn ..........................................................21
2.1Khi qut v gm m ngh Vit Nam ....................................................................21
2.1.1 Gii thiu i nt v gm s ............................................................................21
2.1.2 Gm m ngh Vit Nam .................................................................................. 222.2 Tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam trong thi gian qua...................23
2.2.1 Tnh hnh xut khu hng gm s m ngh Vit Nam trong thi gian
qua ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Mt s nhn tnh hng n tnh hnh xut khu........................................25
2.2.2.1Hiu qu sn xut v xut khu hng gm m ngh ................................25
2.2.2.2 Ngun lao ng cung cp cho ngnh hng gm m ngh.......................28
2.2.2.3 Trnh cng ngh sn xut....................................................................28
2.2.2.4 Hot ng nghin cu v pht trin mu m...........................................30
2.3 Tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn trong
thi gian qua..................................................................................................................31
2.3.1 Kim ngch xut khu v tc tng trng ....................................................32
2.3.1.1 V xut khu hng gm s m ngh Vit Nam vo th trng Nht
Bn trong thi gian qua........................................................................................322.3.1.2 V t trng xut khu hng gm s m ngh so vi hng th cng m
ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn trong thi gian qua.......................33
2.3.1.3 V t trng kim ngch xut khu hng gm s m ngh trong tng
kim ngch xut khu ca ton ngnh gm s m ngh Vit Nam ......................34
2.2.2 V thng hiu gm cng m ngh ................................................................35
2.2.3 V cht lng v gi c hng gm m ngh xut khu ................................... 36
2.2.4 V mu m sn phm .......................................................................................38
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2.2.5 V phng thc xut khu ...............................................................................40
2.2.6 V ccu th trng gm m ngh ca Nht Bn...........................................42
2.4 Nhng nhn t tc ng n vic sn xut v xut khu hng gm m nghca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn.........................................................................................43
2.4.1 Mi trng bn ngoi ......................................................................................43
2.4.1.1 Chi.......................................................................................................43
2.4.1.2 Nguy c.................................................................................................... 45
2.4.2 Mi trng bn trong ....................................................................................... 47
2.4.2.1 im mnh............................................................................................... 47
2.4.2.2 im yu.................................................................................................. 49
Kt lun chng 2
Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm y mnh xut khu gm m
ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn..................................53
3.1 Mc tiu xut cc gii php ..............................................................................53
3.2 Quan im xut cc gii php ..........................................................................53
3.2.1 Nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm l cng c quan trng thm nhp
th trng ca Nht Bn ............................................................................................53
3.2.2 Coi vic huy ng mi ngun lc trong v ngoi nc tham gia vo vic sn
xut v xut khu hng gm m ngh l quan im mang tnh nguyn tc v
xuyn sut nhm nng cao v th ca hng Vit Nam trn th trng Nht Bn......53
3.2.3 Coi vic thm nhp th trng Nht Bn l bc quan trng thm nhp
cc th trng khc .................................................................................................... 543.2.4 Quan im cc doanh nghip n lc, Nh nc h trcho cc doanh nghip
sn xut v xut khu ................................................................................................ 54
3.4 Cs xut cc gii php phn tch SWOT nhm y mnh xut khu
hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.....................................56
3.4.1 Phn tch kh nng khai thc cc im mnh v khc phc cc im yu
ca ngnh hng gm m ngh Vit Nam. .................................................................58
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3.4.2 Phn tch kh nng khai thc cc chi v khc phc cc nguy cca
ngnh hng gm m ngh Vit Nam.........................................................................61
3.5 Cc gii php y mnh hot ng xut khu gm m ngh vo th trngNht Bn ........................................................................................................................63
3.5.1 Gii php v vn nhm y mnh vic sn xut, xut khu gm m ngh
ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.....................................................................63
3.5.2 a dng ho cc phng thc xut khu hng gm m ngh vo th trng
Nht Bn....................................................................................................................64
3.5.3 Nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca hng gm m ngh Vit Nam...........................66
3.5.3.1 Nng cao kh nng cnh tranh v cht lng hng gm m ngh ..........66
3.5.3.2 Nng cao kh nng cnh tranh v gi hng gm m ngh ......................73
3.5.4 y mnh hot ng marketing mrng th trng xut khu.......................74
3.5.5 Gii php tng cng lin kt ..........................................................................75
3.5 Kin nghi vi nh nc....................................................................................77
3.5.1 Chnh sch h trti chnh ca Chnh Ph ...................................................... 77
3.5.2. y mnh vai tr xc tin thng mi ca Nh nc ....................................77
3.5.3 Hon thin cng tc bo h kiu dng shu cng nghip............................. 78
3.5.4 Xy dng chnh sch h tr cc doanh nghip Vit Nam y mnh xut
khu gm m ngh vo Nht Bn theo hng chin lc lin kt, lin doanh vi
cc nh nhp khu Nht Bn ..................................................................................... 78
Kt Lun Chng 3
Kt Lun..............................................................................................vi
Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho
Ph lc
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DANH MC CC BNG
Trang
Bng 1.1: Quan h xut nhp khu gia Vit Nam vi Nht Bn ..............................6
Bng 1.2: Cc mt hng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam sang Nht Bn....................7
Bng 1.3:Tng kim ngch xut nhp khu Vit Nam v Nht Bn............................8
Bng 1.4: Ccu hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam t Nht Bn nm 2004..................8
Bng 2.1: Kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh Vit Nam nm 2003, 2005 phn
theo i tc......................................................................................................................24
Bng 2.3: Chi ph sn xut v hiu qu kinh t khi s dng 2 loi l.......................26Bng 2.4: Ngun cung cp mu m cho cc doanh nghip ......................................30
Bng 2.5: Li th cnh tranh sn phm ca doanh nghip .......................................38
Bng 2.6: Sthch ca ngi Nht Bn di cch nhn ca cc doanh nghip .......39
Bng 2.7: S lng du khch Nht Bn n Vit Nam ............................................ 41
Bng 2.8: Kh nng am hiu v th trng Nht Bn i vi doanh nghip ...........46
Bng 2.9: Nhng vng mc ca doanh nghip trong qu trnh thc hin xut
khu gm s m ngh sang Nht Bn ...........................................................................47Bng 2.10: Kh khn trong kinh doanh ca doanh nghip .......................................49
Bng 2.11: Cch thc xut khu hng ca doanh nghip sang Nht Bn.................50
Bng 2.12: Khch hng ch yu ca doanh Nghip .................................................50
Bng 2.13: Phng thc tm kim i tc Nht Bn ca cc doanh nghip Vit
Nam ...........................................................................................................................51
Bng 3.1: Phn tch kh nng khai thc cc im mnh ca ngnh gm m ngh
Vit Nam......................................................................................................................... 59
Bng 3.2: Phn tch kh nng khc phc cc im yu ca ngnh gm m ngh
Vit Nam......................................................................................................................... 60
Bng 3.3: Phn tch kh nng khai thc cc chi ca ngnh gm m ngh Vit
Nam.................................................................................................................................61
Bng 3.4: Phn tch kh nng khc phc cc nguy c ca ngnh gm m ngh
Vit Nam......................................................................................................................... 62
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DANH MC CC HNH
Trang
S 1.1: Tc tng trng kinh t ca Nht Bn (VT:%) ................................5
S 1.2: Quy trnh nhp khu hng gm m ngh vo Nht Bn..........................12
S 2.1: Sd cung ng t nguyn liu...............................................................25
S 2.2: Knh phn phi hng gm m ngh nhp khu ...................................... 40
S 2.3: Biu th phn kim ngch gm cc loi nhp khu vo Nht Bn
nm 2004......................................................................................................................... 42
S 2.4. S Raa dnh v kh nng cnh tranh ca gm m ngh Vit Nam
ti th trng Nht Bn ................................................................................................... 52
Hnh 2.1: Kim ngch xut khu gm m nghca Vit Nam giai on 1995-2005 25
Hnh 2.2: Kim ngch xut khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn..32
Hnh 2.3: Kim ngch xut khu hng th cng m ngh v hng gm m ngh
ca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn ...........................................................................................33Hnh 2.4: Kim ngch xut khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam v hng gm m
ngh ca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn
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LI MU1. ngha ca tiMi quan h hp tc Vit Nam-Nht Bn trong nhng nm gn y, c bit
trong lnh vc kinh t khng ngng c mrng v pht trin. Nht Bn c nh
gi l mt trong nhng i tc kinh t quan trng hng u ca Vit Nam. Hai bn
nht tr tin hnh vng m phn u tin v hip nh t do thng mi song
phng vo thng 1\2007 v t mc tiu nng kim ngch thng mi hai chiu t
8,5 t USD nm 2005 ln 15 t USD vo nm 2010. Chuyn thm chnh thc Nht
Bn ca Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng ngy 19/10/2006 va qua l ng lc, mranhiu chi thc y hn na quan h kinh t-thng mi gia Vit Nam - Nht
Bn v cho rt nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut, xut khu ca Vit Nam trong c
ngnh gm m ngh.
Sn xut gm m ngh Vit Nam l mt ngh th cng c truyn c sc v rt
c o ca dn tc Vit Nam, t lu pht trin khp mi min ca t nc.
Khng t gm nc ta c lm mt trnh k thut tng i cao v
trnn ni ting trn khp th gii. Trong sut nhiu th k, nc ta xut khu
gm sang cc nc khng ch trong khu vc Chu , Chu i Dng m c Chu
u. Kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh ca nc ta lin tc tng. Nm 1995
kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh ca nc ta cht 22 triu USD th n nm
2000 t 100,8 triu USD, gn gp 5 ln kim ngch nm 1995, tc tng trng
bnh qun ca giai on ny t gn 80%. Nm 2002 kim ngch xut khu gm s
t 123,5 triu USD v c bit n nm 2005, kim ngch xut khu gm s m
ngh c s tng trng nhy vt, t 174 triu USD.
Mt trong nhng th trng u ra cho gm m ngh Vit Nam l Nht Bn, th
trng c nh hng ti vic pht trin kinh t th gii ni chung v khu vc Chu
ni ring. Tuy nhu cu nhp khu hng gm m ngh ca quc gia ny rt ln nhng
hin nay chng ta ch xut p ng mt phn rt nh. y mnh xut khu hng gm
m ngh ca Vit Nam sang th trng Nht Bn khng nhng to iu kin thun
li nn kinh t Vit Nam y nhanh tin trnh hi nhp, em tinh hoa ca Vit
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Nam sang cc nc bn m cn gip ta duy tr v pht trin ngnh gm vn c
truyn thng lu i, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca mt hng ny ca Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin, ti th trng Nht Bn ngnh gm Vit Nam ang phi cnh tranhvi cc sn phm gm cng loi c sn xut bi cc i th cnh tranh ln nh:
Trung Quc, Thi Lan, MalaysiaDo , mun y mnh vic xut khu hng gm
m ngh ca Vit Nam sang th trng Nht Bn, trong iu kin m ngnh gm m
ngh ca Vit Nam ang mc pht trin cha cao, tnh cnh tranh cn thp th cn
phi nghin cu k th trng ny; nh gi c kh nng thm nhp th trng
thc t ca hng gm m ngh Vit Nam t a ra cc gii php c thy
mnh xut khu sang th trng Nht Bn. Chnh v nhng l do , ngi vit chn
ti lun vn: Xut khu gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht
Bn, thc trng v cc gii php pht trin nh mt ng gp nh vo thc hin
nhim v chung ca ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam
2. i tng v phm vi nghin cu:
i tng nghin cu ca ti l th trng gm m ngh Nht Bn i vi
xut khu ca ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam. Nghin cu nhng c trng ca th
trng ny v s thm nhp, pht trin ca xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam trn
th trng Nht Bn.
