dr. walter salzburger molecular...
TRANSCRIPT
Herbstsemester 2008Freitag 13:15 - 15 Uhr
2 Kreditpunkte
MolecularEvolution
Dr. Walter Salzburger
Structure | i
Structure of the course:
The Nature of Molecular Evolution
Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History
Inferring Molecular Phylogeny!
Models of Molecular Evolution
The Neutral Theory and Adaptive Evolution
Evolutionary Genomics
From DNA to Diversity
Lectures Papers Lab
Lectures:
! The Nature of Molecular Evolution
!Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History
! Inferring Molecular Phylogeny! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!Models of Molecular Evolution
! The Neutral Theory and Adaptive Evolution
! Evolutionary Genomics
! From DNA to Diversity
3.10.
17.10.
31.10.
14.11.
5.12.
19.12.
?.?.
Structure | ii
Page and Holmes (1998) Molecular Evolution
– A Phylogenetic Approach, Blackwell
Publishing
Nei and Kumar (2000) Molecular Evolution
and Phylogenetics; Oxford University Press
Avise (2004) Molecular Markers, Natural
History, and Evolution; Sinauer
Carroll, Grenier and Weatherbee (2005) From
DNA to Diversity; Blackwell
Useful books:
Structure | iii
Examination:
Report
+Written Exam
Structure | iv
Learning targets:
Introduction to the field of Molecular Evolution
Key concepts and methods of Molecular Evolution
Key players in the field of Molecular Evolution
Key papers in Molecular Evolution
Milestones in Molecular Evolution
Goal | v
The Nature of MolecularEvolution
Walter Salzburger
A brief history | 1
Molecular evolution deals with the
process of evolution at the scale
of DNA, RNA and proteins
Charles R. Darwin publishes “On the origin of species
by means of natural selection” and establishes the
theory of evolution
1859
Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882)
A brief history | 2
1866Gregor Mendel publishes “Experiments in plant
hybridization”. This paper established what
eventually became formalized as the Mendelian
laws of inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
A brief history | 3
1866Gregor Mendel publishes “Experiments in plant
hybridization”. This paper established what
eventually became formalized as the Mendelian
laws of inheritance.
A brief history | 4
1869Johann Friedrich Miescher extracts what comes to be
known as DNA from the nuclei of white blood cells.
Johann F. Miescher (1844-1895)
A brief history | 5
1900Independently of one another, Hugo de Vries
(1848-1935), Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg
(1871-1962) and Carl Correns (1864-1933)
rediscover Mendel’s published, but long neglected,
paper outlining the basic laws of inheritance.
A brief history | 6
Hugo de Vries Erich v. Tschermack Carl Correns
Walter Sutton
(1877-1916)Theodor Boveri
(1862-1915)
1902Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton propose that
chromosomes bear heritary factors in accordance
with Mendelian laws.
A brief history | 7
Thomas H. Morgan establishes the chromosomal
theory of inheritance. He also discovered the
recombination of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis.
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945)
1910
A brief history | 8
Oswald T. Avery (1877-1955), Maclyn McCarty
(1911-2005) and Colin MacLeod (1909-1972) identify
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the “transforming
principle”.
Oswald T. Avery
(1877-1955)
1944
A brief history | 9
Erwin Chargaff discovers regularity in proportions of
DNA bases. In all organisms he studied, the
amount of adenine (A) equaled that of thymine (T),
and guanine (G) equaled cytosine (C).
Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002)
1950
A brief history | 10
James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double
helical structure of the DNA and that this structure
meets the unique requirements for a substance
that encodes genetic information.
James D. Watson (1928-)
Francis H. C. Crick (1916-2004)
1953
A brief history | 11
1953
A brief history | 12
Discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA) by Sydney
Brenner (1927-), Francis Crick (1916-2004), Francois
Jacob (1920-) and Jacques Monod (1910-1976).
1960
A brief history | 13
Discovery of restriction endonucleases by Werner
Arber (1929-), Hamilton O. Smith (1931-) and Daniel
Nathans (1928-1999).
1968
A brief history | 14
Frederick Sanger (1918-) and Walter Gilbert (1932)
develop techniques for DNA sequencing1977
A brief history | 15
Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger
Kary B. Mullis (1944-) invents and helps to develop
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)1983
A brief history | 16
Kary B. Mullis
1,830,137 bp of Hamophilus influenzae sequenced:
the first genome of a free living organisms
determined
1995
A brief history | 17
A brief history | 18
Caenorhabditis elegans sequenced
1998
Drosophila melanogaster sequenced
2000
Homo sapiens sequenced
2001
A brief history | 19
desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genetic Organization | 2
pyrimidines
purines
DNA double helix
Genetic Organization | 3
cellchromosome
gene
protein
Genetic Organization | 4
DNA
mRNA
protein
transcription
translation
Genetic Organization | 5
protein
structure
Genetic Organization | 8
The genetic code*
*Note that there is not just one ‘universal’ genetic code!
Genetic Organization | 9
The degenerated genetic code
4-fold degenerated 2-fold degenerated
Genetic Organization | 10
The Nature of MolecularEvolution
The Nature of Molecular Evolution | 1
Molecular evolution deals with the
process of evolution at the scale
of DNA, RNA and proteins
The Nature of Molecular Evolution | 2
! Natural populations show variation at all levels, from gross
morphology to DNA sequences. Natural selection can only
operate, if heritable variation exists.
! Natural variation is generated by two processes:
recombination mutation
“reshuffling” of genetic material
by introducing or breaking up
physical linkage
generation of new genetic
variation by mistakes during the
copying of a DNA strand
! New mutations are only transmitted to the next generation, if
they occur in germinal tissue!
The Nature of Molecular Evolution | 3
“The primary cause of evolution is the mutational change of genes”
Nei and Kumar (2000)
nucleoide
substitution
insertion/
deletion
gene or genome
duplication
chromosome
rearrangements
The Nature of Molecular Evolution | 4
Nucleotide substitutions
original DNA sequence:
C C G C T C G T C A A C T A G
GLY GLU GLN LEU ILE
C C G C T T G T C A A C T A G
GLY GLU GLN LEU ILE
C > T
synonymous mutation:
C C G C T C A T C A A C T A G
GLY GLU STOP!
G > Astop mutation:
C C G C C T C G T C A A C T A
GLY GLY ALA VAL ASP
insert Cframeshift mutation:
C C G C T C G T C C A C T A G
GLY GLU GLN ILE ILE
A > C
non-synonymous mutation:
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
TR
AN
SV
ER
SIO
NT
RA
NS
VE
RS
ION
Transition mutations outnumber transversions!
Nucleotide substitutions