Phm vi nghin cu:
V khng gian: Lun vn tp trung nghin cu thc a ti nhng lng ngh sn
xut, xut khu gm s m ngh ch lc ti Vit Nam nh Bt Trng, Bnh Dng,
ng Nai, Vnh Long v ngnh sn xut gm s m ngh ti nhng a phng ny
ng gp ti hn 95% kim ngch xut khu gm s ca c nc. Trong tiny, tc gi chi su nghin cu gm m ngh v hng s v bn s m ngh Vit
Nam cha pht trin, cha sc cnh tranh vi cc sn phm ca Trung Quc,
Nht Bn
V thi gian: Lun vn tp trung nghin cu hot ng kinh doanh xut khu
gm s m ngh ca Vit Nam sang th trng Nht Bn t nm 1998 n nm
2005.
3. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti:
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Lun vn i su vo phn tch, nh gi nhng vn lin quan n vic xut
khu gm m ngh vo th trng Nht Bn, cc thng tin th trng hng gm m
ngh ca Nht Bn, cc i th cnh tranh ca hng gm m ngh Vit Nam trn thtrng Nht Bn.
nh gi thc trng xut khu ca ngnh hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam
ni chung v phn tch tnh hnh xut khu sang th trng Nht Bn ni ring trong
nhng nm gn y. Qua lun vn xc nh cc yu t tc ng thun li, bt li
cng nh nhng im mnh, im yu nh hng ti vic xut khu gm m ngh
Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.
Thng qua vic tng hp, phn tch nh gi trn a ra cc gii php
cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam y mnh xut khu hng gm m ngh sang th
trng Nht Bn.
4. Phng php nghin cu:
Lun vn s dng cc phng php nghin cu nh: phng php phn tch,
phng php so snh, phng php tng hp, phng php thng k, m t v vn
dng quan im, ng li ca ng v khuyn khch pht trin sn xut kinh
doanh nhng sn phm th cng m ngh truyn thng mang bn sc vn ho dn
tc y mnh xut khu nhng mt hng th cng ny, gp phn vo vic pht
trin kinh t x hi v nng cao v th ca hng ho Vit Nam trn th trng th
gii.
Lun vn s dng phi hp nhiu phng php nghin cu trong gm c
hai phng php l nh tnh v nh lng thc hin nghin cu, cc phng
php kho st iu tra thc a, phng php chuyn gia thu thp thng tin, phntch nhng yu tnh hng trc tip ti vic xut khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit
Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.
Nhm thu thp nhng s liu, thng tin c th phn tch, nh gi thc
trng xut khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn, tc gi
tin hnh iu tra x hi hc bng bng cu hi i vi 70 cssn xut xut khu
gm m ngh trong nc (Ph lc s 1, 2, 3) ti cc vng sn xut ch lc l Bt
Trng, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, Vnh Long.
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5. Nhng ng gp mi ca ti:
Cho n nay Vit Nam c nhng cng trnh nghin cu lin quan n vn
xut khu gm m ngh nh sau:1. Cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc cp b: Nhng gii php y mnh xut
khu gm sm ngh Vit Nam do PGS.TS on Th Hng Vn lm ch nhim,
trong nghin cu thc trng sn xut xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam , xc
nh nhng nguyn nhn cbn kim hm kh nng xut khu v t ra nhng
gii php y mnh xut khu gm s m ngh ca Vit Nam trong thi gian ti.
2. Lun n tin s: Nghin cu kh nng cnh tranh ca gm m ngh Vit
Nam v nh hng ca n n hot ng xut khu ca ng V Minh Tm do
PGS TS on Th Hng Vn, TS. L Tn Bu lm ngi hng dn khoa hc,
trong nghin cu v phn tch kh nng cnh tranh, xc nh nhng nhn t
nh hng n kh nng cnh tranh ca ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam t xy
dng nhng nh hng pht trin v nhng gii php c th c tnh kh thi cao
nhm khng ngng nng cao nng lc cnh tranh v m rng th trng xut khu
ca gm m ngh Vit Nam.
3. n Pht trin ngnh gm sm ngh xut khu Vnh Long tnm
2004 n nm 2010 do S Cng Nghip tnh Vnh Long nghin cu, trong
nghin cu nhng c im ca gm s m ngh tnh Vnh Long, nhng im mnh,
im yu, chi, nguy cnhm xut ra nhng gii php y mnh pht trin
sn xut, xut khu ngnh gm s m ngh ca tnh Vnh Long ra th trng cc
nc.
4. Rt nhiu cc bi bo, tham lun ng ti trn cc tp ch chuyn ngnh hoctrn cc tbo ca Trung ng ln a phng lin quan phn nh tnh hnh sn xut,
xut khu ca ngnh gm s m ngh ca cc a phng trn c nc...
Trn csnghin cu nhng ti liu, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc v thc
tin thc hin ni dung ti chn, c th tm tt mt sng gp mi lun
vn s lm phong ph hn v l lun v thc tin nhm y mnh xut khu hng
gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn:
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1.H thng cc l thuyt v quan h kinh t quc t nhm lm r hn nhng
lun c khoa hc v s cn thit phi y mnh xut khu hng gm m ngh ca
Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.2.Phn tch, nh gi c tnh hnh xut khu v xc nh nhng nhn tnh
hng ti vic xut khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht
Bn.
3.Nu ln nhng bi hc kinh nghim vy mnh xut khu hng gm m
ngh ca cc nc vo th trng Nht Bn nh Trung Quc, Malaysia, Thi Lan,
ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam c th hc tp nhm khc phc nhng im
yu cng nh pht huy nhng th mnh ca mnh.
4. Xy dng nhng gii php c th c tnh kh thi cao y mnh xut
khu hng gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.
6. Ni dung ca ti, cc vn cn gii quyt:
Lun vn gm 3 chng:
Chng 1: Cskhoa hc khng nh cn phi y mnh xut khu
gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.
Chng 2: Phn tch tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh ca Vit Nam vo
th trng Nht Bn.
Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm y mnh xut khu gm m ngh ca
Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn.
Tc gi d c gng rt nhiu trong qu trnh thc hin lun vn ny, tuy nhin,
do thi gian hn ch, hn na, vn lun vn cp ti l vn ln nn lun vn
cha nghin cu y cc kha cnh ca ti. Rt mong c s gp v chgio ca qu Thy C, anh ch v cc bn quan tm n ti ny.
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CHNG 1: CSKHOA HC KHNG NH CN Y
MNH XUT KHU GM M NGH VIT NAM VO TH
TRNG NHT BN1.1 Csl lun y mnh xut khu hng gm m ngh
1.1.1 Hc thuyt ca ch ngha trng thng
Thuyt trng thng ra i v pht trin vo th k XV, XVI, XVII. Theo thuyt
trng thng, mt quc gia cng c nhiu vng th cng giu c, cn hng ho ch l
phng tin tng thm khi lng tin t. Con ng duy nht tng thm ti
sn quc gia l con ng ngoi thng v ngoi thng phi thc hin xut siu.
Hot ng ngoi thng l mt tr chi c tng li ch bng zero gia hai quc gia
trao i hng ho vi nhau, nu bn ny c li th bn kia phi c thit hi tng
ng. Li nhun l do lnh vc lu thng mua bn, trao i sinh ra. N l kt qu ca
vic mua t bn nhiu, mua r bn t. Nh nc c vai tr quan trng trong vic pht
trin kinh t, thng nhn cn da vo nh nc v nh nc phi phi hp bo v
thng nhn. Nhng ngi trng thng rt coi trng th trng dn tc, theo h,
trn cshnh thnh v pht trin th trng dn tc, mi dn dn mra th trngquc t.
Do nhng hn chca lch s, tm nhn ca thuyt trng thng vcc vn
kinh tcn phin din. Tuy nhin, vn dng mt sttng ca thuyt trng thng
ngi vit rt ra nhn nh: tng cng pht trin ngnh gm mngh th phi
y mnh xut khu gm mngh vo th trng cc nc. Mt trong nhngu ra
cho gm mngh Vit Nam l th trng Nht Bn, th trng c nh hng ti vic
pht trin kinh tthgii ni chung v khu vc Chu ni ring v c sc mua ln
i vi hng gm mngh cao. Bn cnh , Nh nc phi ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic h trpht trin ngnh truyn thng ny, nh nc phi phi hp cng
vi snlc cgng ca doanh nghip.
1.1.2 Hc thuyt li th tuyt i ca Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1723 1790) l nh l lun kinh t hc chnh tr cin ni ting
ngi Anh, ngi c suy tn l cha ca kinh t hc. Theo Adam Smith,
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thng mi c bit l ngoi thng c tc dng thc y s pht trin kinh t ca
mt quc gia. Mi mt quc gia nn chuyn mn ho vo nhng ngnh sn xut m
h c li th tuyt i chng hn nh ti nguyn thin nhin d khai thc, lao ngdi do, gi nhn cng r, kh hu n ho Quc gia s ch xut khu nhng hng
ho m h c li th tuyt i. Thng mi khng l quy lut tr chi bng khng
m l lut tr chi tch cc theo cc quc gia u c li trong thng mi quc
t
Vn dng hc thuyt ny ta thy: Vit Nam c li thpht trin ngnh gm m
ngh nhc ngun ti nguyn t st, cao lanh di do; c i ng lao ng lnh
ngh, chi ph lao ng tngi thp Trong khi , Nht Bn li rt ngho vti
nguyn thin nhin, phn bri rc vi trlng thp, chi ph nhn cng li cao
c trng ca nn kinh tNht Bn l cc nh sn xut cungng v phn phi kt
hp cht chvi nhau thnh nhng tp on v cng nghip ng vai tr quan trng
nht ca nn kinh tNht Bn. V vy, Vit Nam nn tp trung pht trin ngnh gm
mngh nhm m bo cung cp cho th trng ni a v y mnh xut khu mt
hng ny vo th trng Nht Bn.
1.1.3 Hc thuyt li th tng i ca David Ricardo:
David Ricardo( 1772 -1823) l nh duy vt, nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ng c
C. Mc nh gi l ngi t ti nh cao nht ca kinh t chnh tr t sn cin
Theo David Ricardo, mt nc lun c th v rt c li khi tham gia vo qu trnh
phn cng lao ng quc t bi v pht trin ngoi thng cho php m rng kh
nng tiu dng ca mt nc. Thng mi quc t c th xy ra khi c li th so
snh. Tuy nhin, li th so snh y khng phi l da vo s khc bit v tinguyn thin nhin m l da vo trnh pht trin cc yu t sn xut ca mi
quc gia nh trnh ngun nhn lc, trnh cng ngh, csk thut Li th
so snh tn ti bt c khi no m tng quan v lao ng cho mi sn phm khc
nhau gia hai hng ho. Mi quc gia nn chuyn mn ho vo sn xut v xut
khu nhng sn phm m mnh c li th so snh v nhp khu nhng sn phm m
mnh khng c li th so snh th tt c cc quc gia s c li
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Vn dng hc thuyt ny ta thy: y mnh sn xut v xut khu hng gm
mngh bn cnh vic khai thc, pht huy tt cc li thvti nguyn thin nhin,
vpht huy tay nghcao ca cc ngh nhn lnh nghcn phi tng cng vic citin k thut cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut, khng ngng hon thin cc quy
trnh sn xut, i mi thit b, ci tin mu m nhm khng ngng nng cao cht
lng sn phm, h gi thnh sn phm, a dng ho cc loi mu m nhm tng
kim ngch xut khu. Ngoi ra, do tc ng ca xu thton cu ho nn kinh tth
gii, s chuyn dch c cu kinh tNht Bn, ngnh gm mngh ca Nht Bn
ang mt dn li th so snh v xu hng chuyn dch lnh vc sn xut ra ngoi
nc Nht Bn - c bit l trong ngnh gm mngh- tn dng nhn cng r,
hng gm mngh nhp khu ngy cng chim t trng ln hn trong tng mc tiu
th trn th trng Nht Bn. Xu hng tng mnh nhp khu hng gm mngh
vo th trng Nht Bn v ang mra chi to ln cho chng ta.
1.1.4 L thuyt bn vng
Pht trin bn vng l pht trin p ng vi nhng nhu cu ca hin ti m
khng phi phng hi hoc lm nh hng n kh nng p ng ca th h sau vi
nhng vn ca th h ny. pht trin bn vng, mi th h phi c thc bo
v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin c th chuyn giao cho th h sau khng
nh hn ti nguyn thin nhin hin nay.
Vn dng hc thuyt ny ta thy: pht trin bn vng ngnh hng gm m
ngh cn phi c bit ch trng ti vic chng nhim mi trng, bo v mi
trng sinh thi, chuyn nhng l sn xut gm trong khu vc dn cvo cc khu
cng nghip, thay cc l ci bng l gas, l tunel; thay nhng sn phm to, nngthnh nhng sn phm tinh xo, c gi tr cao nhm khng ngng nng cao kim
ngch xut khu nhng vn m bo cc ngun ti nguyn cho cc thh sau. iu
ny tht sc ngha khi trong thi gian gn y ngi tiu dng Nht Bn ngy
cng quan tm n vn nhim mi trngcc th. Hi hi bn thn sn
phm ln bao b phi t tiu chun vmi trng, tiu chun vcht lng, m
bo an ton cho ngi tiu dng. Do , tng nhanh kim ngch xut khu hng
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gm mngh vo th trng Nht Bn cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn ht sc ch
trng vo cc vn trn.
1.2 Tng quan v th trng gm m ngh Nht Bn1.2.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t ca Nht Bn v mi quan h
vi Vit Nam
1.2.1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t ca Nht Bn
Nht Bn nm ngoi khi lc a Chu theo hnh cnh cung di hn 3.800 km t
20o25 n 45o35 VBc; bn mt tip gip vi bin: Thi Bnh Dng, bin Nht
Bn, bin ng Trung Quc v bin Okhotsk. Nht Bn l mt qun o hnh cung
gm bn hn o ln l Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu v hn 1000 o nh
phn b ri rc ng Bc Chu , trong Honshu chim din tch ln nht ( 60%
din tch nc Nht)
Dn s ca Nht Bn khong 130.000.000ngi (nm 2005), mt dn s
khong 331ngi/km2. V dn tc, i a s l ngi Nht (99.4%) v cc nhm
khc( phn ln l Triu Tin 0.6%). V tn gio, 84% ngi Nht theo o Thn
o v o Pht, cc tn gio khc chim khong 16%. V ngn ng, ch yu l
ting Nht.
Nc Nht rt ngho v ti nguyn thin nhin, li phn b ri rc vi tr lng
thp, a phn cc nguyn liu chin lc phc v cho s pht trin kinh tu da
vo nhp khu: gang, st, thp, cao su Trong khi , Nht Bn khng c tip
qun cc thnh tu kinh t sau chin tranh th gii th hai, nhng hin nay Nht Bn
tr thnh cng quc kinh t th hai trn th gii v ng u Chu v pht
trin kinh t. c trng ca nn kinh t Nht Bn l cc nh sn xut cung ng vphn phi kt hp cht ch vi nhau thnh nhng tp on v cng nghip ng vai
tr quan trng nht ca nn kinh t Nht Bn.
T nm 1990 n nay, gn 15 nm tri qua, nn kinh t Nht Bn tri qua 3
thi k suy thoi, gim st v tc tng trng, a mc tng trng xung thp
hn mc1%, thm ch nm 1998 ch cn -1.7%. Tuy nhin trong hai nm lin tc
2003-2004, kinh t Nht Bn trn khi phc mnh ( nm 2003 l 2.2% v nm
2004 l 2.1%). y l con s tng trng kinh t cao nht ca Nht Bn trong hn
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th k qua, v y l tn hiu tt p vi nhng nc c quan h thng mi cht ch
vi Nht Bn, trong c Vit Nam. ( Xem ph lc 7 : Bng 1.5)
S 1.1 : Tc tng trng kinh t ca Nht Bn (VT:%)
Ngun: JETRO
Mc du c s suy gim kinh t lin tc, nhng nhiu mt hng xut khu ca
Nht Bn vn ng hng u th gii: xe hi, hng in t, hng in, sn phm ckh chnh xc.. m Nht Bn vn ng hng th hai trn th gii v kinh t. Ngoi ra
vai tr cng quc kinh t ca Nht Bn cng c cng c khi Nht Bn l nc
xut khu t bn ra nc ngoi nhiu nht trn th gii. Nc Nht Bn c mc d
tr ngoi t rt cao vi khong 200 t USD v l t nc xy dng m hnh kinh t
da vo thng mi, cn cn ngoi thng xut siu ln.
V tr quan trng ca nn kinh t Nht Bn trong nn kinh t th gii c nng
ln khi Nht Bn tr thnh nh ti trODA ln nht trn th gii vi mc ti tr
bnh qun mi nm l 12 t USD v l nc ng gp v ti chnh nhiu nht cho t
chc Lin Hip Quc.
1.2.1.2 Quan h thng mi ca Nht Bn vi Vit Nam
Nht Bn v Vit Nam c mi quan h tt p t lu i. Vo thi phong kin,
nhiu tu bun Nht Bn gh cp cng Vit Nam thng thng v ph c Hi
An l mt trong nhng chng tch quan trng cho mi quan h. Sau khi nc
2.9
0.40.6 0.6 0.6
2.9
-0.5
-1.7
0.3
0.6
-0.02
-0.7
2.2 2.1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1990 1995 2000 2005
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Cng Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam ra i, Nht Bn thit lp mi quan h vi
min Bc Vit Nam vo thng 9 nm 1973 v vi nc Vit Nam thng nht vo
thng 7 nm 1976, t nn tng cho quan h gia hai ncQuan h thng mi Vit-Nht ang pht trin vi tc cao v lun duy tr l
mt trong 3 th trng xut khu trng im ca ta sau M v EU. Nu nh kim
ngch xut nhp khu gia Vit Nam v Nht Bn nm 2000 t 5,22 t USD, th
nm 2005 kim ngch xut nhp khu 2 nc t hn 8,163 t USD, tng gn 2 ln
so vi nm 2000. Trong quan h thng mi vi Nht Bn, kim ngch xut khu ca
ta trong nhng nm gn y lun t tc pht trin kh cao, tng trung bnh t 15-
20% so vi nm trc. Trong cn cn thng mi th Vit Nam lun l nc xut
siu. C nm 2005, kim ngch xut khu ca ta sang Nht Bn t khong 4,56 t
USD, tng 20,3% so vi nm 2004 (t nm 2001 n nay, ln u tin tc tng
trng vt qua con s 20%).
Bng 1.1 : Quan h xut nhp khu gia Vit Nam vi Nht Bn
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Xut khu
(triu USD)
1.512 1.786 2.622 2.604 2.801 3.200 3.792 4.600
So snh vi nmtrc (%)
- 118,1 146,8 99,3 107,6 114,2 118,5 121,3
Nhp khu(triu USD)
1.478 1.477 2.500 1.785 2.701 2.800 3.126 3.604
So snh vi nmtrc (%)
- 99,9 169,3 71,4 151,3 103,7 111,6 115.3
Tng kim ngchXNK( triuUSD)
2.990 3.263 5.122 4.389 5.502 6.000 6.918 8.204
So snh vi nmtrc(%) - 109,1 157,0 85,7 125.4 123.8 115,3 118,6
Ngun: B thng mi Vit Nam
V nhp khu nm 2005, kim ngch nhp khu ca ta t Nht Bn t khong 3,6
t USD, tng 15,3% so vi 2004. Xut siu ca ta sang Nht Bn t khong 960
triu USD, tng hn 43% so vi nm ngoi. Nu tr du th ta vn xut siu trn 370
triu USD. Kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam khng ch tng v kim ngch n
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tng kim ngch xut khu cng ngy cng c nng cao (c bit i vi sn phm
thy sn, ckh, IT...).
Bng 1.3 :Tng kim ngch xut nhp khu Vit Nam v Nht Bnn v tnh: 1.000 USD
12 thng 2004 12 thng 2005
% nm
trc
Th
phn
% 2004
Th
phn
% 2005
Tng xut ca Nht 556,090,719 596,931,541 7.3%
Tng nhp ca Nht 447,423,967 517,097,763 15.6%
Tng XNK ca Nht Bn 1,003,514,686 1,114,029,304 11.0%Vit Nam nhp khu 3,125,734 3,603,535 15.3% 0.56% 0.60%
Vit Nam xut khu 3,791,524 4,559,854 20.3% 0.85% 0.88%
Tng XNK vi Vit Nam 6,917,258 8,163,389 18.0% 0.69% 0.73%
Ngun: B thng mi Vit Nam
Nhng mt hng Vit Nam nhp khu ch yu tNht Bn
Bng 1.4 : Ccu hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam tNht Bn nm 2004Loi hng T l (%)+ Phng tin giao thng vn ti 22,6+My mc( thit bng c, my dt,my xy dng)
20,7
+ Sn phm v nguyn liu dt 11,5+Sn phm khc 45,2Tng cng 100,0
Ngun: JETRO
Theo JETRO, Vit Nam l mt trong nm nc xut khu nhiu nht hng thcng m ngh vo nc ny. Cn mt hng gm s m ngh mi nm chng ta ch
xut sang Nht khong trn di 10 triu USD trong khi Nht Bn nhp khu khong
1 t USD mt hng gm t cc nc, mt con s qu nh b trong khi tim nng
cung cp mt hng ny ca Vit Nam rt ln.
1.2.2 Th trng gm m ngh Nht Bn v mt s vn cn lu khi xut
khu vo th trng ny
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Nht Bn l th trng truyn thng ca hng gm m ngh Vit Nam. Ngay t
th k 15 -16 cc bt ung tr Vit (gm Chu u) c mt ti Nht Bn, gp phn
pht trin tr o Nht. Nh vy, ngh thut gm tr Vit Nam nh hng ti lchs tr o Nht, cho ta thy tm hn v s rung cm trc ci p ca hai dn tc c
nhiu nt tng ng nhau.
Hng nm Nht Bn nhp khu khong 1 t USD gm s m ngh. Nhng do
th trng Nht Bn i hi rt cao v cht lng, gm vo Nht Bn phi c du
JIS- nhn hiu t nguyn trn csLut Tiu Chun cng nghip Nht Bn, v du
G, ceremic safety Mark nhn hiu Bo m cht lng hng gm, nn hng
gm Vit Nam vo Nht cn kh khim tn, cha tng xng vi tim nng ca
nc ta.
Nu cc doanh nghip gm m ngh Vit Nam sn xut c nhiu sn phm p
ng cc yu cu ca th trng Nht Bn, p ng c nhu cu th hiu ca ngi
tiu dng v bit khai thc cc yu t lch s, th th trng Nht Bn thc s l th
trng y tim nng ca gm m ngh Vit Nam.
1.2.2.1 Quan nim v th hiu tiu dng gm m ngh ca ngi Nht Bn
Nht Bn l mt dn tc hoi c v c khiu thm m t nhng vt nho nh.
Ngy nay trong cc vin bo tng khp nc ny trn qu gi nhng mn tr kh
Vit ti L - Trn - L - Mc lin tc n Nht Bn qua bao th k. Dng tr
gm u tin Raku mang dng bt tr L, Trn. V sau dng gm ny v cc
trng phi khc thng m phng theo m thut gm nc ta. H gi l Annam
Yaki ch cho dng gm hoa lam ca l Chu u, Bt Trng ng Ngoi thi
L, Mc; v Kochi Yaki, tc gm Cochin China x Qung Nam ng Trong cacha Nguyn v sau.
Hin nay, trong cc siu th ca Nht Bn c rt nhiu loi gm ca nhiu nc
khc nhau. Gm Nht Bn c 2 loi: mt loi th mang tnh ngh thut cao m nhiu
ngi chng ta bit - bn vi gi nh nhng tc phm ngh thut, th mt loi
khc gi kh r, l s gia dng vi men trng, mng, ht sc tinh t vi trnh
sn xut cng ngh cao. Bn cnh gm Nht cn c gm gia dng, lu nim
ca Trung Quc mang phong cch Nht lm theo n t hng ca cc thng gia
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Nht Bn v c nhp v bn vi gi bnh dn. Gm Thi Lan vi cc a c kch
thc khc nhau c trng men xanh nh men ngc nhng gia lng a l loi
men thu tinh rn v gi c cng rt bnh dn.Ngi Nht bit n gm Vit Nam v rt hm m gm Vit Nam. Nht, bn
cnh gm Bt Trng cn li gm snh xp ca ng Nai, v gm ca Bnh Dng.
Gm Bt Trng l loi gm snh trng c truyn thng t rt lu i, nhiu ngi
Nht mn m v s dng loi gm ny t nhng th k trc nn rt quan tm
n loi gm Bt Trng mi. Tuy nhin, trong cc loi hng gm Bt Trng xut
sang Nht Bn, ngi Nht thch nht vn l cc chu trng cy men trng v hoa
lam vi nhng kiu dng hoa vn khc nhau. Ngi ta ch n bn ca gm,
bng v u ca men, k thut thnh hnh v k thut v, chm p ni cc hoa vn.
Ni cch khc, ngi Nht rt quan tm n cht lng sn phm, ngh thut to
hnh v trang tr. iu quan tm na l phi lun thay i v mu m nu mun
c c th trng lu di.
Thi gian gn y ngi tiu dng Nht Bn quan tm nhiu ti gm m ngh
dng t th, t . Hin nay, nhu cu v gm m ngh dng lm vn ca
ngi tiu dng Nht Bn rt ln, c bit l nhng sn phm c kiu dng mang nt
Chu u, c hoa vn tht n gin Truc y Nht Bn nhp khu cc mt hng
ny t cc nc nh Ty Ban Nha, Bo Nha. Hin nay, Nht Bn chuyn sang
nhp khu nhng mt hng ny t Vit Nam, Trung Quc do c cht lng tng
ng nhng gi thnh li thp hn. Tuy nhin, gi cc mt hng ny ca Trung
Quc li thng cao hn ca Vit Nam. Nhng hng gm c nhp t cc nc
khu vc ng Nam phn ln l hng r tin. Nhng mt hng lm th cng cakhu vc ny cng ang dn c nhp nhiu do thch hng truyn thng ca ngi
Nht.
Hng chu u c bit n vi cht lng v mu m tuyt vi, thng
c bn trong cc bch ho tng hp hoc cc ca hng chuyn dng Nht Bn.
Phn ln hng chu u c nhn mc ni ting v c ngi tiu dng Nht a
chung. Cc chn tch, bng nc st, a ng bnh ko ca chu u, nhng
th giy trthnh li sng Nht Bn.
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Ngi Nht Bn dng sn phm gm nh bp lm theo kiu truyn thng ca
Nht v theo kiu phng Ty. Trn th trng bt u xut hin hng theo kiu
phng Ty nhng li mang c nt c trng ca Nht, c hnh con thoi hay hnh qubu dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau, t dng n m ng n cm cari v c mn
n Trung Quc.
Cc sn phm cc chn kiu phng Ty c dng trong cc dch v ung
tr v c ph, a hnh 6 cnh thng dng trong cc mn n truyn thng Nht Bn
nh mn sng "sashimi", cc loi a to ng knh 20cm vi su va phi th
c dng n mn cm cari. Ngi Nht thch mu xanh nht v hay chn kiu
cch c hoa, thng dng nht l hoa hng.
Ngoi ra ngi tiu dng Nht Bn cn c cc c im v nhu cu, th hiu
tiu dng hng gm m ngh nhsau
- Thch nhng g n gin, nh nhn, tinh t v kho lo hn nhng th to
ln, lng ly, honh trng.
- Ngi tiu dng Nht Bn i hi cht lng sn phm cao: ngi tiu dng
Nht Bn cho rng sn phm sn xut th cng khng c ngha l cht lng khng
tt. Nhng khim khuyt m cc quc gia khc khng c vn nh mt vt xc
nh, ng vin khng cn hay mu sn b m trong mt sn phm th Nht Bn
c coi l b h hng. Vic ng gi sn phm cht lng cao cng c ngi
Nht Bn coi l cn thit.
- Nguyn vt liu t nhin: thin nhin l ngi bn gn gi v quen thuc vi
ngi Nht Bn. Do nhng sn phm c lm t cht liu t nhin nh gm c
bit c a chung.- Sn phm phi mang bn sc vn ho quc gia sn xut chng: ngi tiu
dng Nht Bn rt quan tm n nhng sn phm phn nh tp tc vn ho, truyn
thng k thut, vt t v thit k ti chnh quc gia . Gn y Nht Bn ni
ln mt khuynh hng thi trang v s dng qu Chu v hng trang tr ni tht
trong cc gii tiu th thuc cc nhm tui khc nhau.
- Yu t sinh thi: gn y ngi tiu dng Nht Bn ngy cng quan tm n
vn nhim mi trng cc th. Hi hi bn thn sn phm ln bao b
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phi t tiu chun v mi trng. V vy, h c xu hng tiu dng nhng sn
phm c bao b khng qu cu k, s dng vt liu c th thu hi, ti ch v dng li.
1.2.2.2 Cc quy nh ca Nht Bn i vi hng gm m ngh nhp khu:Quy trnh nhp khu hng gm m ngh vo Nht Bn:
S 1.2 Quy trnh nhp khu hng gm m ngh vo Nht Bn: `
Ngun: B Thng MiBc 1: Ngi nhp khu tin hnh k khai hi quan, lm th tc nhp khu.
Bc 2: Hi quan kim tra chng t.
Bc 3: Nu hng ho yu cu kim nh theo lut th hi quan s tin hnh
kim nh, nu khng th thi.
Bc 4: Sau khi hi quan tin hnh kim nh i vi l hng yu cu kim
nh, ngi nhp khu tin hnh lm th tc hi quan nhp l hng nu hng ho
Bc 2:
Bc 3:
K khai th tc nhpkhu
Nu c php nhp
Khng yu cu kimnh
Tin hnh kim nh
Yu cu kim nh
Kim tra chng t
Nu khng ch nh khu
Tr li hoc loi bLm th tc hi quan
Hon tt th tc
Bc 1:
Bc 4:
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c php nhp v hon tt th tc. Nu l hng khng t yu cu kim nh, hi
quan Nht s hon tr li hoc loi b l hng.
Nhn hiu hng ho: i vi hng gm, Nht Bn c cc du hiu chngnhn sn phm t tiu chun cht lng, m bo an ton cho ngi tiu dng nh
du JIS, G v Ceramic Ware Safety Mark.
Nhn hiu t nguyn da trn c s Lut Tiu chun Cng nghip Nht Bn
(JIS). Doanh nghip no mun c du JIS trn sn phm ca mnh do Vin Tiu
chun Cng nghip Nht Bn thc hin khi vo th trng Nht Bn th phi tun th
cc quy nh v bo m cht lng, mu m ca Lut Tiu chun Cng nghip Nht
Bn.
Nhn hiu m bo cht lng hng gm: - Ceramic Ware Safety Mark da
theo tiu chun cng nghip t nguyn. U Ban c vn v nhn hiu ca Hip hi
cc nh sn xut gm Nht Bn s thc hin vic ng gi nhn hiu Ceramic
Ware safety Mark ln cc sn phm hoc ln cc bao b sn phm ( trng hp sn
phm c ng gi trong hp) sau khi cc sn phm ny c kim tra v chng
nhn ph hp vi cc quy nh ca Lut V sinh an ton thc phm ca Nht Bn.
( Xin xem thm chi titph lc 4)
Quy nh v thu nhp khu: tr cc mt hng nm trong danh mc u i,
mc thu nhp khu ni chung l 3,4% cho nhng mt hng thng thng, 2,3% cho
cc nc tham gia T chc thng mi th gii.
( Xin xem thm chi titph lc 6)
1.2.2.3 Nhng iu cn lu trong kinh doanh xut khu gm m ngh vo th
trng Nht BnChin lc thm nhp th trng thng qua i tc, nh phn phi: S hin
din trc tip trn th trng Nht Bn l cch tt nht c th thm nhp c vo
th trng ny. Nhng l hnh thc ht sc tn km. Vic tm kim v la chn
i tc i din cho Doanh nghip l chin lc Marketing mang tnh kh thi cao
hn i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh ca Vit Nam.
La chn nh phn phi: Hnh thc ny i hi phi c s tuyn chn k lng
da trn s hiu bit su sc i tc ca DN ti Nht.Ti Nht, cc nh phn phi
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thng chuyn bit ho trong mt a bn hoc mt nhm ngnh hng nht nh. Cc
cng ty nhp khu Nht Bn thng c la chn tr thnh i din bn hng
cho cc nh xut khu nc ngoi (d rng khng nht thit i hi). Trong mt strng hp, th y l iu rt cn thit trin khai v mrng th trng ti Nht.
Lp i din ti Nht: Mc d chi ph thu vn phng v nhn cng rt cao,
nhng vic lp vn phng i din ti Nht ngy cng t tn km hn do gi thu vn
phng ang c chiu hng gim dn.
Marketing trc tuyn: Bao gm vic t hng qua th, tip th qua in thoi,
tip xc khch hng trc tip, bn hng qua mng v thng mi in t l mt
phng php bn hng hp dn cho cc nh xut khu tip cn vi khch hng Nht
Bn m khng nht thit phi thng qua cc knh phn phi truyn thng.
Hnh thc chn mua hng qua catalogue, bt u c a vo gia nhng nm
1990, l mt hnh thc bn hng c rt nhiu trin vng, vi ng yn mnh v s
snh ngoi ca ngi Nht ngy cng gia tng.
Tham gia cc hi ch trin lm: Cc hi ch trin lm, cc cuc hi tho v
thng micng din ra thng xuyn ti Nht, khng ch ring Tokyo m cn
hu ht cc trung tm thng mi - cng nghip v cc thnh ph ln ca Nht. Cc
cng ty Vit Nam nn tm kim s ti tr ca cc trung tm xc tin v hp tc
thng mi ca hai nc.
1.3 Trin vng i vi gm m ngh Vit Nam ti th trng Nht Bn
1.3.1 ngha ca vic xut khu sang th trng Nht Bn
Xut khu hng gm m nghsang Nht Bn c ngha to ln trong vic gii
quyt th trng u ra cho ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam, l c hi tt cho ccdoanh nghip gm m nghtham gia vo lnh vc thng mi quc t. To iu kin
hc hi, c st v c thm kinh nghim trong qun l v kinh doanh.
Mt khc, vic y mnh xut khu hng gm m nghsang th trng Nht Bn
l chi to ln thu ht cc nh u t nc ngoi n Vit Nam khai thc cc
ngun lc phc v cho sn xut v xut khu.
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Vic tng khi lng xut khu ca hng gm m nghs ko theo s pht trin
ca cc ngnh cng nghip v nng nghip ph trpht trin, gii quyt vn thu
nhp, vic lm cho nhiu ngi lao ng v chuyn mn ho lao ngVic tng khi lng xut khu ca ngnh gm m nghto iu kin cho nc
ta thu c khon ngoi t ln phc v cho cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t.
1.3.2 Trin vng ca th trng Nht Bn i vi gm m ngh Vit Nam
Vic gia nhp WTO ang mra trin vng cho gm m ngh Vit Nam tip cn
v tng nhanh lng hng gm m ngh vo th trng Nht Bn. Ngnh gm m
ngh Vit Nam, vi th mnh sn c li c c s quan tm ca ng v Nh nc,
ang pht trin nhanh chng v vn ln mnh m ti th trng cc nc, trong
ngnh xc nh th trng Nht Bn l mt trong nhng th trng quan trng.
Nhng thnh qu ban u khng nh ng n trong chin lc. Tuy nhin, trong
thi gian ti, xut khu hng gm m ngh Vit Nam ang ng trc nhiu chi
v kh khn.
Nhng chi:
- Vi dung lng v kh nng tiu th ln v a dng, Vit Nam s c nhiu
chi v kh nng tip cn y mnh xut khu hng ho gm m ngh vo th
trng Nht Bn.
- Do tc ng ca xu th ton cu ho nn kinh t th gii, s chuyn dch c
cu kinh t Nht Bn, ngnh gm m ngh ca Nht Bn ang mt dn li th so
snh v xu hng chuyn dch lnh vc sn xut ra ngoi nc Nht Bn- c bit l
trong ngnh gm m ngh - tn dng nhn cng r, hng gm m ngh nhp khu
ngy cng chim t trng ln hn trong tng mc tiu th trn th trng Nht Bn.Xu hng tng mnh nhp khu hng gm m ngh vo th trng Nht Bn v
ang mra chi to ln cho chng ta.
- Vit Nam l nc c li th to ln v ngun nhn lc do dn sng, trnh
vn ho kh cao v mt trong vi nc c gi thnh lao ng thp nht Chu .
- Ngnh gm m ngh l ngnh c truyn thng lu i Vit Nam. ng
thi s pht trin ca ngnh gm m ngh ph hp vi nh hng chin lc ca
ng v Nh nc.
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Nhng thch thc:
- H thng lut php Nht Bn cht ch vi nhng quy nh nghim ngt, li
khc rt nhiu so vi lut php Vit Nam lm cc doanh nghip xut khu gm mngh d ri vo nhng tranh chp vi cc cng ty khc hay b chnh quyn nc s
ti x pht. iu ny lm cho cc doanh nghip phi tn nhiu chi ph v cng sc
tm hiu v khai thc c hiu qu.
- Th trng Nht Bn c h thng phn phi rt phc tp vi s tham gia ca
nhiu loi cng ty gy kh khn cho cc doanh nghip gm m ngh Vit Nam khi
mun thm nhp.
- Cc sn phm gm m ngh Vit Nam, ngoi tr s t cc sn phm, cha
p ng c yu cu ca ngi Nht Bn v cht lng sn phm, v thit k mu
m v a dng ho sn phm.
- Th trng Nht Bn l mt trong nhng th trng ln trn th gii, rt
nhiu nc la chn th trng ny l th trng xut khu chnh nn s cnh tranh
din ra ngy cng gay gt. Li thang thuc v nhng nc c u t qui m v
hp l cho pht trin ngun nguyn liu trong nc, thit k thi trang, tip th sn
phm l bi hc ca nhng nc nh Trung Quc, Thi Lan
1.4 Nhng bi hc kinh nghim y mnh xut khu hng gm m ngh sang
Nht Bn ca cc nc lng ging
1.4.1 Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc
- Cng ngh sn xut: Gm Trung Quc chim mt th phn kh ln trn th
trng th gii, ti Nht Bn l hn 70%. Trung Quc rt ch trng p dng cng
ngh hin i nng cao cht lng, h gi thnh sn phm nh p dng sn xutbn tng nhiu khu (lc t, to hnh); khu ch tc cng c chuyn mn
ho cao m c bit l khu to hnh sn phm mc, nh sn xut p dng cgii
ho rt ngn thi gian sn xut v lm gia tng tnh ng nht ca bn thnh
phm, trong khi nhng khu nh v hoa vn th ci tin phng php tc nghip
sao cho nng sut tng nhng vn gic nt c trng ca Trung Hoa; s dng h
thng l nung hin i, c nhit bnh thng 6000o C, cao nht 13000o C.
Nhng khu quan trng nh nung sn phm, hin nay a s nhng nh sn xut u
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s dng l nung bng gaz nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh sn phm. u t
nhiu cho khu sng to mu, pha ch nguyn liu v pha mu.
- Sh trca Chnh ph: Chnh ph Trung Quc khuyn khch ng h vicpht trin sn xut, c bit i vi cc x nghip sn xut t nhn c quy m va v
nhc thnh lp bi nhng ngi c tay ngh v nng ng. Chnh ph ginh
nhng qu tn dng c bit khuyn khch cc nh sn xut mrng sn xut v
c bit u i i vi nhng d n i mi cng ngh hoc x nghip mi xy dng
nhng phng php cng ngh sn xut tin tin to ra c nhng sn phm c
cht lng cao. tng kh nng cnh tranh cho cc x nghip sn xut trong hot
ng xut khu, Chnh ph h trvn vi li sut thp khi cc nh sn xut c hp
ng xut khu mL/C.
- Cng tc qung b, tip th: Mt trong nhng iu dn n s thnh cng ca
gm Trung Quc chnh l vic rt ch trng n hot ng marketing trong ln
ngoi nc, quan tm n vic xut khu ti ch, kt hp cht ch vic pht trin
ngnh gm vi vic pht trin thng mi v du lch. Nhng nh xut khu Trung
Quc bit tn dng ti a thng hiu gm Trung Hoa c khng nh t lu i
trn th trng th gii khng ngng thu ht khch hng, khng ch qung b ti
cc hi chnc ngoi, h cn t chc hng nm hi chCanon hai ln vo thng
04 v thng 10 li ko khch hng i vi hng thi kt hp pht trin du lch
v thc y pht trin nhng mt hng khc nh ngc trai, t lai vi nhng
hot ng qung b ti nc ngoi, cc doanh nghip sn xut thng tp trung vi
nhau theo nhng cng ty xut khu ln c uy tn v nng lc kinh doanh ngoi
thng i din cho h, nh hnh nh ca h xut hin trn thng trng cn tng i vi khch hng ng thi h c th cng nhau bo v gi bn trnh b
p gi hoc ph gi ln nhau.
Ngoi ra gm Trung Quc rt ch trng n vic kt hp gia tnh dn tc v tnh
hin i nhm gic nhng nt c trng ca gm Trung Quc nh : mu sc rc
r, hoa vn cho hnh Long Ln Quy - Phng (nhng biu tng may mn
ph qu ca Trung Quc), ng nt cu k.
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1.4.2 Kinh nghim ca Thi Lan
- Cng ngh sn xut: Thi Lan l mt trong nhng nc xut khu gm rt
mnh. Ti th trng Nht Bn th phn ca gm Thi Lan chim hn 5%. NgiThi Lan to ra c rt nhiu sn phm c o, mi l, cht lng cao c
khch nc ngoi rt a chung. Trong lnh vc sn xut, Thi Lan u t kh mnh
nh my p thy lc p v dp cc loi chu, l nung bng gaz gip hn ch ti
a cc loi ph phm, nng cao nng sut. c bit vng sn xut Lampang tr
thnh mt vng sn xut cc loi gm cao cp nh s cch nhit, s chu nhit cao
dng trong cc l nung, gm trang tr nhh p dng nhng cng ngh sn
xut tng ho cao t khu ch bin nguyn liu n khu nung thnh phm, Thi
Lan cng chuyn mn ho cao ngnh ch bin t kaolin cung cp nguyn liu
th c cht lng cao, n nhcho cc nh sn xut, nh h c th to ra nhng
sn phm cht lng cao, gi thnh h (nhh thp t l ph phm) c th cnh tranh
vi hng gm Trung Quc.
- Cng tc qung b, tip th: ngh thut marketing ca ngi Thi Lan rt cao.
Nhng ngi bn hng gm vi n ci lun n trn mi, am tng v sn phm,
lch s, nhit tnh, tn ty v bit chiu lng khch gp phn to nn hnh nh p
v gm Thi Lan trong lng du khch. Hn th na, mi im du lch ngoi cc
sn phm cao cp cc sn phm gm n gin, r tin, nhng ly, bt, a nhng nh
bit kt hp kho lo vi du lch v ngnh nhip nh m mi nm nhng sn phm
gm n gin ny cng mang v cho Thi Lan hng chc triu USD.
Cc doanh nghip Thi Lan thng tham gia cc hi chthng mi quc t ln
ti Hoa K v Chu u theo t chc ca Hip hi ngh hoc U ban pht trinthng mi Thi Lan, cc cquan ny t chc cc hi chhng nm ti cc vng
sn xut cc nh sn xut a phng trin lm v bn sn phm ca mnh cho c
dn v khch tham quan n theo cc tour du lch..
- Sh trca Chnh ph v hip hi ngh gm: Mt trong nhng ng gp
vo s thnh cng ca ngnh gm Thi Lan chnh l s hot ng rt mnh v thc
s l ngi ng vai tr tp hp lc lng xut khu gm. Hip hi Gm Thi
Lan khng ch quan tm ti hot ng marketing, ti chnh, m cn rt quan tm n
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vn mu m, cng ngh, cht lng sn phm. Hip hi c Vin nghin cu pht
trin gm, ng gp rt ln cho vic y mnh xut khu gm s Thi Lan. Hip hi
gm Thi Lan xy dng c Trung tm pht trin gm c trang b hin i chuyn nghin cu nng cao cht lng, h gi thnh qua vic h t l ph phm v
tm kim ngun nguyn liu mi.
1.4.3 Kinh nghim ca Malaysia
Malaysia l mt trong nhng nc c truyn thng sn xut v xut khu gm t
lu i, hin nay th phn ca gm Malaysia ti Nht Bn l trn di 2%.
- Cng ngh sn xut: trnh cgii ho c p dng rt cao trong cng
ngh sn xut gm m ngh ca Malaysia. a s cc khu nh ch bin t v to
hnh u c thc hin bi my mc, nhng dn my p chu bng h thng thu
lc cho php h sn xut ra sn phm chu hoa rt nhanh, ng u cao v tit
kim nhn lc. Khu nung sn phm c ci tin bng loi l t du c bung t
ln v c th di chuyn lin tc nh c th tit kim nng lng v thi gian
nung.
- Cng tc qung b sn phm: Cc nh sn xut v xut khu gm Malaysia
to c th mnh cnh tranh ca mnh qua vic p ng cc n hng ln nhnng
lc sn xut cao. Tuy nhin, tnh on kt tng h gia cc nh xut khu Malaysia
trong hot ng ngoi thng cn thp, dn n nhng phn ng chm chp khi
khuynh hng th trng thay i t nhng n hng ln, n gin sang nhng n
hng va v nh nhng yu cu a dng ha sn phm cao.
1.4.4 Bi hc kinh nghim rt ra cho Vit Nam
Nghin cu nhng kinh nghim thnh cng ca nhng nc xut khu hng gmm ngh vo th trng Nht Bn trong khu vc v trn th gii gip ta c kt c
nhng bi hc c gi tr gip ch cho cc doanh nghip gm m ngh Vit Nam trong
qu trnh thm nhp vo th trng Nht Bn tt hn:
- a dng ho mt hng, ci tin mu m thng xuyn: lin tc thay i mu
m sn phm, a ra th trng nhng sn phm gm m ngh mi ph hp hn vi
nhu cu ngi tiu dng ngi Nht. y l kinh nghim m Trung Quc p dng
rt thnh cng.
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- Nng cao cht lng sn phm gm m ngh: bng cch hon thin quy trnh
chuyn mn ho x l t nguyn liu c cht lng ng nht, n nh v a dng
p ng c cc yu cu ca nh sn xut. t nguyn liu c d tr vi khilng ln gip cho ton b quy trnh sn xut n nh, gim bt chi ph n do phi
sn xut th hoc sn phm hng. y l bi hc kinh nghim t Trung Quc, Thi
Lan, Malaysia
- Nng cao tnh cnh tranh v gi chim lnh th trng: th trng Nht
Bn l th trng rng ln v rt a dng vi nhiu phn khc th trng, t sn
phm cao cp gi cao n cc sn phm thp gi r. Thm na, nhng ngi tiu
dng Nht Bn c tnh thc dng, gi hng r vn lun l mt yu tc ngi
Nht quan tm. y l bi hc kinh nghim t Trung Quc, Thi Lan c bit l
Trung Quc, nc rt thnh cng trong chin lc ny.
- u txy dng csh tng theo hng cng nghip: nhm hp l ho
qu trnh sn xut v p dng cgii ho mt s cng on nh to hnh, sy kh
bn phm, ph men nh c th tng nng sut lao ng nhng vn gic
tnh th cng c trng ca sn phm. y l bi hc kinh nghim t Trung Quc,
Malaysia
- Tn dng kiu bo ang sinh sng Nht Bn nh l cu ni a sn
phm gm m nghn vi ngi tiu dng bn x: l kinh nghim thnh
cng ca nhiu nc Chu nh Trung Quc, Hn Quc, i Loan, Philipines
- Kin ngh nhm xy dng chnh sch h trhu hiu ca Chnh Ph: bng
cc cng cn by ti chnh, cc hi chthng mi nhm thu ht khch hng.
Nng cao vai tr ca cc hip hi ngnh hng to nn sc mnh tng hp, scthc hin cc n hng ln ca Nht Bn. y l bi hc kinh nghim m Trung
Quc v Thi Lan p dng rt thnh cng.
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KT LUN CHNG 1
Th trng gm mngh Nht Bn l mt trong nhng th trng trng
im ca gm mngh Vit Nam. Hn thna, th trng Nht Bn l mttrong nhng th trng c sc mua cao nn vic y mnh xut khu sang
Nht Bn khng nhng gip tng kim ngch xut khu, tng ngun thu ngoi
t m cn y nhanh qu trnh hi nhp vi nn kinh tthgii.
Ngnh gm m ngh Vit Nam vi tim nng v li th ca mnh hon
ton c kh nng thm nhp mnh mhn vo th trng ny. Cng vi s
pht trin trong quan h kinh tquc tvi Nht Bn v schuyn dch ca
nn cng nghip gm mngh sang cc nc ang pht trin, vic y mnh
xut khu hng gm mngh sang th trng ny l mt chin lc ngn
v cn thit.
Tuy nhin, th trng Nht Bn l mt trong nhng th trng rt hp dn
do c sc tiu th tngi ln, th hiu tiu dnga dng nhng li c rt
nhiu nhng ro cn v kh khn nhmc cnh tranh cao, h thng phn
phi chc ch. Do , cc doanh nghip gm mngh Vit Nam cn phi ymnh vic tm hiu tp qun thng mi, phng cch kinh doanh ca ngi
Nht v cc lut l, quy nh ca lut php nhm y mnh xut khu hng
dt may vo th trng ny.
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CHNG 2: PHN TCH TNH HNH XUT KHU GM M NGH
CA VIT NAM VO TH TRNG NHT BN
2.1 Khi qut v gm m ngh Vit Nam2.1.1 Gii thiu i nt v gm s
gm xut hin trn th gii cch y khong mt vn nm. Thi im xut
hin gm mi dn tc c th sm mun khc nhau nhng vic pht minh ra
gm l cng trnh lao ng sng to ca rt nhiu dn tc trn th gii. Trung Quc
l nc xut hin gm sm nht Chu ; t thi nh Thng (1766 1123
TCN). Tip l Ai Cp, Irc lm c s t thi Fatimites (640- 1171).
Mexico ngi ta tm c nhng hin vt gm t thi nn vn minh Maya.
Chu u cng c nhng trung tm gm ni ting l Ty Ban Nha, , lu vc sng
ng (Nga), sng Ranh (c)
gm s l dng ch nhng sn phm m nguyn liu sn xut chng
gm mt phn hoc tt c l gm hoc cao lanh nh t nung, gch ngi, chum
vi gm l sn phm c lm ch yu tt v nung qua la. Vi s pht
trin khng ngng ca x hi, ca k thut to iu kin cho sn phm gm ngycng a dng v tinh xo. Ngy nay t gm tr thnh tn gi chung ca 5
loi sn phm sau:
- Gm t nu: lm bng t st thng, nung nhit 6000 C n 9000 C, mu
, xp, ngm nc
- Gm snh nu: lm bng t st thng, nung nhit 11000 C n 12000 C,
xng t chy, c thu quang.
- Gm snh xp: lm bng t st trng, nung nhit 12000 C n 12500 C,
mu vng ng, xng t xp, hi thm nc.
- Gm snh trng: lm bng t st trng, cao lanh, nung nhit 12500 C n
12800 C, xng t sm chy, khng thm nc.
- s: lm bng t st trng, cao lanh, v cc loi trng thch, thch anh,
nung nhit t 12800 C n 13200 C, xng t chy, c thu quang
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Ngoi ra, nu xt theo cng dng, ta c th chia sn phm gm lm thnh 3 nhm
chnh:
- Gm gia dng: gm un nu, cha ng, dng n hoc ung- Gm ngh thut: gm tng gm, ph iu gm, tranh ghp gm, tranh v
trn gch gm, a treo tng
- Gm k thut: gm gm cch in, gm chu nhit, gm chu axit, gm
trong cng c sn xut, gm trong my mc
Nu xt theo tnh thm m ta c th chia gm lm cc loi sau:
- Gm m ngh: a yu cu thm m ln hng u, nhm ny bao gm gm
ngh thut, gm gia dng p, cao cp, gm kin trc cao cp
- Gm gia dng thng thng.
- Gm cng nghip / Gm k thut.
2.1.2 Gm m ngh Vit Nam
Gm l mt mt hng th cng m ngh truyn thng ca Vit Nam vi hng
trm nm lch s pht trin. Cc mu hng gm ca Vit Nam mang tnh a dng,
c hon thin t chnh nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Cc loi men
ca Vit Nam cng rt c o v mang tnh cht truyn thng. Mi cssn xut
u c cch pha men ring vi nhng chi tit rt tinh t v kthut pha ch lun c
ci tin. S phong ph v kthut pha men to nn nt c o v sn phm ca
tng a phng. Cc mu m hng gm v cng phong ph v loi hnh, cng dng,
kch c, hnh dng v ch cn thay i i cht t vng nt un ln, hay tit ho
l c th cho ra i mt sn phm mi. Chnh v vy cc loi hnh sn phm gm
lin tip c b sung trn th trng. Tnh cht m thut ca loi sn phm nyc to nn bi hnh dng sn phm v nhng ng nt tit ho trn mt sn
phm. Ngi tiu dng chn sn phm theo cng dng, kch c, cht men v hnh
thc cng nh dng dp nhi c ca sn phm.
Gm Vit Nam l mt ngh th cng c truyn c sc v rt c o ca dn
tc, t lu pht trin khp mi min ca t nc. Cc sn phm gm ca ta c
hnh thc p, cht lng tt, c mi ngi tiu dng a chung. Khng t gm
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nc ta c lm mt trnh k thut tng i cao v trnn ni ting
trn khp th gii.
Gm m ngh Vit Nam l tp hp cc sn phm c sn xut bng phngphp th cng c tnh m thut cao v thng gn vi cc lng ngh truyn thng,
mang m bn sc vn ho ca dn tc v quc gia.Cc sn phm gm m ngh bao
gm nhng mt hng chnh sau: l hoa, chu cnh, l bnh gi c, bt hng, tng
Cha, tng Pht, con vt, bnh ng ru, bnh m chn tr, bt a, tranh v lu
nim... Cc sn phm trn c lm vi cc kch ckhc nhau v trn l cc nt
ho tit v phong cnh v in tch (thng l T Bnh Xun, H, Thu, ng, tranh
ng qu nhn tn, tranh phong cnh v tranh in tch...).
Trong sut nhiu th k, nc ta xut khu gm sang cc nc khng ch
trong khu vc Chu , Chu i Dng m c Chu u.
Gm Vit Nam c t thi k vn ho Bc Sn v ngy cng trnn tinh xo
hn. Lch s pht trin ngnh gm ca Vit Nam tri qua cc thi k: thi nguyn
thu, thi cc vua Hng, gm men qua cc thi L - Trn L. Gm Vit Nam l
mt ngh c truyn thng lu i, c mt lch s vng son rc r. y chnh l mt
li thc bit, mt ti sn v gi c t tin li, gip chng ta y mnh xut
khu.
Trn khp t nc Vit Nam, t Mng Ci cho n mi C Mau, tnh no cng
c cssn xut gm. c bit ng bng sng Hng hu nhhuyn no cng
c l gch, l gm. Tuy tri rng khp t nc nhng nhng ni lm ra gm tht s
c hiu qu, nhng ni lm ra gm c gi tr thng mi, c bit c gi tr xut khu
th ch tp trung ch yu ba vng : Bt Trng, min ng Nam B (Bnh Dng,ng Nai) v Vnh Long. Tng kim ngch xut khu gm m ngh ca cc a
phng ny chim khong 90% kim ngch xut khu gm m ngh ca c nc.
2.2 Tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam trong thi gian qua
2.2.1 Thc trng xut khu hng gm sm ngh Vit Nam trong thi gian qua
Cho n nay gm s m ngh Vit Nam c mt hn 120 th trng phn b
trn cc chu lc nh sau:
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- Th trng Chu u: chim khong 80% kim ngch xut khu hng gm s m
ngh ca Vit Nam.
- Th trng Chu M: chim khong 10%.- Th trng Chu : t 5 6%
- Th trng Chu a Dng (c v New Zealand) khong 4 5%.
Bng 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu gm sm ngh Vit Nam nm 2003, 2005
phn theo i tc
VT: Triu USD
Nm 2003 2005
i tc( chu lc Gi tr T trng (%) Gi tr T trng (%)
Chu u 120,6 81,2 139,5 80,2
Chu M 14,6 9,8 18,8 10,8
Chu ( Nht Bn) 7,7 5,2 9,3 5,3
Khc 5,6 3,8 6,36 3,7
Tng kim ngch xut khu
(2003)
148,5 100 174 100
Ngun: http//www.vnemark.com
Hin nay, khong 50% gm s m ngh ca Vit Nam c tiu th bng con
ng xut khu, ng gp mt phn ng k vo kim ngch xut khu ca nc ta.
Kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh ca nc ta giai on 1995-2005 c th
hin trn hnh 2.1
Theo nh hnh 2.1 ta thy, kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh ca nc ta
lin tc tng. Nm 1995 kim ngch xut khu gm s m ngh ca nc ta cht 22
triu USD th n nm 2000 t 100,8 triu USD, gn gp 5 ln kim ngch nm
1995, tc tng trng bnh qun ca giai on ny t gn 80%. Nm 2002 kim
ngch xut khu gm st 123,5 triu USD v c bit n nm 2005, kim ngch
xut khu gm s m ngh c s tng trng nhy vt, t 174 triu USD.
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Hnh 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu gm sm nghca Vit Nam giai on 1995 -2005
22 22.7
54.4 55.1
83.1
108.4117.1
123.5
148.5 151.8
174
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9 2 00 0 2 00 1 2 00 2 2 00 3 2 00 4 2 00 5
Ngun: B Thng Mi
2.2.2 2 Mt s nhn tnh hng n tnh hnh xut khu
2.2.2.1Hiu qu sn xut v xut khu hng gm m ngh
S 2.1: S cung ng t nguyn liu:
Ngun: http//www.vnemark.com
Hin nay s phn cng lao ng trong ngh gm tng i r i vi cc khu
nho trn t lm nguyn liu, nn, nung sn phm. C ba khu nho t lm nguyn
liu, nn, nung sn phm nhn chung c cng ngh hon ton khc nhau; Vic nho
trn t cn c khng gian rng chuyn t n, cht, ch nho trn t v
cn kthut nho trn t trong khi vic to hnh sn phm li i hi bn tay tinh t
hn, k thut cao hn v lin quan ti nhiu khu phc tp nh to dng, nung t,
trng men, v ho... V vy trong nhng nm gn y ti mt s ni xut hin mt
s c s dch v lm t nguyn liu. H mua my v nh trn t, mua cc loi
t st cao lanh
H chuyn lm t nguyn liu
Cc cssn xut gm s
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nguyn liu nho trn v bn nguyn liu cho nhng ngi sn xut. Vic nho
trn t l vic nng nhc nhng hon ton c th thay th bng my
Hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut gm ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:- Gi mua t nguyn liu. Thng thng mua t nguyn liu r hn 15% so vi
thu th trn th cng nn nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut, hu ht cc
cssn xut u mua t nguyn liu. Knh cung ng nguyn liu trong sn xut
gm rt n gin. Cc cssn xut ch vic nhn nguyn liu t t cc h dch v
nho trn t.
- T l lng ph t nguyn liu. T l ny tu thuc vo trnh tay ngh ca th
nn, to hnh v cch t chc lao ng ca ch h. Nu khng b tr n khp gia
thv t, thi gian ly t th s gy ra s lng ph hay thiu t lm nh hng n
khu khc.
Bng 2.3: Chi ph sn xut v hiu qu kinh t khi sdng 2 loi l
VT: 1000 ng
Lc bnh Chu cnhL hp L gas L hp L gas
Nhin liu 70 91,428 33,684 7,241L + Bao 50 19,230 7,058 5,172Cng lao ng 20 4,285 2,368 2,068Chi khc 16,6 13,928 7,3 1,724Tng chi ph nung 156,6 128,871 50,437 16,205Gi bn 500 500 90 90
Ngun: http//www.vnemark.com
Lc bnh Chu cnhL hp L gas L hp L gas
%/Gi Bn %/Gi Bn %/Gi Bn %/Gi BnNhin liu 14 18,29 37,43 8,25L + Bao 10 3,85 7,84 5,75Cng lao ng 4 0,86 2,63 2,30Chi khc 3,32 2,79 8,11 1,92Tng chi phnung
31,32 25,77 56,04 18,01
Gi bn 500 500 90 90Ngun: http//www.vnemark.com
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- T l h hng sn phm th (do v, ma hng...). iu ny tu thuc vo
thi tit v phng tin che y ca h, tu thuc vo s kho lo ca thv trnh
b tr sp xp hp l cc ni lm vic ca ch h.- Chi ph nhin liu ph thuc vo loi l (l hp hay l gas), thit k, cht lng
l tt hay xu... Thng thng chi ph trn 1 n v sn phm ca l gas thp hn rt
nhiu.
- T l thnh phm l yu t rt quan trng, n quyt nh n mc chi ph bnh
qun cho 1 sn phm, n ph thuc vo cht lng l, loi nhin liu s dng, k
thut t l..
- Trnh s dng lao ng v th lao lao ng. Trnh s dng lao ng tt s
lm cho cc cng vic c thc hin nhp nhng, nng sut lao ng mi khu,
mi vic u cao dn n tit kim lao ng. Th lao lao ng hp l s kch thch
ngi lao ng quan tm n cht lng cng vic, ci tin thao tc to nn kt qu
sn xut cao.
Hiu qu kinh t trong xut khu hng gm m ngh: cho n nay c nhiu
cng trnh trong v ngoi nc khng nh hiu qu kinh t - x hi vt tri ca sn
xut hng th cng m ngh ni chung, hng gm m ngh ni ring t cc lng
ngh. Gn y nht l n xut khu hng th cng m ngh thi k 2001-2005
v 2010 ca B Thng mi trnh Th tng Chnh ph. C th so snh vi mt
hng dt may, mt ngnh hng c kim ngch xut khu cao nhng t l thc thu ch
l 25%, cn hng th cng m ngh, hng gm m ngh l 95 97 % v ch yu s
dng nguyn liu trong nc v bn tay ti hoa ca ngi lao ng.
Thm vo , sn xut hng gm m ngh cho php s dng c hiu qu ngunti nguyn thin nhin, ngun nhn lc sn c ti cc a phng. Ngnh hng gm
m nghmt s ni c coi l ngh ph nhng li mang v thu nhp chnh cho
nhiu h nng dn, gp phn quan trng trong chuyn dch ccu kinh t, tng GDP
khu vc nng thn, thu hp khong cch mc sng gia nng thn v thnh th.
Xt v mt x hi, sn xut mt hng gm m ngh to ra vic lm cho lao ng
nng thn, hn ch tnh trng di dn t do ra cc thnh th v cc t nn x hi. Bi l
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y l ngnh to ra nhiu vic lm v cn gp phn duy tr bn sc vn ho lu i
ca dn tc ta.
2.2.2.2 Ngun lao ng cung cp cho ngnh hng gm m nghNgun nhn lc di do gm cc ngh nhn, thth cng v nng nhn cc a
phng trong c nc vi truyn thng lao ng cn c v sng to, tay ngh tinh
xo v kho lo, tip thu k thut nhanh v c tnh cng ngl tim nng to ln
pht trin sn xut m n nay ta pht huy rt t. Theo nh tnh ton, hng nm
nng thn d tha khong hn 1 triu lao ng. Ngun nhn lc ny c th to ra
mt khi lng sn phm khng l vi cc chng loi, a dng, phong ph v p
ng nhu cu a dng ca th trng trong nc v ngoi nc. Do , chng ta cn
c nhng chnh sch, bin php khai thc, s dng nhm pht huy tc dng ca
ngun lc ny, bn cnh cng cn quan tm n vic bi dng, o to nhm
nng cao cht lng lao ng p ng yu cu k thut cao ca thi k mi, ng
thi bo tn nhng gi tr vn ho v vn ngh qi m t tin truyn li cho chng
ta.
Lao ng trong sn xut gm c phn chia theo nhiu cch nh sau:
Theo trnh : gm c cc ngh nhn, thc, thlnh ngh, thhc vic.
Theo cc khu: gm c thnho trn t, thphi liu, to hnh, tht l,
thtrng men, ho s, tip th...
Theo ngun: gm c thgia nh, thlm thu
Theo phng thc: gm c ngi qun l, ngi lao ng trc tip...
Xt v trnh c th thy hu ht y l nhng lao ng ph thng, trnh vn
ho thp, khng c qua trng lp o to. Trong s lao ng ch tr c ho s,nhn vin tip thc qua cc trng lp o to, cn hu ht u trng thnh qua
lao ng trc tip. V vy cc lao ng phi mt nhiu thi gian hc vic. Hc ngh
gm c tin hnh ngay ti cssn xut. Nhng lao ng gia nh c cc th
h trc dy bo cc cng vic c th, sm bit ngh hn v thng c phn cng
trng coi thlm thu.
2.2.2.3 Trnh cng ngh sn xut
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Trong thi gian qua, ngnh gm nc ta y nhanh vic u ti mi cng
ngh to nn nhng bc nhy vt v s lng v cht lng, chng loi sn phm
ngy cng a dng v mu m v hnh thc. Vic u t dy chuyn hin i lmtng kh nng cnh tranh ca hng gm trong nc, ng thi to kh nng xut
khu. y l mt trong nhng yu t thun li to iu kin cho gm Vit Nam thm
nhp mnh vo th trng cc nc trn th gii.
Khu to hnh: thng s dng phng php in bng khun thch cao lm
nhng sn phm Outdoor ti Bnh Dng, Vnh Long, ph bin l s dng cc l
nung bng ci.
Ti ng Nai, ngi ta thng s dng phng php in, phng php xoay
(khun xoay quanh 1 con dao ng yn), phng php rt (t lng rt vo khun
thch cao ho nc, t s bm vo b mt, trong khong thi gian 4 ting t
dy, sau t d v trong khong thi gian 4 ting sau gkhun ra ly sn
phm th, a vo bn xoay lm lng li sn phm.
V cng ngh v cng c: Trc y lm gm ch yu bng tay, rt nhiu cng
vic nng nhc nh nho trn t, t l... va tiu tn sc lc, va gy nhim mi
trng nng. Trong nhng nm gn y hai khu ny c t ph ci tin. Cc h
lm dch v t nguyn liu mua my nho trn nguyn liu nn tng cht
lng nguyn liu (trn u, do) v rt bt lao ng (mt lao ng lm thu
khu ny). Vic dng l tunel thay cho l hp ng nhin mang li li ch kinh t to
ln, gp phn h gi thnh sn phm, tng t l thnh phm (gim t l h hng)
tng ng u v cht lng sn phm v c bit trnh gy nhim mi trng.
Khu nung sn phm: Cc sn phm OutdoorBnh Dng thng nung bngcc l ci, cn cc sn phm Indoorng Nai thng dng l gaz nung sn
phm.Vnh Long nung bng tru, nhit ch khong tng 8000 9000 nn cc sn
phm d b ht nc, khi chuyn sang ma ng s chuyn thnh cc tinh th, co
dn li s gy ra cc vt nt. Hin nay, ngi ta khc phc im yu ny bng cch
nhng sn phm vo dung dch silicon hoc ph ln 1 lp silicon khng mu.
Dng l gas nhit c n nh 1360o C, vic iu chnh nhit t l, tt l
rt n gin, nhanh chng nn thi gian nung mt m ch cn 8 n 12 gi, bo m
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90% sn phm t yu cu, gim t l sn phm h hng t 10-20% so vi l t
than, nhin liu tit kim c 30% so vi l t than, khng c cht thi bn, lng
CO2 thi ra mi trng t cc tiu chun cho php.Ngoi hai khu trn, cng ngh mi cn c p dng trong khu thng tin, tip
th. l vic s dng Intenet trong qung co, tip th, bn hng, giao dch... .
2.2.2.4 Hot ng nghin cu v pht trin mu m
Nhn chung cc n v sn xut ch da vo mu c sn hoc mu do khch hng
cung cp m t quan tm n vic u t cho sn phm mi
Mu m sn phm khng c ci tin thng xuyn, lin tc. Nu mu m sn
phm no c a chung th doanh nghip tip tc sn xut sn phm cho n
khi no khng th tiu thc naTnh trng ch bit lm theo hoc ly mu m
ca ngi khc ch c th tn ti trong giai on hin nay, nu ko di th s lm mt
i yu t hp dn, c sc ca loi sn phm truyn thng ny.
Bng 2.4 : Ngun cung cp mu m cho cc doanh nghip
Ngun cung cp mu m S lng DN T trng(%)T thit k 16 22,85
Mua bn thit k 0 0Do khch hng cung cp 25 35,71Theo mu c sn 29 41,43Tng cng 70 100
Ngun: kt qu kho st ca tc gi
Cc n v sn xut u rt thng trong vic to ra mu m mi cho sn phm.
Ngha l vic thit k mu m ch ph thuc theo thch ch quan, ph thuc vo
kh nng ca ngi thit k m khng cn c theo nhu cu, th hiu ca ngi tiu
dng.
Khu sng tc, ci tin mu m cha c quan tm ng mc, theo tc gi l do:
Cha c mt chnh sch bo h kiu dng cng nghip mt cch hu hiu
cc doanh nghip, cc n v sn xut, kinh doanh c th yn tm rng mu m mi
ca mnh lm ra c bo h, khng bnh cp.
Nhiu ch doanh nghip cha nhn thc c tm quan trng ca cng tc to
mu.
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Cng tc o to i ng chuyn trch v sng tc mu m gm cha c
quan tm ng mc.
Cc doanh nghip sn xut gm thiu kin thc, thiu thng tin trong vic kthp tnh hin i v tnh dn tc, kt hp vic gi gn bn sc dn tc v p ng yu
cu ca khch hng.
Cc n v sn xut gm m ngh thiu s h trv cc thit b hin i nh
my Scanner, my tnh lm cho cng tc sng tc mu m tin hnh chm v mt rt
nhiu cng sc.
2.3 Tnh hnh xut khu gm m ngh Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn trong
thi gian qua
Gm s m ngh l mt hng c tim nng pht trin rt ln ti th trng Nht.
Nhp khu gm s ca Nht ang tng rt mnh trong nhng nm gn y (nm
1996 nhp khu gm tng ti 40% so vi nm 1995, t tr gi gn 800 triu
USD, nhp khu s tng 12% v t kim ngch xp x 200 triu USD). Anh dn
u danh sch cc nc bn gm s vo Nht trong nm 1996, tip theo l
c, Italia v Php do ngi Nht chung cc sn phm mang mc chu u. Tuy
nhin, th phn ca Trung Quc, Thi Lan v cc nc chu ang tng dn.
gm s ca Vit Nam c mt ti Nht Bn nhng kim ngch cn kh khim tn
(khong 10 triu USD/nm) d thu sut thu nhp khu gm s rt thp (0-3%).
y l mt hng ta c th nng kim ngch ln mc cao nu cc nh sn xut quan
tm hn na n gm s khu to hnh v c im ca h thng phn phi trn th
trng Nht.
Cc loi mu m, kiu dng hng gm s m ngh xut khu vo th trng NhtBn trong thi trc y l cc con th lm bng t ngoi vn. Thi gian
gn y l cc chu hoa c ng knh khong 30 cm. Khong 2 nm tr li y
Nht Bn nhp khu rt nhiu cc loi gm t .
Trc y, hng gm, tng t nh mi sn phm cng m ngh khc, c
phn phi qua knh truyn thng: sn phm nhp khu bn bun bn l. Gn
y, knh phn phi c nhng thay i ln. Cc cng ty thng mi (cng ty nhp
khu) gn nh rt ra khi th trng nhng ch cho cc siu th v cc nh kinh
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doanh bn l trc tip lin h vi ngi sn xut. y l im rt ng ch bi n
s thay i hon ton phng thc cho hng cin (cho cho cc cng ty thng
mi). Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nn nm bt xu hng ny lin h trc tip, cth l qua Internet, vi cc siu th ln ca Nht. Do sthch ca ngi tiu dng l
rt khc nhau, li thng xuyn thay i nn vic a dng ha chng loi sn phm
v thng xuyn thay i mu m l ht sc quan trng. Doanh nghip s khng th
tiu th hng triu USD sn phm gm s nu ch c mt m hng hoc mt kiu
dng sn phm.
2.3.1 Kim ngch xut khu v tc tng trng
2.3.1.1 V xut khu hng gm sm ngh Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn
trong thi gian qua
T nm 1998 n nm 2005 kim ngch xut khu hng gm s m ngh ca Vit
Nam vo Nht Bn u tng vi tc cao qua cc nm. Nu nm 1998 kim ngch
xut khu hng gm s m ngh ch l 3,0 triu USD th nm 2002 t 6,4 triu
USD, nm 2004 t 8,6 triu USD v nm 2005 t 9,3 triu USD. (Xem ph lc7:
bng 2.14)
Hnh 2.2 Kim ngch xut khu hng gm sm ngh ca Vit Nam vo
Nht Bn (VT: triu USD)
9.3
8.67.7
6.46.2
4.8
3.93
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ngun:www.vnemart.com
gm s m ngh l mt hng c tim nng pht trin rt ln Nht Bn, nhp
khu hng gm s m ngh tng nhanh trong nhng nm gn y. Thu nhp
khu hng gm s thp ( 0-3%) to thun li cho hng xut khu ca Vit Nam.
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gm s m ngh ca Vit Nam c mt ti th trng Nht Bn nhng c kim
ngch cn kh khim tn
2.3.1.2 V t trng xut khu hng gm sm ngh so vi hng th cng mngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng Nht Bn trong thi gian qua
T trng xut khu gm s m ngh so vi hng th cng m ngh ca Vit Nam
vo th trng Nht Bn c xu hng tng ln qua cc nm. Nu nh nm 1998 ch
l 11,08% th nm 2000 tng ln 20,03% v lun gimc trn di 15% trong cc
nm tip theo. (Xem ph lc7: bng 2.15)
Tuy nhin, xut khu cc mt hng gm s m ngh ca Vit Nam vo th trng
Nht Bn li c du hiu chng li, nguyn nhn ch yu l do hng ca Vit Nam
cn km v mu m, chng loi so vi cc nc khc nh Trung Quc v Thi Lan.
Cc sn phm truyn thng ca Vit Nam hu nh bo ho ti th trng ny, bn
cnh th nhu cu ca ngi Nht v hng gm s m ngh rt a dng, yu cu
cc mt hng phi thay i nhanh sao cho ph hp vi cc ma trong nm.
Hnh 2.3: Kim ngch xut khu hng th cng m ngh v hng gm s m ngh
ca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn( triu USD)
25.28 26
35.3
30.96
43
51.38
55.08
62
3 3.94.8 6.2
6.4 7.78.6 9.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ngun: Thi bo kinh t Vit Nam 2004-2005 v www.vnemart.com
Th trng Nht Bn l mt th trng rt kh tnh, i vi mi mt sn phm
gm s m ngh, ngi tiu dng Nht Bn lun quan tm n 3 yu t: nguyn liu
sn xut, phng php to ra sn phm v yu t truyn thng th hin trong tng
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sn phm. Trong , yu t truyn thng c ngi Nht c bit quan tm, bi h
lun i hi khi lm ra sn phm ngi thphi thi c ci hn ca mnh vo
trong tng sn phm, mi sn phm phi c nt c o ring. Do vy, cc doanhnghip Vit Nam cn phi tp trung sn xut nhng sn phm m bo cht lng,
ng vi sthch ca ngi Nht v phi c gi tr s dng cao trong cuc sng hng
ngy. Hng ho sn xut ra nn pht trin theo hng a dng ho chng loi, gim
v s lng thnh phm p ng nhu cu ca ng o ngi tiu dng.
2.3.1.3 V t trng kim ngch xut khu hng gm sm ngh trong tng kim
ngch xut khu ca ton ngnh gm sm ngh Vit Nam:
T trng kim ngch xut khu hng gm s m ngh trong tng kim ngch xut
khu ca ton ngnh gm s m ngh Vit Nam c xu hng tng u qua cc nm.
Nu nh nm 1998 ch l 5,08% th nm 1999 l 5,17%, nm 2001 l 5,29% v nm
2004 l 5,67%. (Xem ph lc 7: bng 2.16)
Hnh 2.4: Kim ngch xut khu gm sm ngh ca Vit Nam vo Nht Bn
so vi kim ngch xut khu gm sm ngh ca c nc (triu USD)
55.1
83.1
108.4117.1
123.5
148.5 151.8
174
3 3.9 4.86.2 6.4 7.7 8.6 9.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ngun: Nin gim thng k 2005 v www.vnemart.com
Th trng Nht Bn ni ting l mt th trng kh tnh, c bit i vi cc sn
phm gm s v Nht Bn c nn sn xut gm s m ngh t rt lu i v ni ting
trn th gii v cht lng v tinh xo tuy nhin vi kim ngch nhp khu nm
2001 tng ln t bin cho ta thy s tng trng vng chc ca cc sn phm gm
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s cc loi nhp khu ti th trng ny. Nguyn nhn ca vic gia tng nhp khu c
nhiu nguyn nhn: s tng gi ca ng Yn, thu nhp ca i b phn dn Nht
Tng khin nhu cu v cc loi sn phm cng tng theo, c bit cn c xu hngy mnh nhp khu t cc nc Chu nh Trung Quc, Thi Lan v Vit Nam
trong nhng nm gn y.
2.3.2 V thng hiu gm cng m ngh
Vic to ra sn phm c o trn th trng Nht Bn l mt yu t quyt inh
s thnh cng ca doanh nghip. Thc t l ti th trng Nht Bn, hng ha rt
nhiu v rt a chng loi. Ngi Nht c quyn la chn trong v s nhng chng
loi hng ha . c bit qua nghin cu v kho st, Ngi Nht rt thch nhng
sn phm mang tnh c o l mt. c c tnh c o ca sn phm, doanh
nghip cng cn u t cho khu qung co, tip th, nng cao trnh cng ngh,
nghin cu v pht trin. iu ch yu l phi to s khc bit gia cng ty mnh v
cc i th cnh tranh, b quyt y chnh l s sng to.
Theo nh gi ca Cc Xc tin Thng mi, thit k mu m, cht lng cc
sn phm gm m ngh ca ta cn yu, km sc cnh tranh, nht l so vi hng ca
Trung Quc. Cc cssn xut, xut khu cha thc s nhy bn vi th trng, c
trong vic nm bt xu hng tiu dng v phng thc kinh doanh hin i cng nh
vic thu thp v x l thng tin, nht l cc doanh nghip vng nng thn.
Sn phm gm m ngh ca
lng gm Bt Trng (H Ni) gi
y c mt khng ch th
trng ni a m c nc ngoi.Rt nhiu doanh nghip ca cc
ngh nhn trong lng c thnh
lp nhng sn phm ca h th
khng ai bit n tn, biu tng,
cn mu m mi th khng th
gi sn xut ring. gm xut khu Bt Trng.
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y cng l tnh trng chung i vi rt nhiu sn phm gm m ngh xut
khu. Hng gm m ngh ca nc ta ang dn khng nh c v tr ca mnh
cc th trng ln nhc, M, Nht... Tuy nhin, a s hng gm m ngh khngc thng hiu ring, do vy csny c th "n cp" mu m ca cskhc cho
d khng c sng ca ngi ch in catalogue cho hng.
Mt thc t khc l hin c kh nhiu doanh nghip sn xut hng gm m ngh
to c trang web gii thiu sn phm ra th trng th gii. Vic cp nht
mu m mi thng xuyn ng ngha vi vic to iu kin ngi khc c th
bt chc mt cch d dng mu . iu ny s gy nhiu kh khn cho cc doanh
nghip bi tnh c o ca sn phm khng cn v kh nng cnh tranh khng lnh
mnh rt d xy ra.
Cc ch doanh nghip nhn thc c nhng vn trn, tuy nhin vic ng k
thng hiu cho sn phm gm m ngh khng h d dng. Tuy nhin, ng k mt
nhn hiu chung cho c l th rt d b lm nhi, cn ng k kiu dng cho tng sn
phm th doanh nghip khng th theo kp hoc kham chi ph v hng gm m
ngh phi thng xuyn thay i mu m.
Theo ng Trn Vit Hng, Ph cc trng Cc Shu Cng nghip, cng cho
rng vn ny rt kh gii quyt. Hin ch c mt vi doanh nghip gm m ngh
TP HCM ng k nhn hiu, kiu dng cho nhng mt hng c truyn thng lu nm
xut khu. "Thc t, vic bo h mu m cho sn phm th cng m ngh cha c
bin php hu hiu, v vic xt duyt ng k kiu dng ny cha xong, cs cho
ra kiu mi"
2.3.3 V cht lng v gi c hng gm m ngh xut khuCht lng sn phm gm m ngh Vit Nam: trong nhng nm gn y c
nhng tin b rt nhiu do u t trang b thm l nung gaz v l tuy-nen, ng thi
cng ngh ch bin t c bc ci thin nhmt s cng ty, csln u t cc
dy chuyn ch bin t p ng cho csca mnh ng thi cung cp cho cc
cskhcnh m cht lng t c phn n nh tng i.
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Ngi tiu dng v ngi s dng Nht Bn thng i hi cao v cht lng v
tiu chun. c bit l ngi Nht khng bao gib qua v mt cht lng v an
ton ca sn phm i vi con ngiVn l mt th trng kh tnh, i vi mt sn phm gm m ngh, ngi tiu
dng Nht Bn lun quan tm n 3 yu t: th nht, sn phm c lm bng
nguyn liu g; th hai, nh sn xut s dng phng php g to ra sn phm; th
ba, sn phm th hin tnh truyn thng nh th no.
Trong , yu t th ba l quan trng nht c ngi Nht c bit quan tm,
bi h lun i hi sn phm lm ra phi c hn, phi th hin tm t, tnh cm
ca ngi lao ng v mang nt c o ring.
V vy, c th chim lnh li th trng Nht Bn, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam
cn phi tp trung sn xut nhng sn phm m bo cht lng, ng vi s thch
ca ngi Nht v phi c gi tr s dng cao trong cuc sng hng ngy. Hng ho
sn xut ra nn pht trin theo hng a dng ho chng loi, gim v s lng
thnh phm p ng nhu cu ca ng o ngi tiu dng.
Bn cnh , cc doanh nghip cn phi m bo s cn bng gia cht lng v
gi thnh sn phm. Ngi tiu dng Nht Bn sn sng tr gi cao cho nhng sn
phm cht